CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Solid waste generation rates of the world saw drastic increases since the

modern industrial revolution. The World Bank estimated the generation levels of

global Municipal Solid Waste at around 1.3 billion tonnes per year in a 2012 report

(Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012). This has resulted much to the deteriorating

conditions of solid waste management and disposal, especially in the developing

countries, like the Philippines, ill-equipped with modern technologies concerning

waste management.

Among the composition of solid wastes being generated, plastics and plastic

substance amount considerably. Plastic has become quintessential to almost every

aspect of man’s day-to-day life, given its mechanical properties of being light yet

strong and economical (Ganiron, 2013). However, because of its non-biodegradable

nature, it can pose serious dangers to environment and health (Frigione, 2010) when

its disposal is left unchecked. The Philippines proved to be not so effective in

managing waste plastics, as the country was ranked 3 rd among the countries in Asia

that dispose plastic wastes into the ocean, according to a report by the Ocean

Conservancy and the McKinsey Center for Business and Environment (Jambreck,

2015). The Republic Act 9003 (otherwise known as Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000) enacted by the government in 2000 to address solid

waste management concerns was found by many local government units to be

difficult to implement. Hence, they preferred hauling and disposal of wastes to

1
landfills situated faraway over the construction of the costly, complicated, foul-odor-

and-eye-sore-bringing material recovery facilities mandated by the act (Ranada,

2014). Yet landfills pose great threats to the environment, since they produce toxins

which are either released into the atmosphere, or leached through the soil to

contaminate ground and river water supplies, and eventually destroy the marine

ecosystems (Jambeck, et al., 2015).

Palm oil industry has been recently introduced in the Philippines, and now is

fast becoming a major agro-industry in the country. It can be seen that vast lands in

the provinces of Bukidnon and North Cotabato are being utilized for palm oil

plantations. Palm oil industry plays an important role in the national economy of the

Southeast Asian and African sub-Saharan countries where it is prevalent (Awal and

Shehu, 2013; Tay, 1990; Saifuddin et.al., 2011). While it is beneficial to the

economy, it has its setback: the production of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as waste

product. In 2007, about three million tons of POFA was produced in Malaysia. A

hundred thousand tons of POFA is being produced annually in Thailand. With the

increase of areas for palm oil plantation, the production rate of POFA is projected to

increase (Tangchirapat et.al, 2007; Chinaprasirt et.al, 2007; Johari, et.al; 2012).

Because of the limited use of POFA, it is currently disposed in landfills, which could

lead to environmental problems (Sata et.al, 2004).

A sustainable method of mitigating the environmental impacts of waste

plastics and palm oil fuel ash is by recycling them. Tapping the potential innovative

uses of waste plastics and palm oil fuel ash has been the subject of many

researches, which are continually advancing. In the field of construction, several

studies have been conducted utilizing plastics and palm oil fuel ash as components

for construction materials.

2
B. Statement of the Problem

Concrete hollow blocks (CHBs) are a prevalent construction material in the

Philippines for constructing walls. Researches about incorporating plastics in

concrete hollow blocks have been done locally, mainly by using plastics as partial

aggregate substitute (Cuartero et al., 2016; Alcantara et al., 2016; and Lasco et al.,

2017). In this regard, no study has been done concerning the addition of other

substances besides plastics in CHBs. This study will be conducted to answer the

following research question: Can plastic bag strip fibers and palm oil fuel ash be

incorporated in making concrete hollow blocks without compromising their

compressive strength?

C. Objectives

The main objective of the study is to assess the potential of concrete hollow

blocks reinforced with plastic bag strip fibers and mixed with palm oil fuel ash partial

replacement for cement. Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Determine and analyse the effect of incorporating plastic bag strip fibers and

palm oil fuel ash to the compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks

2. Determine whether the concrete blocks incorporated with plastig bag strip

fibers and palm oil fuel ash to concrete is acceptable

3. Determine the optimum replacement of plastic bag strip fibers and palm oil

fuel ash.

3
D. Scope and Limitations

This study is delimited to assess the effect of incorporating plastic bag strip

fibers to the compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks with palm oil fly ash

partial replacement for sand. The water-cement-sand ratio of 1:1:20 and the block

size 10 x 20 x 40 cm for CHBs will be used.

E. Significance of the Study

This study will be of help in achieving economic and ecological sustainability,

since this will try to make use of waste plastics and of palm oil fuel ash generated in

the country. The information and data that will be gathered from the results of this

study may serve as a future reference to further develop sustainable and

environment-friendly methods of making quality CHBs in the Philippines.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHBs)

Concrete hollow blocks (CHBs) are one of the two main classifications of

concrete blocks, also called concrete masonry units (CMU). Concrete blocks or

concrete masonry units are one of the many precast concrete products, and they are

used as main building materials for wall construction (Advameg, Inc., 2018).

Concrete hollow blocks are light weight blocks which contain void area greater than

25% of gross area. The solid area of the hollow bricks is more than 50% (The

Constructor, 2017). They are lighter than bricks, easier to place and economical in

terms of foundation cost and consumption of cement. In comparison to conventional

bricks, they offer the advantages of uniform quality, faster speed of construction,

lower labor involvement and longer durability (Small Industries Development Bank of

India, n.d.).

The standard product size of concrete hollow blocks in the Philippines is 40cm

x 20 cm x 10 cm (4”) for non-load bearing walls or 15 cm (6”) for load bearing walls

(length x height x thickness). The minimum compressive strength of individual CHBs

is 5.41 Mpa or 800 psi (Humanitarian Shelter Working Group, 2014).

5
 In manufacturing CHBs, the most common method in proportioning of

concrete is by volume, (e.g., by using a bucket), where the water-cement-sand ratio

commonly used is ½:1:7. The slump test of the concrete mix is done in accordance

with ASTM C143 and the slump value shall not exceed 10 cm, unless specified by a

structural engineer. The CHBs, after being removed from the moulds, are usually

cured for 7 days by covering them with plastic sheet or tarpaulin and keeping them

damped (Humanitarian Shelter Working Group, 2014).

B. Plastic Bags: Composition and Properties

Plastic bags are made from either one of the three basic types of

polyethylene: high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene

(LDPE) or linear low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Grocery bags are made from

HDPE, garment bags from the dry cleaner are made from LDPE, and thick, silky

shopping bags are made from LLDPE. The major difference between these three

materials is the degree of branching of the polymer chain. HDPE and LLDPE are

composed of linear, unbranched chains, while LDPE chains are branched

(Lajeunesse, 2004).

LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.910 -

0.940 g/cm3. It is characterized by a high degree of short and long chain branching

that the chains do not pack into the crystal structure. The instantaneous-dipole

induced-dipole attraction is less, which would result to less strong intermolecular

forces, and thereby leading to a lower tensile strength and increased ductility. LDPE

plastics are semi-rigid, translucent, very tough, and weatherproof, have good

6
chemical resistance, have low water absorption, can be easily processed by most

methods, and have low cost. (D&M Plastics Inc., n.d.).

HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density of greater or

equal to 0.941 g/cm3. HDPE has a low degree of branching and thus stronger

intermolecular forces and tensile strength. HDPE plastics are flexible,

translucent/waxy, weatherproof, good low temperature toughness (to -60 OC), easy to

process by most methods, low cost, good chemical resistance. (D&M Plastics Inc.,

n.d.).

LLDPE (Linear-Low Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density range of

0.915 - 0.925 g/cm3. It is a substantially linear polymer, with significant numbers of

short branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain

alpha-olefins (e.g. 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene). (D&M Plastics Inc., n.d.).

C. Related Studies: Polyethylene Plastics in Concrete

Incorporating plastic wastes to concrete has become the focus of many

studies, as this shows considerable significance in mitigating solid waste problems

(Lasco et.al, 2017). Most of the studies, however, investigated only one type of

waste plastic: polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Other types, such as LDPE, HDPE,

polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) were scarcely

investigated.

A number of studies attest to the feasibility of incorporating HDPE and LDPE

polyethylene plastics in concrete. According to a study Bakri, et al (2007) plastic,

waste aggregates give adequate strength to concrete, and concrete with HDPE

7
plastic waste aggregate is suitable for non-structural usage. Mathew (2016), after

conducting a comparative study on waste plastic incorporated concrete blocks and

ordinary concrete blocks, concluded that concrete blocks incorporated with

polyethylene covers and LDPE can be used as lightweight concrete blocks. The

incorporation of polyethylene plastics was highly feasible because “incorporating

plastics in concrete arrests the propagation of micro-cracks,” as was concluded by

Ismael and Al-Hashmi (2016) in their study investigating the use of waste plastic

(comprising of 80% polyethylene and 20% polystyrene) as aggregate replacement in

concrete mixtures.

While it is highly feasible, polyethylene plastics in concrete does not appear to

possess superior mechanical properties over plain concrete, particularly its

compressive strength. De Jesus, et al (2017) conducted a study assessing the

performance of concrete beams with shredded plastics as a supplementary material,

where 0.5% shredded local plastic bags and plastic bottles (PET) by weight of the

total samples was used. Results showed that concrete with shredded plastics were

slightly higher than that of plain concrete in terms of tension and compression

strength. However, an investigation of recycled HDPE materials used as aggregates

for concrete and blocks (with 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of total volume of sample)

revealed a decrease of compressive strength of concrete and masonry poly block

(Rahman et.al, 2012). The same results were also showed by a comparative study

on waste plastic incorporated concrete blocks and ordinary concrete blocks

(Mathew, 2016) which utilized 15%,16%, 17%, 18% and 19% plastic waste

(comprising of polyethylene covers and LDPE) coarse aggregate partial

replacement. It was also found out that the compressive strength of solid concrete

blocks with plastic aggregate replacement is slightly lesser than that without

8
replacement. Thus, the optimum amount of polyethylene plastics seems to be

relatively very low.

D. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a waste product obtained from burning of palm oil

husk, shell and fiber as fuel for palm oil mill boilers. The ash sometimes varies in

tone of color from whitish grey to darker shade based on carbon content in it. The

operating system in palm oil factory highly influences the physical characteristic of

POFA (Abdullah et.al, 2006). About 5% of palm oil fuel ash by weight of solid wastes

is usually generated (Sata et.al, 2004).

POFA has been identified as a good pozzolanic material (Mehmannavaz et.al,

2014). The silica oxide content in POFA can react with calcium hydroxide (CaOH)

from the hydration process which is deteriorated to concrete and the pozzolanic

reactions produce more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) which is a gel compound as

well as reducing the amount of calcium hydroxide. Thus, this contributes to the

strength of the concrete, producing stronger and denser concrete as well as

enhancing its durability (Sooraj, 2013).

E. Related Studies: Palm Oil Fuel Ash in Concrete

Many researches delved into the viability of palm oil fuel ash as partial

replacement for cement. Mechanical properties of concrete with POFA replacement

demonstrated comparable results to that of plain concrete. It was discovered by

Karim et.al (2011) that concrete produced using a particular level of POFA

9
replacement achieved same or more strength as compared to OPC concrete. Any

significant strength reduction was not observed up to about 30% replacement of

POFA. This corroborated the study by Saifuddin et.al (2011), stating that the use of

POFA is limited to a partial replacement ranging from 0-30% by weight of the total

cementitious material in concrete. The optimal percentage for the replacement of

cement by POFA was found to be at 20%, as shown from the studies by Hussin et.al

(2009), Sooraj (2013), Chindraprasirt et.al (2007), and Sata et.al (2004). Ahmad et.al

(2008) concluded that the optimal percentage for replacement to be at 15%, yet their

study never included percentages higher than 15%. Still, another study determined

the optimal percentage to be at 30% (Hussin and Awal, 1997).

CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Research Design

Figure 1 summarizes the methods of the experiment. Before mixing the hollow

blocks, a test will be performed: determination of specific gravity test. The specific

gravity of each material will be determined and become the basis for mixing. Fifty

(50) specimens of 10 cm x 20 cm x 40 cm nominal size CHB will be prepared and

tested for compressive strength. Five (5) specimens per batch will be prepared for

compressive strength test. Each batch will be composed of specimens having a

specific mix proportion. Ten (10) mix proportions will be used: control batch: 0%

10
plastic replacement by weight and 0% replacement for cement; batch 1: (0.3 %

plastic and 10% ash); batch 2: (0.3% plastic and 15% ash); batch 3: (0.3% plastic

and 20% ash); batch 4 (0.5% plastic and 10% ash); batch 5: (0.5% plastic and 15%

ash); batch 6: (0.5% plastic and 20% ash); batch 7: (1% plastic and 10% ash); batch

8: (1% plastic and 15% ash); batch 9: (1% plastic and 20% ash). Each specimen will

be cured and air-dried for 14 days, stored in a place where it can be monitored

frequently, and then transported to the laboratory for testing. Basing from the results,

discussions will focus on the effect of plastic bag fibers (mixed with percentage of

POFA as partial replacement for cement) to the compressive strength of the hollow

blocks. Conclusions will be made to assess whether the objectives will be met.

B. Materials

11
 The main materials that will be used in this study are as follows: water,

cement, fine sand, palm oil fuel ash (POFA), and plastic bag fibers. This study will

utilize apparently clean tap water from the laboratory for mixing and curing. The

specific gravity of water will be taken as 1.00. Type I Portland cement will be

procured from a local hardware. Sand that will be used as aggregate will also be

sourced from a local hardware store, and will be first dried before determining the

specific gravity and before mixing until saturated surface dry (SSD) condition is

achieved. The plastic bag fibers derived from waste plastics will be sourced from

plastic bags from segregated garbage bins and brought to Valencia City for

shredding.

The specific gravity of the plastic bag fibers will be determined by volume

displacement method, based on Archimedes’ Principle. The density of the object is

then obtained by dividing the mass of the fluid with its volume. The specific gravity is

computed by dividing the density (in 𝑔/𝑚𝐿) of the fluid with the density of a standard,

which is water, and since the density of water is just 1 𝑔/𝑚𝐿, the specific gravity of

the object is just numerically equal to its density. The fluid used will be alcohol

because the plastic fibers float on water. Three trials will be performed and the

average will be taken as the specific gravity.

C. Experimental Treatments

In general, the study will compare hollow blocks with three different levels of

plastic bag fibers replaced by total weight of each specimen and three different

levels of palm oil fuel ash replacement for cement to that of conventional hollow

blocks. For the control hollow blocks, the water-cement-sand ratio will be set at

12
1:1:20 by weight. The following table (Table 1) shows the different mix ratios of

plastic and palm oil fuel ash replacement.

Mix Proportioning by Mass

batch 1 batch 2 batch 3 batch 4 batch 5 batch 6 batch 7 batch 8 batch 9

(0.3 % (0.3% (0.3% (0.5% (0.5% (0.5% (1% (1% (1%
Material Control plastic plastic plastic plastic plastic plastic plastic plastic plastic
batch and and and and and and and and and
10% 15% 20% 10% 15% 20% 10% 15% 20%
ash) ash) ash) ash) ash) ash) ash) ash) ash)

water 2.05 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.03 2.03 2.03
cement 2.05 1.84 1.74 1.64 1.83 0.35 1.63 1.82 1.72 1.62
sand 40.91 40.90 40.90 40.90 40.70 40.70 40.70 40.50 40.50 40.50
fly ash 0.00 0.20 0.31 0.41 0.20 0.31 0.41 0.20 0.30 0.41
plastic 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.45 0.45 0.45

Table 1. Masses (in kg) of each material per 5 specimens of CHB per batch
corresponding to a mix proportion

D. Preparation of Specimens

After designing the mix proportion of the materials, the materials will be mixed

manually. The masses of each material were overestimated to account for spillage

during mixing. Forty (40) specimens of 10×20×40 cm nominal size hollow blocks will

be molded and cured for 14 days. All fifty (50) blocks will be tested for compressive

strength. The number of specimens for each test was divided equally into ten (10)

batches with different mix proportions according to percent replacement of plastic

bag strip fibers and palm oil fuel ash.

E. Test of Specimens

The preliminary tests done before mixing will be specific gravity determination.

The compressive strengths of five (5) specimens per batch will be determined in

13
accordance with ASTM C140 (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2006).

The representative compressive strength of each batch will be taken as the average

of the compressive strengths of the five specimens in the batch. To further evaluate

data obtained from measuring the compressive strength test, statistical analysis will

be performed. F Test Using One Way ANOVA technique will be used to determine if

at least one batch differs from the control. Pairwise Mean Comparison will also be

employed to determine which pairs of data are different.

CHAPTER III

EXPECTED RESULTS

A. Compressive Strength

Compressive strength is expected to decrease almost linearly as percent

replacement of plastic bag strip fibers and POFA increases. Concrete hollow blocks

with the most minimal percentages of replacement are expected to yield higher

results of compressive strength than the other specimens, and are expected to meet

the allowable compressive strength of 3.45 Mpa set by ASTM C140 (ASTM, 2006).

Hence, optimal replacements are expected to be also at minimal percentages of

replacement of plastic bag strip fibers and POFA.

14
 APPENDIX A

BUDGETARY PLAN

ACTIVITY/TEST PRICE , PHP

COLLECTION OF PLASTIC BAGS, 200.00

TRANSPORTATION

PROCUREMENT OF CEMENT AND SAND, 3,000.00

TRANSPORTATION

COLLECTION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH, 1,000.00

TRANSPORTATION

PLASTIC BAG SHREDDING, TRANSPORTATION 2,000.00

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY 100.00

CHB MOLDER RENT 1,000.00

15
 CHB MOLDING AND CURING (BATCH 0,1,2,3) 500.00
LABOR AND NECESSARY MATERIALS,
TESTING
CHB MOLDING AND CURING (BATCH 4,5,6) 500.00
LABOR AND NECESSARY MATERIALS,
TESTING
CHB MOLDING AND CURING (BATCH 7,8,9) 500.00
LABOR AND NECESSARY MATERIALS,
TESTING
COMPUTATIONS, PAPER WORKS 300.00

TOTAL 9,100.00

APPENDIX B

WORKPLAN

Activities Duration

April Jan Feb Mar April May

‘18 ‘19 ‘19 ‘19 ‘19 ‘19
Research proposal

Collection of plastic bags

Procurement cement of
sand
Collection of sugarcane
bagasse ash
Plastic bag shredding

Determination of Specific
Gravity
CHB molding and curing
(Batch 0,1,2,3)
Testing

16
 CHB molding and curing
(Batch 4,5,6)
Testing
CHB molding and curing
(Batch 7,8,9)
Testing
Computation and
Paperworks
Presentation

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Ismail, Z., & Al-Hasmi, E. (2007). Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as
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Lasco, J., Madlangbayan, M., & Sundo, M. (2017, October). Compressive strength
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units/12752/

19
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE HOLLOW

BLOCKS (CHB) USING PLASTIC BAGS AS FIBERS AND PALM OIL

FUEL ASH (POFA) AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT

20
 VERTUDAZO, JERRICK WAYNE

A research proposal presented to Engr. Einstine M. Opiso, faculty of the Department

of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Central Mindanao University, Musuan,

Bukidnon in fulfilment of the requirements for the subject

CE 65 RESEARCH METHODS FOR CE

APRIL 2018

21