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efh' k'ik/Tg t'nfw/
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GXofSj ;+s6 jn wM;f+, Vjla+ Kofªfu' d? .

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sljtfof n'kfM
laln sf]lnG;

lh+ Oldt wof Introduction to poetry

5k' sljtf sof I ask them to take a poem

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hM :jsfM Hjgf lt . like a color slide

of plsof xfKjno\ Gxfo\k+ Tonf lt . or press an ear against its hive.

lh+ wof, sljtfo\ 5'Frf -!_ TjtfM

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j+ sljtfo\ SjjfnLu' j}u' kxM lrjf sf
and watch him probe his way out,
of sljtfof Sjyfo\ b'ltgfM
or walk inside the poem's room
dtof l:jrof nflu c+uM tfo]ls .
and feel the walls for a light switch.
lh d+ b'M Oldt
Gxl;a'FO Rjldof gfdo\ NxfM Ajo]sfM I want them to waterski
sljtfof b]aM -@_ pv]y'v] across the surface of a poem
nvo\ :sL lDxts] . waving at the author's name on the shore.

t/ Old kmSj ofo] d+ b'M But all they want to do

sljtfoft d]ro\ lvkt+ lrOu', is tie the poem to a chair with rope
cn] j+ ofOu' sfo]ngfdfof nflu and torture a confession out of it.
;f:gf laOu' .
They begin beating it with a hose
Old;+ joft kfOk+ -@_ bfo]t GXolrnL to find out what it really means.
wfTy]+ psL b'vF 5' n'Os]t . - Billy Collins

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]| L :ogf bL .

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b' . cy] x] @)$^ ;fnof hg–cfGbf]ngof ;jf]R{ r
sdf08/ u0f]zdfg l;+x >]i7 j pu' cfGbf]ngo\
Ajlt sfMu' :j+u' ;d"xM g]kfnL sfFu; ]| , ;+oQ ' m
jfddf]rf{ j ;+oQ ' m /fli6«o cfGbf]ngof g]tT[ j
ofMlk+ k|dv
' lk+ -jf sdf08/lk+_ qmdzM u0f]zdfg
l;+x, t'n;L nfn cdfTo j zDe"/fd >]i7 :jDx+
g]jfM vM . cn] ;+oQ ' m jfd df]rf{of dfgfy{ cWoIf
t'n;L nfn cdfTo vM;f sfo{sf/L cWoIf h'of
bLDx ;fxgf k|fwg g+ g]jfM vM .
;Dk"0f{ Oltxf;of qmdo\ /fhg}lts ?k+
pTkLl8t -e]befjof lzsf/_, clwsf/+ jflR5t h'of
Rjg] dfM;f+ b]zof bsn] pa{/ e"efuo\ -:jlguM j
rfsMlnof Onfsf_ s]lGb|t h'of Rj+u' g]kfn d08n
e"ldof ;Eotfof y'jfM h"ul' n+ j ljleGg d"nof
dg"t NjfsHofgf ljleGg wd{ j ;+:s[ltof ;dGjo
h"u' sf/0f+ g]jft 5u" pGgt ;Eotf j ;+:s[ltof
y'jf h'O vg . Yj x] sf/0f+ g]jfto\s] pGgt ;+:sf/
j ljrf/ bOu' :jfefljs vM . g]kfno\ k'mSs kIfo\
k'nf+u' cg'bf/ ljrf/, rfnrng j k/Dk/fof
lj/f]wo\ cu|ufdL ljrf/ xo]u' Hofo\ g]tT[ j sfOlk+
g]jf ;d'bfo+ lkxfF jMu' b' . wfld{s kIfo\ ;'wf/
cfGbf]ng j j0f{–Joj:yf, hft k|yf, c5't k|yf
j wfld{s s§/tf j cGwljZjf;of lj/f]wo\ af}–
sfo\ lgDx -dfwj /fh hf]zL j+ z'qm/fh zf:qL_,
yMu' b]zoft ljb]zL Psflwsf/ k"hLof cf}Bf]lus
pTkfbgof ahf/ ofs] dlaOt :jb]zL j;t'of k|of]u
ofo]u' cfGbf]ng GXofs"Dx t'n;L d]x/ >]i7, gful/s
;hutf j r]tgf ysfo]t Gxofs" u' k':tsfno
:yfkgf cfGbf]ngof g]tf of]ujL/ l;+x s+;sf/,
dft[efiffof dfWod+ lzIff wofu' gf/f Yjo]sD" x hut
;'Gb/ dNn, :s"n :yfkgf ofo]u' z}lIfs cfGbf]ng
ofgfM sf/faf; nfan] x] zxLb h'of j+Dx lrlgof
nfn l;+xlk+ ;sn]+ x] g]jf hfltoflk+ vM .
yy] hfu|t JolQmlk+ hs dv', cfd hg–:t/+
g+ ljb|fx] ofu' w6gft g]kfnof Oltxf;o\ b' . O{:jL
;Djtof lem+vu' u" ' ztfabLO h'h' ;bflzj dNnof
lj?4 h"u' ljb|fx] o\ Hofk'to\;+ h'ho' ft Gjn+ hs
bfof b]z+ Vofgf lkltgf 5jMu' 36gfof pHHjn
pbfx/0f g]jfto\;+ tMu' b' .
Rjo\ wofy]+ g]kfnof ljleGg j+zof zf;s
h'h' to\;+ g]jf hgtfoft GXofan]+ bdg x] hs
oft . g]jfto\t h"u' pTkL8gof 5'+ elt vF hs
yg pNn]v ofo] . ls/ft sfnof vF pln :ki6
/]s8{ db'ul' n+ j pln k|frLg sfnof :ki6 lrq
emLs] db'ul' n+ pu' o'uof vF TjMt] . lnR5lj sfno\
lnR5lj zf;slk+ dfuwL jf d}lynL efo\ NxfOlk+
h";f pu' O{of g]kfnof lnR5jL /fHoof ;/xb
g]kfn d08no\ b'g] ;seg+ dv';f+ /fhwfgL j
plsof rfsMln -yf}s + Gx]of g]kf ufM jf :jlguM
j plsof 5rfVo_of Onfsfof hgtfof efiff
g]kfn efiff vM, dtnj g]jfM t ygof 5u" k|dv '
hflt vM . plsof b;' lnR5lj h'h' lklg ;+:s[t
efo\of clen]vo\ yfo\ yf;o\ g]kfn efiffof zAb
b'YofMu'ln+ ;L b' . hgtf+ NxfOu' efo\ g]kfn efiff
h'Os g+ ;+:s[tof /fHoof cf}krfl/s efo\ofgfM
g]kfno\ g]kfn efiffefifL hgtfof efiffoft
lnR5ljsfn e/ x] bdgoft . dNn sfno\ vf;
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 11
ofgfM lnkfof cjlwO Yj bdg erf sd h'n,
hgtfof efo\ g]kfn efiffoft dNn h'hl' d+;+ gfnf
sfn, /fHo efiff hs dv', dNnto\;+ yDx+ NxfOu'
efo\of ?ko\ g+ g]kfn efiff x] gfnf sfn .
efiff bdg lbs";f+ dNnto\;+ g]jf hgtfoft
/}tLsy+ zf]if0f pTkL8g ofo]u' dTjMt" . ;bflzj
dNnof lj/f]wo\ h"u' ljb|fx] nf 5u" :ki6 vg] b'u'
k|df0f h'n . pu' O{ of nf]s–Do] :jo]an] ;fdGtL
h'h' j jof kl/jf/ ;fdGtL ef/bf/ ju{ ofgf
Rj+u' zf]if0f, pTkL8g jf cTofrf/of lrq0f jf
k|ltljlDat h"u' vF dNn sfnof l;n' Do] j d]du] '
afv+–Do] -;LgfHof Do], ælh jofu' nl5 db'lgÆ
wofu' k+lQm+ z'? h"u' Do] cflb _ ; af+nfs vg]b' .
g]kfn ;Djt *** -lj=;+= !*@%_ ; dNn
/fh Sjbnf zfx h'h' k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx+ zf;g
sAhf ofo]j ljleGg hghfltof hgtf j g]jfM
hgtfoft q"m/ bdg z'? oft . cy] h"ul' n+ g]jfto\;+
:j+uM Rof -*_ of ;Djt *** of sf/0f+ Rofo\
xfOu' dle+ wofu' cfxfg gfk+ bt . Rofo\ xfMu'
bFlg;]+ lg;M j ;'ORofoF Rj+u' zfxj+zLo /fhtGq
g]kfnof ;Dk"0f{ hgtfoftnf ;fdGtL zf]if0f j
pTkL8gof s's' a'Osn . ljleGg cflbjf;L,
hghflt db]zL j blnt hfltof hgtfoft wfM;f
;fdGtL bdgof cltl/Qm d]u' 5u" g+ pTkL8g
lan, hftLo e]befj j q"m/ bdg oft . cldu'
efiff j ;+:s[ltoft lgd"n { + ofo]t :jt .
Yj ljifo; g]jf hgtfoft zfx j+zLo
/fhtGq+ ofMu' bdg j cTofrf/of 5u" lgu"
pNn]vgLo 36gf hs yg GXoyg] .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx+ :j+u" dNn /fHo, sAhf ofo]
w's
+ fM o'4of qmdo\ dv' n8fOF l;wof yMu' zf;g
sfod h'O w's + fM ofMu' bdg ljZj Oltxf;of t:;s+
aa{/ cfqmd0fsf/Llklg bdg ln;] HjMnf . dNn
h'ho' f ef/bf/lk+t k|ltzf]wof sy+ ofMu' 5'+ 36gf yy]
12 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
b' . VjkMof h'h' /0fhLt dNn+ -k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxof
Tjfo\ ca'_+ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxof cfqmd0f h'Oj cf
5' ofo] dfnL wsfM ef/bf/lk+s] ;Nnfx sfMjn] jof
k|wfg ;]gfklt dxfjL/ l;+x -l;d/f}gu9of d}lyn
h'h+' xl/l;+x b]jof a+;h ;Gtfg_ æcfTd–;dk{0f
wofu' ofo] dlhp, d;Ltn] x] cfqmd0fof k|ltzf]w
ofo] dfMÆ wsf ;Nnfx lapu' j /0fhLt dNn+ cfTd
;dk{0f ofo] w'gj] d]lk+ ef/fbf/lk+ k[YjLgf/fo0f h'h'
gfn] w's
+ f g+ dxfjL/ l;+x j jof KoDx sfo\lk+;+ No+
bgLlk+ 5'+ elt ;]gf HjgfM Njfgf x] Rjg, cn] o'4of
d}bfgo\ clk+ GofDx+ l;t . Yj x] tDj+ k[YjL gf/fo0f
zfx+ k|ltzf]wof efjgf+ dxfjL/ l;+xof kl/jf/oflk+
wfSsf]l;t ldh+t k'mSs+ -a'9f, o'jf, drfts+_ :ofgf
5\jt, ld;f wfSsf]l;t b]z–lgsfnf oft .
on– /fHo sAhf ofo] w'gj] onof P]ltxfl;s
æv'Dx sfhLÆ lk+t, cfM ono\ b'u' l:ylt sfod
ofo]u' wsf ;Nnfx ofo]t wsfM lgz:q ;Mtn .
;Demf}tf ofgfM a]OdfgL ofo] bOdv', afudtL by'O
lgz:q RjgfM afudtLof nMlyof zky sfo]u'
wsf Ajgf o+sn, cgM Gxfkf+ x] ;'rs ' f tMu' t/af/+
;sl;t+ kfnf lan, GofDxnf l;t, 5Dx lal;pF
jg] kmt .
ef/bf/to\t hs dv' cfd hgtfoft ofMu'
aa{/ bdgof af/] ;sl;g+ l;pu' vF, lsk'ld
wfSsf]l;of Gxfo\ j Dx'tl' ; rfgf lan. pu' Ono\
g]jfto\ b'g] z}j, af}4, O:nfd j OzfO Ko+u" wd{
dfg] ofOlk+ KoYjM dg" b' . O;fO -lqmlZrog_ g]jfM
wfSsf] ælhu' /fHo TjMtf lkxfF jg] dfMÆ wsf x'sd '
lan, lal;pF jg] dk'mld+t ovfof :ofgf 5\jt .
pu' O{of ;Dklt jfnf -hUuf jfnf_ g]jfto\u'
cfd ?k+ g]jfto\u' 5]+ a'F nfsf sfMu'ln+ æg]jft
k'mSs cfM ltªl/ d}bfg -g]kfn ;Ldf kfl/O
ltAatof Onfsfo\_ Rj+jg] dfnLu' h'nÆ wofu'
cfxfg x] Rjg .
 k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx w's+ fM jofM sfo\ k|tfk l;+x
zfxof af/] cTofrf/of vF Gog] db' . t/ /0f axfb'/of
Ono\ xfsg+ t:;s+ bdg h'n, æ:jfld h'ho' f wd{
dbof k|hf g+ b'Mv l;nÆ wofu' ehg x] k|rlnt
h'n . Vjk j cf;kf;of Onfsfo\ tMs}of k|sf]k
jM an] k|hfoft 5'+ /fxt laOu' kn];f tMs} jMlk+
drfto\ kl/jf/ wfSsf] b]z+ lkltgf 5\jt . æ5Dx
drf n'sl+' 5gf, 5Dx drf Aos'+ Rofgf, 5Dx drf n'Q'
n'of jg] dfn tfdfsf]zL kfl/Æ wofu' Do] pu' Ono\
x] jMu' vM . slr drf -tMs} jMlk+ drf_ HjgfM b]z
TjMtf jg] dkmof drft ;'rs ' f tMlk+yfo\ ;]gf 5\jof
pHjMlk+ drfto\t efnf+ ;'ofM :ofs] lan .
zfx h'hl' klg+ x] /fh cGtu{t lj=;+= !()#
; hË axfb'/+ /f0ff zf;g sfod ofo]j g]jfto\
lj?4 hflte]bof gLlt tRjo]sn . lj=;+= !(!!
; lksfMu' d'ns ' L P]go\ æg]jf/ hftsf] P]gÆ wsfM
5u" cnu cWofo tofM g]jfto\ lj?4of e]befj
oft æsfg"gL ?kÆ lan, Gxfkf k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx+
lqmlZrog g]jfto\t bdg ofMy]+ t'+ hËaxfb'/+ af}4
g]jfto\t bdg oft . k|lz4 ef/tLo g]tf -ef/tLo
/fli6«o sf+u; ]| b'g] dfS;{jfbL ljrf/wf/of ;d"x
bo]sD" x ;dfhjfbL ljrf/ofDx g]tf_ cfrfo{ g/]Gb|
b]j+ Rjof bLsy+ æhËaxfb'/ g]jfto\ 5]+ 5]o+ \ Rj+u'
af}4 u|Gy hkmt ofgfM ;8so\ af+5j\ofljn, u'u'
a[l6z /fhb"t hË axfb'/of cg'dlt sofM a[l6z
b"tfjf;of 8f= /fO6 wfDxl;g o+sn .
/f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/ g]jfM hfltof
hgtf lj?4 ltj| e]befjof gLlt nfu" oft .
lj=;+= !(%( ;fno\ rGb| zdz]/ k|wfgdGqL h'of
5'+ bF lnkf æg]jfMto\t j db]zLto\t ;]gfo\ dto]uÆ'
gLlt nfu' oft . y'lsof gfk+ g]jfto\ efiff g]kfn
efiff oft bdg ofo]u' ‰jno\ ef/to\ k|sflzt
h'Ou' g]kfn efiff klqsf jf ;k"m g]kfn b't xo\
dbOu' gLlt sfn, snstf+ lkb+u' æa'4 wd{ j
g]kfn efiffÆ gf+of klqsf k|ltjlGwt wsfM 3f]if0ff
dof;] x] yg jo]s] dljn . b]zo\ b'g] x] g]kfn
efiff+ 5'+ k|sflzt ofo] vgLu' nf vF x] dGt .
g]jfMto\ lj?4 eoÍ/ e]befj j cldu'
efiff ;flxTo j ;+:s[ltoft bdg ofo]u' qmd
GXofgfj+ jg, h'4 zdz]/of k|wfgdGqLTj sfno\
kmQ]axfb'/ l;+xof ;Dkfbgo\ lkb+u' æg]kfn ljxf/Æ
sljtf ;+ux| oft g]jfMefo\ h"u' x] sf/0f+ k|ltjGw
tofljn, gful/s to\s] b'u' k|ltt hkmtoft cn]
!((& ;fn+ æg]kfn k|hfkl/ifbÆ of tTjfjwfgo\
h"u' k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngoft SjTonfM 5\jMjn]
k|hfkl/ifbof ;b:olkGt hs Hjgf s'u+ ' dv';]
;dfh ;'wf/ cfGbf]ng ofMlk+ :s"n :yfkgfofgf
lzIff k|rf/ ofMlk+ j g]kfn efiffof n]vs lk+t g+
Hjgf s'g . g]kfn efiff+ RjOu'oft x] ck/fw efMkfM
j x] cleof]uo\ æ/fhsfh d'2fÆ wfsf GXofsfM
lrQw/ Åbooft lem+lgbFof s}b, l;l4r/0f >]i7oft
lem+RofbFof s}b j kmQ]axfb'/ l;+xoft ;j{:j x/0f
j hGd s}bof ;hfo ljn . h'4 zdz]/ /fhkft
TjMtf jg] GXoj k|hfkl/ifbof k|dv ' g]tflk+ jfx]s
;sl;t TjMt"u' ‰jno\ josMlk+ :jDxl;t g+ GofbF
s'g] o+sf TjtfMljn . jx] Ono\ g]jfMto\t wfld{s
bdg ofo]u' ‰jno\ a'4 wd{ k|rf/ ofMlk+ wsfM
leIf'lk+ ;sl;t+ b];+ lkltgf 5\jt .
/f0ffsfno\ h'4 zdz]/ w's + f kß zdz]/of
kfnfo\ bdg erf sd h'n . t/ kß zdz]/of
zf;g tfMO{ dRj+, joft lkltgfM df]xg zdz]/
jo]j+ hflt e]bof gLlt Gxfkf y]+ x] GXoft .
@))& ;fn+ /f0ff zf;g SjMbnf æ;+;bLo
k|hftGqÆ :yfkgf h'O w's + fM g g]jfMto lj?4
e]befjof gLlt c3f]lift ?k GXofgf x] Rjg . g]jfM
to];+ yMu' df+efo\of dfWod+ lzIff sfo\ bo]df wsfM
dfu ofgfM Rj+jn] ;g !(%% ; æ/fli6«o lzIff
cfof]uÆ+ Ao"u k|ltj]bgo\ yMyM df+ efif+ lzIff ljOu'
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 13
Joj:yf nfu" ofM;f -k|fylds sIff tshs h"+
;f+_ ;'gf+ g+ /fi6«efiff g]kfnL ;o]sL dv', plsof
k|rf/ h'O dv' .Æ wsf pNn]v ofMu' vF n'ds + ] jx
h" . y'sy+ ;Dj}wflgs ?ko\ æk'mSs gful/s ;dfgÆ
wfM ;f+ /fHo+ 3f]if0ff dofM;]+ x] hfltjfbL ;fd'bflos
zf;s to]u' sd{rf/LtGq+ g]jfMto\t g]kfn efiff
oft j g]kfn ;+:s[ltoft yM k|ltåGåL j b'id0fÆ
tfo]sf lhpsy+ ts Sj\Ton]u' gLlt sfn .
@)!& ;fn+ h'h' dx]Gb| zf;g yMu' x] NxftL
sof k+rfotL tfgfzfxL Joj:yf sfo]d ofo]j+ xfsg+
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxM rGb| zdz]/ j h'4 zdz]/of
x] gLlt sy+ ljleGg cflbjf;L, hghflt, db]zL
j blnt hghflt lj?4 e]befj j bdgof Hof
tRjo]sn, Yj gLltof bsn] tRjMu' k|xf/ g]jfMto\t
oft . !& ;fnof zfxL s" of lgbF lnkf lksfMu'
;lDawfgo\ g]kfnL efiff -vo\ efo\_ oft /fi6«efiff
3f]if0ff oft . …/fli6«o PstfÚ of gfd+ b]zo\ 5u"
x] efiff 5u" x] ;+:s[lt ofo]u' gf/f sy+ g]kfn
efiff j g]jfM ;Dj[lt Gx+su] ' cg]s k|xf/ oft .
Yj qmdof k/fsfi6f @)@@ ;fno\ /]l8of] g]kfno\
Gxfkf+lg;] k|;f/ h'of Rj+u' g]kfn efiff+ ;dfrf/
ljOu'ln k|ltjGw tn, ;dfrf/ k|;f/ lbs]u' gfd+
g]kfnefiffof ;flxlTos sfo{qmd lbsn /]l8of] j
;/sf/L k|sfzg -uf]/vfkq_oft g]kfn efiffo\ ljof
xMu' lj1fkg lksfo] db' wsfM k|ltjGw tofljn .
k+rfot sfno\ x] lnkf xfg+ lghfdlt sd{rf/L to]u'
k|df]zg ofo]jn] c+s NofM vfO Hofo\ Pd=P= oft
j kL=Pr=8L= jfkt jLu' c+s g]kfn efiffof Pd=P=
j kL=Pr=8L= oft djLu' lg0f{o nf]s;]jf cfof]u
nfu" ofsn /f0ffsfno\ x] y]+ xfsg+ g]kfn efiffof
n]vslk+t s'gu] ' Hofoft, cfMnf emg d'2f g+ dof;]
s}b ;hfo\ dlj;] cy]+ x] s'gu] ' Hof tRjo]sn .
@)$^ ;fnof hgcfGbf]ng g ax'bnLo
;+;bLo k|hftGq xfs+g jo] w's + f g+ g]jfM
14 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
hgtfoft ljz]ifofgf g]kfn efiff j g]jfM ;+:s[lt
oft SjTon]u' Hof dlbSs, cem Yj gLlt oft
;Ldbo]s ;lDawfgo\ gfk+ b'Yofsn . Yj x] gLlt
sy+ :yfgLo lgsfo -gu/kflnsf j uf=lj=;=_ o\
g+ cgof hfltof efiff to] dbOu' lg0f{o ;jf]R{ r
cbfnt+ ofMu' vM .
;'? lg;]+ cfM ts yy] h'of Rj+uo' f sf/0f b' .
eujfg a'4+ wofM ljHofy]+ GXofu' lrh, GXofu' 36gf,
GXofu' ljs[ltof g+ sf/0f bO . y'hf]u' ljs[lt, b'Mv
kfv] d'Qm h'Ot sf/0f n'OsfM sf/0f oft lrOs]dfM .
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfof b'Mv si6of sf/0f ;fdGtL
zf]if0f vM, g]jf hgtfoft g+ ån+åM bFlg;]+ Rj+ zf]if0f+
SjTonf tMu' b' . cy];f+ g]kfnof cflbjf;L, hghflt,
db]zL blnt j wfld{s cNk;+Vosoft, ljz]if ofgf
g]jfM hgtfoft ;fdGtL zf]if0f cltl/Qm d]u' emg
q'm/, bdg hftLo bdgof gLlt zfxj+zLo /fhtGq+
ofu' vM . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxof ljho cleofg+
g]kfnof clwsf+z efuo\ zfx j+zLo /fhtGqfTds
zf;g sfod h'Oj+ g]kfn oft c;nL lxGb':tfg
-wfTy]o+ f lxGb':tfg_ bo]su] ' wofu' k[YjLgf/fo0fofu'
3f]if0ff sy+ g]kfM of u}/ lxGb', ef/t ofu' cfo{;:+ s[lt+
leGg ;+:s[lt b'lk+ v; efiff jfx]s d]u' efiffefifL
to]u' wd{ ;+:s[lt, efiff Gx+sf 5\jo]u' gLlt sfn .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx j jof pQ/flwsf/Llk+; sfMu'
hflte]bjfbL bdgof v+ Rjo\ jg] w's + n . cy] h"ul' n+
g]jfM hgtf nufot ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hflt hghfltof
hgtfof d'lQm nf nf]stGq, hgjfb, ;dfhjfb j
;fDojfbof :yfkgf h'Ojltlg ;fsf/ h'Ou' h"; + f+
yf}o+ f q'm/ hflte]bL bdg+ d'Qm h'Ot plsof sf/0f
zfxj+zLo /fhtGqof cGTo ofgfM u0ftGqof
:yfkgf ofgfof cy{ h'h' 5Dx lnsofM 5\jo]u' jf
/fhtGqof cj;fg ofgf hs dufM . /fhtGqfTds
s]Gb|Lo hfltjfbL bdgsf/L ;fdGtL /fHo ;+oGq g
y'gf 5\jo]dfM u'b' .
Rjv+
af]8]of P]ltxfl;s k:tf yfou'
hfqf 5' vM <
g]kfno hfqf kj{t oSj b'M . hfqf kj{ g++
;+:sf/ ;+:s[ltof 5u' ?k vM . hfqf kj{ wfld{s
?k+ Gxofsf tMu' vg] b';f+ , pls+ b'g] ;fdflhs
j ;f:s[lts dxTj+ hfMu' vg] b'M .
Hffqf kj{ g]jfto\u' df}lns ;+:sf/ vM .
;+:sf/ dfgo\ ofo]u' hs dv' ;fdflhs hLjgo
GXofO{k's] g+ dfM w}y]+ GXofHofsf tMu' vg] b' .
Ufg ug g]jft b' cg cg yd+ km'y]+ yMu' lsl;d+
hfqfkj{ Gxofsf Rj+u' vg] b' . g]jft;]+ gMv
rMvjno hs dv' ;+Nx'+ k'lGX cn]+ rf}lyoft g+
cKkf] dxTj laof hfqf kj{ Gofos]u' ofgf Rj+u'
vg] b' . j hfqfkj{t ug+ Bof vM s'laof GXofsf
Rj+u' b' wfM;f ug+ ug+ Bof /y;fnf g+ hfqfkj{
Gxofsf Rj+u' b' . pls+ 5u' g 5u' P]ltxfl;s
lsjbGtL bof Rj+u' vg] b' wfM;f 5Dx g+ 5Dx
Bof e'ldsf g+ vg] bof Rj+ . plsof cfwf/+ x]
cg j Bof hfqfkj{ Gofosf jof Rj+u' vg] b' .
Bof vM s'laof Gofolsu' hfqfkj{ dWo
Gxo\ uf+of hfqf, la:sf hfqf, kgf}ltof OGb|]Zj/
dxfB j pGdt e}/jof hfqf, ef]to rGb|]Zj/L
hfqf, Ujnoof e'jg]Zj/L hfqf, onoof le+Bof
hfqf, s[i0f Bof hfqf, kfnf+rf]sof eujtL Bof
hfqf ;Sjof jh|of]lugL hfqf lydLof afns'df/L
j l;4LsfnL hfqf, af]8] j n'‘e'of dxfnIdLBof
hfqf, l6sgLof lgna/fxL Bof hfqf, xf+bLufof+
Kf|]d s] lg8/
lt;f dfn]u' hfqf d'Vo d'Vo vM . j hfqfkj{t
k|frLg sfn+lg;]+ Gxofsf jof Rj+u' vM . ;+:sf/
j ;+:s[lt tgf j+ln;] u'ln+v] hfqfkj{ tgf+ jg
wfM;f u'ln+ cgof hgtft;]+ OZj/of HofM cn]+
lhdL afHof aHo]lg;]+ Gxofsf tMu' ;+:s[lt wsf
Djfsf tMu' vg] b' . yy] x] k'vf{ lg;]+ rno ofgf
Rj+u' cn]+ Bof HofM wsf P]ltxfl;s ;+:s[lt
Djfsf Rj+u' 5u' yfo vM af]8] .
Af]f8] 5u' P]ltxfl;s sfn+lg;] ;f+:s[lts
dxTj+ hfMu' yfo vM wsf cgof ;f+:s[lts
dxTj+ hfMu' ;f+:s[lts hfqf kj{ cn] Kofvt
kfv]+ l;Os] k'm . Vjk lhNnfof 5u' k|l;4 hfqf
la:s]6 hfqf g+ af]8]of k|d'v hfqf vM . VjKf
lydLof la:s]6 hfqf gfk+ la:s+ lsjbGtL b'u'
af]8]of la:sf hfqfof Ono Do] KjfM vg]u' Hof g++
h'O{ . jf]8]of la:s]6 hfqf+ Do] KjfM vg]u' hfqfof
gfd+ g+ k|l;4 h' . j hfqf g]kfno ugg+ db'u'
cfZro{ j cbe't hfqf vM .
df]xgLano vf+ Df] kfn]u' hfqf, bzdL s'Gx'
v8u Hjgf+ lkxf+ jOu' v8u hfqf, nfl5 k'v'nL
Tjogf+ ltg]u' hfqf, slt+ k'lGx s'Gx' u0]fBof
hfqf cflb af]8]of P]ltxfl;s hfqf kj{ vM . j
hfqf kj{ dWo 5u' gf+ hfMu' P]ltxfl;s hfqf kj{
vM k:tf yfou' hfqf . la:sf hfqfof Do] KjfM
vg]u' hfqf j lgna/fxL u+ Kofv+ gfk+ :jfk' b'u'
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 15
j k:tf yfou' hfqf g+ af]8]of ;f+:s[lts dxTj+
hfMu' hfqf kj{ vM . k|To]s aif{of a}zfv ! ut]
la:sf hfqfof Ono h'Ou' hfqf h'u'ln+ g+ k:tf
yfou' hfqfof dxTj cKjM h' .
k|To]s jif{of a}zfv ! ut]oft g]kfdLt;]+
Gx' lb+of ?ko xif{ j pNnf;k"0f{ ?k+ dfgo ofO{ .
dg't u'Dx Bof k'hf ofgf yMu' hMof ;'v ;d[l4
j ;' :jf:Yoof sfdgf ofgf ;fs le+s gof
GXofOk'sf dfgo ofO wfM;f u'DX yfo yf;o
rflxnf GXofOk'sf dfgo ofO{ . aif{of GX' lb+ s'Gx'
x] af]8]of ef+u' Tjfno P]ltxfl;s k:tf yfou'
hfqf h'O{ . la:sf hfqfof O{no x] h'Ou" Yj
k:tf yfou'+ hfqfof la:s+ laz]iftf b' . af]8]of
dxfnIdL Bof Gxof]go Gxoflsu' Yj k:tf yfou'
hfqfoft Ifdf k'hfof ?ko g+ sfO{u' vM . k:tf
wofu' k|folZrt vM . gLna/fxL u+ Kofv+of jfhf
yfgf k|folZrt :j?k Ifdf k'hf ofO{u' h'of
Yj hfqfkj{oft k:tf yfou' hfqf wfO{ . y'ls+
g+ 5u' lsjbGTfL b' . lsjbGtL cg';f/++ af]8]of
a:tL z+vsf]6o h'jn] gLna/fxLof ;+lugLt e't
k|]t dg'?k h'of gLna/fxLof u‘+' l;yo Rj+u' a'‘O{
HofM;gf+ Rjlglk+ dg'tot ujn]+ ujn]+ UjfxfNlL
of jOu' cn] jhL g+ gof jlgu' h'of Rjg . t/
t+ jnls yMu' e't k|]t Vofof ;snL ?k Sogf+
VofOu' g+ h'of Rjg . gLna/fxLof ;+lugLt e't
k|]t VofMt;]+ VofO{u' h'of ;+vsf]6of dg't cg+
la;' jof a'+b] cyjf af]8] wfMu' yf;o Rj+jn .
af]8]af;L tot cem g+ j gLna/fxLof ;+lugLt;]+
Vofou' dTjMt' . cy] x] VofM jlk+ e't k|]ttot
kz'ktLof uf]n] Rj+DX tflGqs ledbQ cfrfh'+
tf/0ftof Hjgf Do] KjfM v+sf cn]+ dxflbk Hj+sf
af]8] b]l5+ rfMxLsu' h'of Rjg . gLna/fxLof
16 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
yMDx ;+lugLtot b'Mv Ao"u'ln+ gLna/fxL t;s+
t+ rfMu' ledbQ+ yMu' Dx+u;o v+u' h'of Rjg .
ledbQ+ yd+ x] tf/0f tof Hjgfu'of kZrftfk
:j?k gLna/fxLof t+ zfGt ofot Ifdf k'hf ofu'
hg wf/0ff b' . lsjbGtL cg'zf/+ gLna/fxL B t+
rfMu'ln+ tf/0ftof Hj+Dx gLna/fxLof ;+lugL e't+
Gxob+ ts+ Do] KjfMMvg]u' wfMu'ln+ Ifdf k'hf ofgf
hs Do] KjfM v+s]u' ofgf tMu' vM . a}zfv ! ut]
Ifdf k'hf ofgf k:tf yfou' Hof h'o w'+sfltgL
Do] KjfM vg]u' hfqf GXofsf ys'u' lsjbGtL b' .
pls+ a}zfv ! ut] k:tf yfou' hfqf ofgf @
ut] Do] KjfM vg]u' hfqf ofgf tMu' vM wfMu' b' .
k|frLg sfn+lg;]+ dxfnIdL Bof GXof]go
k:tf yfgf Ifdf k'hf ofou' k/Dk/f yf}ts+
af]8]of hgtft;]+ Bof HofM wsf dlbs Gxofsf
Rj+u' b' . gLna/fxL u+ Kofv+ gLna/fxL yd+ x]
:ogf+ Nx'Osf tMu' Kofv+ wsf+ gLna/fxLof t+
:ofot gLna/fxL u+ Kofv+of Do] xfosf cn]+
emL+lgbo 5s Sog] dfMu' laz]if Kofv vM Tolnu'
hfqfof af]n j tfnof afhf j Kj+uf k'Osf
Ifdf k'hf ofou' ofgf tu' vM wfMu' b' . k:tf
yfou' Ono Ifdf k'hf ofgf dxfnIdL Bof Sjo
Rj+u' kf]n+of uh'lg;]+ dxfnIdL Bof b'g] Rj+u'
l5kmMts lb ktf 5fodf . j lbktf ledbQ
cfrfh'+ gLna/fxLof ;+lugLtot Hjg]t tMu'
tf/0fof ?ko sof sGx]v'Gx' Do] KjfM v+s]u' ofgf
tMu' vM wfMu' b' . u'ls+ofgf e't k|]t kfv]+ z'/lIft
h'Ou'of ?ko softMu' b' .
tflGqs lalw lawfg sy+ Gxoflsu' j
k:tf yfou' hfqfo yfOu' afhfof af]n j tfn
Kj+ufof ;'/ gLna/fxL u+ Kofv+of laz]if Kofv+ vM
Tolnano yfOu' af]n j tfn cn] Kj+ufof z'/
j tfn h'O{ . gLna/fxL u+ Kofv+of laz]if Kofv+ afhfufhf k'mSs jgf+ sof xofln+ltlg b]un] d'lt{
vM Tolnano jx] afhfof z'/tfno u+ Kofv+of la/fhdfg ofO{ . cn]+ltlg lalwjt ?k+ af]8]of
Bt Kofv+ Nx'O{ wfM;f k:tf yfOu' Ono lv+ yfgf hfqf GxofHofO{ w}u' cgof hg wf/0ff b' . cjn]
Kj+uf hs k'Os]u' ofO{ . dxfnIdL Bof GXof]go laleGg afhf ufhf
k:tf yfOano laz]if cfsif{0f d" u'?of yfgf hfqfof /f}gs laof Rjlg wfM;f ps'Gx
lgb]{zgo ;xfos SjMtfof rM rr xM wof jfhf doh'lk+ dxfnIdL B D'xOs]u' g+ ofO{ . dxfnIdL
yfOu' j Kj+uf k'O{lklgu' Kj+ufof ;Mh'O{ . rM B Dx'nls ;'v ;d[l4 gfkgfk+ ;Gtfg ;'v, eft
rr xM wfOu' tfGqLs dGq vMM;f g+ ;'gf+ y'Os] db'Dx doh'of eft bOu', ;Gtfg db'Dx doh'of
dk'm . t/ j BM Nxfot cn]+ B Kofv+ Nx'O]t tof/ ;Gtfg b}u' hg la:jf; b' .
h' wsf laOu' ;+s]tof ?ko sof tMu' wfMu' g]jf a:tL y'hf]u' hfqfkj{ oSjM b' .
b' . vM Tolnano j ;+s]t lnkf yfOu' af]n j y'hf]u' hfqf kj{t 5u' lnkf d]u'+ofgf tgf j+u'
tfno u+ Kofvgo Rjlk+ Bt Kofv+ Nx'Ou' vM . b' . emLu' ;+:s[lt emLu' w/f]x/ wsf Djfsf to
e}nM Bof g]t[Tjo u0]fBM, j/fxL BM, s'df/L BM dfMu' vg] b' . y'ls+ emL g]jft x] nuo dh';f
l;+Dxf j w'Dxf cn]+ åf/kfnt 5u' yf;+ d]u' yf;o ;' h'O{ .
jgf+ cfqmd0f ofgf Tofsf jMu' Sogf+ tMu' Kofv+
h'u'ln+ vM Tolnu' Kofv+ wof tMu'M wfk' b'M .
k:tf yfou' Hof emj k:tf u'7L+ Gxoflsu'
vM . bln y/of dg'tou' u'7L h';f+ d" u'? leGb'jf
y/of dg' h'O{ . ledbt cfrfh' Gxofsf ys'u'
h'of leGb'jft g+ ledbQ cfrfh'of k'vf{ wsf
cfts+ leGb'jft d" u'? h'of GxofsftMu' vg] b' .
uf]Dx leGb'jft d" u'? h'of Hof emj Gxofsf jg
j wfM;f ;Ldb' . t/ t'Onfn leGb'jf, xs{ gl;+
leGb'jf j b]a|] leGb'jf dbo w'sf+ cf afa'sfhL
leGb'jf d" u'? h'of GXofsf Rj+u' b' .
k:tf yfou' hfqf af]8]of la:s]6 hfqfof
Do] KjfM vlgu' hfqf lnkf d]u' cfsif{0f vM .
dxfnIdL BM g+ gLna/fxLb]jLof 5u' ?k vM .
la:s+ b]aLof d'VoDx b]aL v dxfnIdLM . jx]
sf/0f gLna/fxLB gfk+ :jfk' b'u' j k:tf
yfou' hfqf dxfnIdL BMofyfo ofu' vM wfMu'
b'M . k:yf yfou' al5 jg]j b]of d'Vo d'Vou'
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 17
Rjv+
d'lQmgfy ofqf–$
lhF yMu' k'nf+u' vF sg] l;w]sf lagf]b
tfd|sf/ h'of kfMjn . jo\sM o]F j+wMTjf kfv]+/
yMDx+ lt/Ldo\h' gfk+ aMrflwsDx DXofo\do]h' g
j ofqfo\ ;fd]n h'oflbDx vM . jo\slkF lgDx+ g
cg nMla h'ofRj+u' /demd\ bL . lhF yMu' g'uM vF
k|:t't ofgfy]+ jo\sn+ d]F xfnfbLt tof/ h'n .
yMu' unfof ;M lksof xn –
æd}n] k"mn dg k/fP+ of >fk dg k/fP+ ======h]
xf];\ d}n] ltldnfO{ r"krfk dg k/fP+===========Æ
Yj :j/ ;d|ft gf/fo0f uf]kfn+ xfnfM ys'u'
tfd|fsf/+ h'F j x] ;M lksof j y]+ Rj+s afnfs+
xfnflbu' vM . gf/fo0f uf]kfnof ;M uy] c+g
lkHjn y]+ Rj+g . jo\sn+ Do]F xfnfRj+gfbLan]
ldvf Uj yMDx lt/Ldo\h' kfv]/ j+gfRj+g . cyx]
lt/Ldo\h'Dx g d';'sofRj+u' :jo\an] jo\slklgu'
dltgfof n" c+g ;lS;t g aofg ofgfRj+u' y]+
Rj+ . lagf]b tfd|fsf/ h' g xQfsQfDx+ :jo\an]
x] lx/f] y]+ af+nfDx cn] lt/Ldo\h' eftoft plts+
NjMDx, lgDxltk' plts+ GXofMlk+ . cg d'gfRj+lk
ldh+ HofyMt dWo] lh :jDxDx+ vM GxfkfDx Gxo]5\Fb
So+Dx yfo\d?ofDx+ s]za >]i7h' c+g lVjv'bFofDx
dx]z k|wfg h' . c+g lnkf lh Go]o\RofbF b'Dx cn]
tfd|fsf/h' Goo\bF hs k'nfbLDx+ . d]+d]lk+ ld;f
ldh+ aMrflwslk+ j Nofo\Dx Nof;]lk+ . lhlkF k]Dx+
HofyMto\ kfMl;w]sf Old+ yMyu" kfno\\ kk\ Do]+
j GXof+GXofy] Dx+;+sf Kofv+ Nx'of GXofOk'sn .
18 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
wL/h cdfTo
u'lnl;+g lutf/ j lrSrfw+u' 8«d;]6\ yfn .
cy]h"an] c+g ;+uLt ;Dd]ng y]+ h'n . uLt j
;+uLt ;+ud Go]gf+ d]d]lkF Sjyfo\ b]g]+w's'lkF g+
Gx]n+rfo\sf ‰ofM rfo]sf :jofRjlk+ b"u' h'n .
z]ifgf/fo0f 5Dx GXofOk's]dfDx+ cn] yMu'
Wo]afof Nofrf db'Dx cy]h'of g'uMd:of;]
cg d'gfRj+lkGt oMlkGt wfwfy] Sjfu' ,Vjfp+u'
k]o kbfy{t uy]ls Rof, skmL, h";,lao/,gfk
lXjl:sof ;jf sfo\sfn . dGWofGx rfGxo\l;of
lem+GoftfM h"an] ;lS;g æXoflKk Go" Oc/ Æ wsf
5;Mofgf Gx"bF @)&)of leGt'gf yMylklg+ b]5ft .
cy] g æXoflKk Go" Oc/===Æ of xf;MYjan] cg+
xf]6]no\ b]gfRj+lk+ ;sn g]kfnL j ljb]zLto];+
Gx]nrfo]sf ‰ofMrfo]sf :jjn . cn] Old+; g
cy]x] xfnf lhldt g Gx" bF @)&)of leGt'gf
b]5fn .
;stfSjl5+ wfo]dfn wf;f j @)^(;fnof
d;fGtof n" ;lS;t clts+ x] GXofOk'tfo\sn .
Gx"bF dfg]ofo\ w'g]j+ yy] wfn–æyg emL
;sn]+ d'gf Gx"bFof no\tfv';L dfg]ofo\ vg+ lhu"
kfv]+ l5lkF ;snoft leGt'+gf . cfM emL ;sn]+
yyMu' Sjyfo\ Bf]+ emf;+ . sGxo\ lemu' Hof‰jMof
vF Go]gfbLt O{gfk ofgf+ sGxo\ ;'yl;of v'tfMno\
b+gf yMyu' dfntfn lysof+gf lb;+ . Gx"bFof Gx"u'
;'yo\ Gxfkfnfs sfua]gL3ft gfFof v'l;O jlgu'
h'O{ . j v'l;of 5tf vF Gx]y]g] lhF , v'l; lrAofwsf
x]k]ofgf+ nfnfMy] ;g]+ dHo" . v'l;O byO jgf DjM
g Nx'O dHo" . nMVjfp+;] cn] tRjs+ nM 5\jfM, Dx+
r'OsfMo+sL oM . cy]h';f xf]z\k"j{s+ nvo\ ;g]+df .
DjMNx'Odf;f l;yo\Rj+g]df . lkt[of gfdF tk{g
laOdflklg+ laoflb;+ . jof lnkf xf]6no\ lnxf+jof
yyMu' dfntfn Hj+gf d'lQmgfy bz{0fofo]u' .
joflnkf go\ Tjg]+of+gf lnxf+jg]u' h'O{ .Æ
j}u' lgb]{z Go]gf ;lS;g+ sGx]l;of HofvF
y'Osn cn] yMylk+lgu' Sjyfo\ Bf]+jg .
@)&)of Gx" lbFof ;'yo\ Gxfkfg+ lhlkF
lty{ofqLt Gx]n+rfo]sf lgTosfo{ l;w]sf cn]
yMyu' dfntfn ldn]of+gf xf]6]nof nMaL d'+jgf .
sfua]gL3f6o\ k"hfcfhfoft dfMu' Hjn+t hs
lnsof 5yfo\ to\sn . |d'lQmgfy Bf]oft dfMu'
Hjn+t emf]nfkGt'/fo\t+' c+g;+ Tjtsf lhlk+
;sn] xf]6]n+ lkxf+jof . Gx]n'jfof No'No' ;sn]+
sfua]lg3f6 kfv]/ j+g]t xf]6]n+ lkxf+hs jofano\
n'vfof lkg] v;'+ e'gfRj+u' h'n . ;lS;g+ yu'
Dxo\ l:j6/ lkmgfg+ jof Bf]+g] hfs]6 lkmgf+tMu'ln+
lrs'drfn . nFo\ l;yo l;yo\ zLt+ hfofRj+u'ln+
cn] nF b'yO g zLt gfof jfRofjfRof+ Rj+ .
knfM 5Lan] r'n'ofM b}y]Rj+ . xf]6]n+ sfua]gL3f6
jg]Togf+an] cgof 5u" rs+u' yf;o\ >L d'lQmgfy
df=la=v+g]bg, j nFof gfk;+ nf . j Ajg]s'lyof
lnSs Yof]+an] g+of n'vf vfkf ltgf+tMu'ln+ lhF j
n'vfof Kjfn :jof . j Ajg]s'ly d':tfË nfufof
5u" hs vMnf w}y]+ dtLn't .
nFo\ j+gfRjRj+ v'l;O nM GXofgfRj+u'
;M tfo]bt . ;M tfu'ln+ v'l;of lnSs Yog
w}u' ;Lbt . j+gfRj+u' nFof hjkfv]/ lxn]j+
sfua]gL3f6\ vg]bt . lhlkF v'l;of l;yo\ y]g+ .
k"j{ lbzf+ klZrd h'of GXofgf+Rj+u' sfnLu08ls
v'l; vM . sfnLu08ls jfpF;] oRr';] Rj+ . nM
g Ujf/fUjf/f bfl;jy]+ Rj+s yfxf+Sjfxf+ ld+s af
jofRj+u' cn] Vjfp+kmo\-:of+y_ g x'O+x'O{ ;+gfRj+g
j k|lz¢u' v'l;O zflnu|fd Njx+ b}u' yfo\ vM .
lxGb"to] lglt+ zflnu|fd clt+s >¢f+hfMu' Njx+oft
eujfg lai0f'of c+z wsfM k'Hofu' rng b' .
cg v'l;of l;yo\ dfnfM :jnwf;f ck's n'Os]
k'm . zflnu|fd sfnLu08ls v'l;of hs b}u' 5tf
xfs"u'Njx+ d]d]u' glbO b}dv' .
c+g YoMlk+ bSjl;+g v'l;of GXof]g];of l;yo\
Rj+gf kfMNxfltO nM tof VjfMl;n . u'lnl;of+ lkt[
tk{g ofo]dfM wsf :jDx+ ldhFto\ hfs]t l:j6/
sldh Tjtf leqL ul~h j kfOG6 dTjt';] nv+
5\Øf]+ Kofhs Kofsf Dxo\ nM xfMhsof+gf yMlkG;+
o+s'u' lkt[ tk{gof Hjn+t ;stf+ nKt]of Ajxtfo]
tofM lkt[oft :d/0fofgf v'l;O r'Osn . lgDx
dfF DXofo\g+ lrs'rfof ;kM km]gf 5\of]F Kofsn .
cn] n+g]o\ nM xfMofgf+ tk{g lan .
Olk+ ;lS;g 5sn+ x] ofp+s tk{g
laOl;w]sn . lh g+ kfOGt GXofgf ul~h 5kfhs
lkmgf nvo\ DjNx'O efjofgf+ 5]go\ nv+ Kofsf
?dfn+ 5\of]F x'ofRj+gfan] nfs lgDx dg" lgodsy+
x] >fWb l;w]sf v'l;O lk08 r'Osjlk+ gfk+ 5Dx
a|fDx0foft vg]j+ lhF j}t lhlk+ g lkt[oft tk{g
laOt j}u' . k'/]t db\of lhld;+ g cy]x] tk{g
laTo]gfu' . l5 efUo+ gfknfk lhldt g tk{g
lat l5 k'/]t laoflb;+ lhlkF sf7df8f}+ j}lk+ vM
, wd{nfoL l5tMg wsf lhF j kxfl8 aDx"oft
wofan] j+ lhtM jo]slk+ dWo] 5Dx Yj lhNnfof
l;=l8=cf]= ;fx]j j d]Dx+ lshfDx vM . jo]sMlkGs]
dGof];] l5lSklgu' Hofo]dHo' . l5 yDx wofbL;f
hLnf Û wfn . j a|Dx"+ g cy] wfan] c+g lnSs jgf+
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 19
lhF Gxfkfnfs jo]slkGt cfb/efj+ lalGtofgf+
cn] yMu' vF wofan] jo]sMlkG;g+ lhlk+ :jDx]l;u'
Vjfno\ :joflbn cn] lhldt g lalGt ofgf Ho'
wsf ln;M laOsf ltlg+ a|Dx+" dfg]h'n . l;=l8=cf]=
g Ho' wfan] dn]h" j lhF lk08aLt a|Dx" vo]afHof
g bt wsfM lhlkF no]tfof .
cn] lt/Ldo\h' j dn]h'+ sfrfsfrf+
5];+ tk{gofo]dfM wsf xMu' Hjn+t k'mSskmfSs
lnsof 5uM tUju' Ajxtfo\ ldn]oft . t5\j,
xfdf]M, hfsL alh, s]/f, lg:nfdl/,£of]sl:t
bSj+ Njfs\5\ofgf+ lh+ j dn]h'F lgDxl;g tk{g
aLt slk08 Ujf/ft ufSs lhDx+ lt/Ldo\h'F
bo]sn . a|Dx"+g Gxfkfnfs lhtMlg lk08 aLs]t
lhDx tfkfMafHof, tfkfMaHo] lg;] sof lbj+ut
h'Ow'slkF j lt/Ldo\h'of lbj+utlklgu' gfF
sfo]sf >f4of lk08t 5uM 5uMofo]sf Ajxtfo\
5fo]sn . lhF 5fo]l;w]j k'/f]lxt h'Dx+ a|Dx' g
v'l;O r'Os]lan . dn]h'oft g jo]sf lkt[to\u'
gfFsfo]sf lk08 aL l;wo\sn . cn] a|fDx0foft
blIf0ff wsfM Gof;, Gof; bfF blIf0ff b]5fgfano\
j d':tfËof k'/f]lxt h'Dx+ vo\a|Dx" g no]tfn .
lhlkF lgDx]l;u' g OR5f k"j+g .
sfua]gL3f6of sfnLu08ls lty{:yno\
dn]h' j lhDx lkt[to\t tk{g laOl;wano\ d]lk+
3f6\of Rjo]kfv] jgf+Rj+u' lhlkF :jDx+ g Oldt
lnnfs]t sfrfsfrf+ knfMl5gf Olk+gfk y]s + j+gf .
:jDx]l;g+ knfM tkfnfofgf Wjb'an] ;/:jtL b]uMof
No'g+ ] y]g+ . b]uMrflxnf lzIffof clwi7fqL b]jLof
bz{g ofgf . j b]uMoft l;d]G6L+ bo]sftMu'
b' . Bf]of Dx+lws wf;f 9nf}tof vM . ;lS;g+
Bf]oft lkg];+ bz{ofo]ws +' f xf]6n
] o\ lnxf+jgf . Rof
Tjg]wj' + z]ifgf/fo0f+ lhldt ;f+lu|nf xf]6n ] o\ rlR5
20 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
afo\tofM cg la/fsfo]sf yMyu' emf]nft Hj+sf
xf]6n
] + lkto+sn . lh nFo\ jj+ emf]nfo\ Rj+u' ;km"
lnsof Nxflt+ Hjgf j+gf . d'lQmgfy df=la=of
d"nv ' fo\ y]g+] t/ jlbF Gx"bF @)&) h'of drfM .
lh n'vfo\ b+ jMu' v+sf 5Dx dg" jof lhtM yf}F
rflndv' wfo]j+ lhF j}t NxftLRj+u' yDx+ Rjo]u'
ældqagsf] u'kmfÆ gfFof ;k"mof b'gR+] j+u' kfgfo\
df=la=of gfF j yfo\sf cfvMUjt ofsgofsg+
Rjof j}t nMNxfgf+ Yj ;k"m nfOa]l| /O toflb;+
wof . j dg" g Ho' wsf sfo\wo' w] g' j+] j+gf5\jof .
cn] lh xyf; k+ nfM l5gf+ j+gf .
sfua]gL sfnLu08lsof l;yo\nfu'
a;:6ko\ lhldt d'lQmgfy jg]+t kLsn . c+g
5u" Tjfytno\ lyly cfsf/ cfsf/ k|sf/of
tuM lruMu' zflnu|fdt ldOt AjoftMu' vgf+
lhF g lrs\rfu' 5uM Gofgf+ . j zflnu|fdoft
k"hfs'ly k'Hofgftof .
eltrfn+sf lDxuM uofMj}u' hLk y]x]+ hfMu'
d]u' hLkt xn . lemDx+ lemDx+ uo]sf d]u' nFk'
o+sn . d''lQmgfyoft lgu" Ajo\ ynfMtu' vM
Rj d':tfË j Sj d':tfË . Rjo]kfv]/ cGgk"0f{
Rjfk'dfM-lxdfn >[+vnf_ uMjlgu' nfuf vM wfM;f
Sj d':tfË Bf] bz{gofo]t jlgu' nfuf vM . cg+
Rjfk'dfMt tfkfs lgnlu/L gfFof Rjfk'dfM afFnfs
vg]+ b' . lgnlu/L cGgk"0f{ Rjfk'dfMof bSjl;a]
b]kfkfv]/of lnkfu' Rjfk'dfM vM .
lhlkF hLko\ Rj+Rj+ t+uofMj+gf Rj+u' hLk+
lgnlu/Loft b]kf kfv]/nfsf yf+Sjf+j+u' Njx+rf
UjUj nfoftu' nF k'nfM 5u" 3f}lt lnkf 5yfo\
lbsn . j yf;+ g 5u" Rjo\nfu' kxf/o\ d'lQmgfy
b]uMb' . cfM c+g yf+jg+]t Njx+of oSj TjfyMt
uo]dfM . Gofl;j+lglkG;g+ yMu' Dx+of larfofo\dfM .
Gofl;jg] an] ;f;M Nxfo] yfs'of jn ls Kofh
GXoGXo+ a'n'x'+ a'n'x'+ jg]df . Tofg'of ;g]dkmt wf;f
t+uo]u' lbgflbgf+ jg]df M cy]ofgf g dlhnwf;f
yf+dj+;] lnxf+jg]dfM wsf nFhjf z]ifgf/fo0f+
Wjfy'sf wfMan] HofyMldh+ 5Dx j :j+Dx HofyM
ld;flk+ df]6/afO{s+ j+g]u' h'n . cn] k]+u ttMu'
afO{sto\ o+sn . cn] drf j tlwslk+ ;sn]+ t+
uu+ yf+jg . d'lQmgfy Bf] :joDe'gfy eujfg y]+
Rj]nfM , :joDe'O l;a]g c+g oSj Njx+of Tjfy
b' . :joDe' u'O+ Rjsfo\nfu' h'of TjfyMof hj j
b]kf kfv]/ ttMdf+u' oSj b';f d'lQmgfyof l;dft
db' ttMuu' j lrlrrfuMu' Njx+rf b' ,cy]x];t'+
:joDe' TjfyMgfkgfk+ a'¢ d'lt{ j lrefMt 'b' .
t/ c+gwf;f Tjfyto\ hj j b]kfkfv]/ Njx+rft
b]5'gf tlu+ tlu+ ldn]ofgf r}To y]+ 5f]t]{g
bo]sftMu' j :j:j+jg]an] GXofOk'u'ln+ Tofg'drfM
cn] ;f;M Nxfo\dkmof k"m+k"m+ dj . af3f}lt t+
uofM Rjo\ y]g ck's x] . afO{so\ Rj+gfj+lk k]Dx+
ofp+s Gxfkfnfs y]+sfRj+g] w'+sn . k'n]j+ b]uM
g v+g]bt . b]uMof GXof]g];+ arflwsMu' lgu" k'v"
b' . wd{s'08 j kfks'08 gfFof . Gxfkfnfs b]uMof
No'+g];+ kxf/of Rjsf+ s'xf+jofRj+u' nM ;lR5
j RofuM l;+xof 5\of]]+of 9nf}6of+lxlt+ xfofRj+u'
kljq nv+ DjNx'O k'mlklg+ DjNx'O dk'mlklg+ Nxf
t'lt l;nf 5of]+ hs g Kofsf DjNx'Ou' efjofO .
jof lnkf wd{k'v'nL jof DjNx'O ofgfRj+u" v+gf
t/ kfks'08 wfu'lnwf;f 5Dx+ dg"t dv+gf . kfk
wfn ls plnUof vlg+sf . cy]h'of j kfkk'v'lnO
DjMNx'lk+ v+g]db' t/ d;Ls dv+s ;lk'nf
kfkofOlk+ oSj b', wd{ofOlk+ DXjhs .
lhlkF cg y]g]j+ Gxfkfnfs kfn+kf DjlNXju'ln
nuo\h'n . c+g DjdNx';] dHo" wsf ldhFt nF
dˆo';] sQ'5uM j ld:to\ lgkf Nxfof AjxMSj;+
ofSjo\ts k]6Lsf]6+ lxgf+ Dx+ 5Dx ;lR5 j Rofu'
lx6L+of kljqhn+ xfo]sf DjNx't . Djnf ;lS;g+
Nx't t/ Dxo\ Vjfp+u' nMnflo wsfM g UofM .
5fo]wf;f+ clts Vjfp+u' nMv+ ;lR5 j RofwfM
DjNx'O w}u' Nx'lt k"lGx+an] y]+ dv' Û k'; df3+
xfOu' nM lx6L+Kjfn+lg;]+ a+o\yLs 5:jf h'of a/km
l9sf Rj+lg wfu' g Gogf+ . cy] Vjfp+u' nvo\
af+nfs DjlNxt yfs' cyh'of lhF g af+nfs
DjlNXj dvgf 5\Øf]+ 5uM nv+ xfo]sf ;lR5 j
Rofwfn+ eltrf eltrf xfo]sf x't't' Ajfo+jgf+
bSj lxl6of nv+ xfo]sf DjNx'of dgoft ;Gtf]if
ofgf+ . d]lk+ ;lS;t g+ cy] x] nf h'n h'Olg Û
;lR5 j Rofwflx6L DjlNXj l;wo\j+ d'lQmgfy
Bf] bz{g k'hfof lglt+ lhldu' 5Yjn+ cg+ b]uno\
le8 h'n . kfn+kfofgf dj+;] duft, cy]ho' f b]uMof
lns;+Rjgf lt/Ldo\h' j dn]h' k'hfHjn+ ;stf+
tofRj+tn] xfsg+ lhF xfsg+ j x] ;k"m 5kfM lnsof
tof . k'hfe'nL k'hfofo]t bSj to\l;wo\j Olk+
lgDx+ nfOgo\ Rj+gf Bf] k'Hofgf lkg]j+ n . cn] lh
g ;k"m Hjgf b'gj] gf+ d'lQmgfy eujfgoft bz{g
ofj+gf . b]uMof b'g] pln le8 dbo\ w+s' n . cy]ho' f
af+nfs w}ot{ ofM Bf] bz{g ofo]vg+ . by'Onfs
arflwsu' eujfg gf/fo0f cn] hj j b]kfo\ lgDx
nIdL j ;/:jtL b]jL tof d'lQmgfy :j¿kof d"lt{
bz{gfofo\ v+gf yOt wGo tfo]sf .
c+g Bf]of kfMnft lgDx af}¢ wd{dfg]ofOlk+
ld;fto\t k"hfl/gL dwf;] cflg+ wfOu' vlg+ .
d]d]yfo\ gf/fo0f b]uno\ lxGb"of lyly Bf]of b]uno\
lyly hfltt b};f c+g 5yfo\ hs af}¢wdf{jlnof
cflg+ wflk+ kfnftM v+gf . Olk+ kfnfM hs vM;f
d"nk"hf/LwfM;f lxGb' a|fDx0f v+;ftla lgTok"hf
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 21
ofo]w'g]j b]uMof kmno\ ˆot'gf+ bz{gfly{lkGt
l;Gx l6s]u' cn] kf7ofo]u' hs ofo]u' k/Dk/f
b' . cy]h'of lhF ældqagsf] u'kmfÆ;km" Bf]oft
lyhs lysf,Bf] efluofgf+ lkxf+jof kmno\Rj+gf
wfld{s kf7ofgfRj+Dx Nofo\rfDx kl08t v+gf
j}s] Go]gf l5 ygofDx k"hf/L vMnf y]+ <
cn] j kl08t+ lh k"hf/L dv' , lhDx ca'
h' vM jo]s gs\ltlg+ 5u" xyf;of Hof jof 5]+
emfn . wsf +lhtM sg+ cn] lhF jo]sMof gfF
Go]gfan] sfo\Dx+ ca'of gfF sgf+ wfn –kl08t
s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL .
cn] lhF ;k"mof b'g] …k+= >L s[=k|=;'a]bLoft
Yj ;k"m b]5fgf+ Úwsf g]kfnL+ Rjof lemtsf bf+
kl08toft blIf0ff nMNxfgfan] jF lhtM l5u'
dgf]sf+Iff k'/o\ h'Odf wsf cflz{jrg Nxft .
lhlk+ ;lS;g Bf] k'Hofl;wan] ;'yof lemtfMO{
h'n . cn] z]ifgf/fo0f+ lhlk+ ;sn]+ gfktof b]uM
jo]s lskfM sfo]sn . jof Gxfkf yMylkG;
yfo\yf;o\ lskfMt sof dRj+u' dv' . cg+lnkf
Sjo\ lnxf+jg]t Rjo\sn . j}u' vo\+ wfwfy] lhlk+
;sn]+ ,j}t GXog] dtM;] lhlk+ jg] d;M cy]h'of
j}u' ln;]ln;] dj+;]dufM . j+ lhldt c+g yf;o\of
lyly vFof j0f{gofof+ Sjo\kfv]/ o+sfRj+g . jj+
x] df};d lxnf u'An]+ v;' jy] Rjl+g+ u'An]+ jf
j}y+] Rj+lgu' . lgefMg bGg+ Tjof jgf+Rjgfyfo\
hhdf+ h'Ou' GXofOk'u' k|s[lt pnfMRj+u' d':tfË
yfo\ vM . 5yfo\ kmlxnf SjYofu' nF afnf jn
cg+ lhldt Sjt\o+sn . j yf;o\ HjfnfdlGb/
wfu' b]uMy]+ Rj+u' 5vf 5]+ jn . lkg]+ 5Dx j d]lk+
leIf't bgf+Rj+u' b' . Old;+ lhldt nfsf+ Tjtsf
b'g]+ HjfnfdfO{ bz{g ofs]t b'5\jn,cg+ g cflg+
x] kfnfMt . b'g]+ Vo+'Vo'+;] Rj+u' yf;o\ ufM5uf
22 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
b' . cg+ Sj;of :jo]an] Njx+sflk+ OtfMdt y]
ld+Tof 5Tof x'n'n'+====lkxf+jofRj+u' v+g] b' . j
x] ld+TofjofRj+u' yfo]oft HjfnfdfO{ wsf bz{g
cf/fwgf ofOu' c+gof rng h'ofRj+g t/ c+g Bf]
eflkof :jfF, cIftf+-hfls_ j w]af 5fo\s] dAo" .
cIftf :jfF 5fn ls 5"+rfto\ xtfMofoM xF . w]af
5fo\t lkg]+ n'vfo\ Rj+u' ls:tL 5fOu' . pso\
x] ;lS;g Goftsf, lemtsf j Gotsfof gf]6\t
>Wbfefj+ 5fgf+M lnxf+jgf .
j Hjfnfd'vL wfu' ld+of hM Njx+sflkof by';+
lkxf+jofRj+u' ld+of hMoft j}1flgs Zff:qof sy+
pu' yf;o\ UofF;of e08f/ cyf{t UofF;of vfgL
h'OdfM Û d'lQmgfy Bf]of af; j k|s[lt+ hfgfRj+u'
d':tfË nfuf g]kfMof 5u' cd"Nou' w's" vM .
wfld{s vFof kfv]/ lgtf vFt yg GXoy+g]
s""tMofgfRj+gf . j vFF yy] vM, Gxfkf Gxfkf nf
d'lQmgfyo\ j+lglk+ jg]GXof]g] x] yM l;O GXof]
x] Djfgf Rj+an] l;O w'+sf ofOu' sfhlqmoft
3M;', nTof, v'nfM, blsnf j lgbFltly of+gfltlg
d'lQmgfyof ofqf j+lg . 5fo\wf;f+ pan]of clts+
s7Lg j tfkfM gfkgfk+ kxfb uof=Mjg]dfM. cfMof
nF y]+ dv', cku' g dv' . j+lk+ lnxf+jo] km}nf
dkm}nf w}u' x'lg+ yMu' Dx+ bosg+ ;Lgfj+Dx+ y]+
sfhlqmofof Hof km'Ss l;w]sf ylklgu' 5]+hMlkF
gfk afofMltlg DjfDjfs+ x] j hLjg d'Qmofgf
y]+ ofgf ltlg+ d'lQmgfyo\ jlg+ -nFo\ jj+ l;tM
cyfj Nof+jj]u' l:ylt ldn]dh'of c+g yftMwf;f
lnkfof vF 5' vM 5' vM wsf yM l;O GXof]j+ x]
yMu' sfhlqmofof bSj k'mSs Hof l;w]sf ltlg
jlgu' h'ofRj+u' Go]gf+ t}u' vM_ .
-yf}+ sGx]o\ df]6/ufl8+ j+;f+ Nof+Yof+
h'Oan] GofGx" j k]rfM-$/ft_ dfM . uy] ls
o]F yf;+ a]lg ahf/o\ axlg+ y]lg+ cg+ rlR5
afo]Rj+g]df-!/ft_ . sGx]s'Gx" ;'yo\ a;+ j+gf
sfua]gLO ;GofMsfOno\ y]lg cg rlR5of af;\
h'O-@/ft_ . s+;-:jGx"of lbgo\ d'lQmgfyo\ y]lg+_
j ;'yo\ a;+ lnxf+ jof 3f;f wfu' yf;o\ afo\
Rjlg+-#/ft_ k]Gx"of lbFof axgL kf]v/fo\ afo\ Rj+g]
dfM-$/ft_. GofGx"+ bt\ls o]Fo\ y]lg+ .
cn] xfsg+ phf]u' d]u' vF 5tf GXoyg],
ef/tof agf/; sfzL dxfMBf] bz{g ofMjlg+lk+
sfzL+ lnxf+dj;]+ d;L tn c+g x] Rjgf+ yMu' k|f0f
Tofu ofo\t hs c+g j+lg -d'Qm h'Ot_ w}u' vF g
Go]gftof . y'lk+ lgtf Go]gfvF vM cfM j Gxfkfof
k'nf+u' Go]gf+vFt rLsf 5\jo\ .
lhlk+ c+g yf;+ lnxf+jj+ rs+u' a'+Vono\
Yog . a+'of lar+ knfMl5gf d':tfËof 5u" af+nfu'
/]i6'/]G6o\ o+sn . bSj+ d]ro\ ˆot'sn . ;'y+lg;]
nFo\ h'h'+ lhlk+ ;Sn]+ Tofg' j go\lkTofrfof
nvt\/fg h"u' h'n . c+g ˆot'gf emf;' n+sf .
lhlk+ Rj+gf yfo\ Sjf Sjfu' Rof xn . Rof TjTj+
‰ofn+ lkg]+ :jofan] j yfo\ 6'l/i6 :kt h'ofM
c+g lyly ljb]zof kfxfFto\u' x"n x] v+gf . pan]of
O{M 6'l/i6 l;hg vM . j yf;+ Rj d':tfË jlgu' j
cg+ lnxf+jof j yf;o\ afo\ Rj+lgu'h'of af+afnfu'
xf]6]nt Olnln+ v+g]b' . xf]6]nof gfF t oSj b' ,
xf]6]n d':tfË, g]kfn, Pe/]i6, cGgk"0ff{,l/NofS;\,
l;hg , 6'l/i6 Eofln, xf]6]n /]i6'/]G6 P08 af/
cflb OToflb gfFof xf]6]nt b', o]Fof 7d]no\ y]+ .
c+gof n" :j:j+ ;'yl;of Hofgf+ g 6]an ' 5Dx+ HofyMDx ld;f kf]v/fof ;Gtnfl; Go]uMlt
to]xn . lkTofu' KjfM hfo]s go\wg' j] + 5emf
emf;"ns + ] lan . j Ono\ lhF yMu' emf]nfo\ lgkfM
/lu+g lskfMx+gftu' …;kgfÚ gfFof cFuh |] L j g]kfnL+
yDx+ Rjofu' drf pkGof; lnsof . cn] /]i6'/G] 6+
lkxf+jof lgDx+ d:to\ laof . j ;k"mt sflk+ d:to;\
lht lGxnf no\tfgf+ s]g+ ,Dx't+" WF; F F 5'+ g dwfM .
5];
+ + lkxf+jof an] yDx+ Rjof lks\oft}u' k]kfM ;k"mt
Og]t+ xofu' vM . cg :jyfo\ Og]+ g v+g . ;k"m
Og]wg' j] + ;sn]+ d'gf+Rj+yfo\ b'xf+jg+ T] o+agfan] ;sn]+
lkxf+jn . yMyu' emf]nft HjHj+sf Gofl;o+sn . j
nF jj+ lDxu a;+ Sjxf+ju} ' :ofª wfMyfo\ y]g+ . cg
:ofpof ;'sl' 6 d]yfo\ l;a]g efM bFuh ' o' f bSjl;g+
Gofo]t k;Mklts+ jg . lhDx lt/Ldo\h' j
dn]h' ylklg ynfMlkGt d'lQmgfyof k|;fb gfkgfk+
sf]zn ] L Og]dfM wsf 5å+ld+s Gofgfxn . d]dl] k+G;
cy] GofMgf xMu' g v+gf .
:ofª+ a;\ duo]s';] lhldt cg+ g
Gof;]o+sn, af3f} lt Sjo\ jofan] hf]d;f]dof
s};ËSofDk wfMu' ahf/o\ y]+sn . c+g …pRr
lzv/ ;}Go ;fvfÚ gfFof 5u" tMw+u' g]kfn ;]gfof
Aof/]s v+gf . j Aof/]so\ xln+of lyly ;]gfto\t
tflnd laOu' yfo\ wsfM 5Dx]l;g+ s+g . chfu'
vF l;ofM lhtM g]kfM b]M of uj{ tfn . 5fo]wf;f+
g]kfM b] lrw;f+ xln+of lyly b]z+ tflnd sfMj}u'
Aof/]s g b'an] b]M lrw;f ttwFu' b]Moft g
tflnd laOyfo\ g]kfMof hf]d;f]do\ b"u'h'ofRj+g .
3f}l5 lt j ahf/ rflxsn . c+g jfp+rf+
lg;]sof lab]lz ;fdfg ts g Gofo]u' k;Mt
b' . kf]v/f+ cg+ l;;fa';ft j lGxyoft dfMu'
dLx}u' h'ofRj+g . c+g xftahf/ y]+ g Rj+ .
dg"t g x"nd"n v+g]b' x. lhlk+gfk emfoflbDx
Gofgf+ lhlk+ ;lS;t g 5uM 5uM elk wsf Ogf+
laoflbn . ;Gtnfl; rfs';]Rjgf+ ;fM y]+ jo\s
le+ g'uMn+ Sj;fDx+ y]+ tfn .
qmdzM
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 23
Oltxf;
g]jf ;dfho conf
j YjFof e"ldsf
conf YjF+ oft ljZjo\ nfu' kbfy{of
ju{o Yofsf tMu' 5u' emf]n kbfy{ -Liquar_
vM . k|foM xlndo k'ms+ b]zo co\nf YjF of
k|rng ztfAbLof}+ lg;]+ 5]nfa'nf h'of Rj+u' vF
Oltxf;o Ajg] b'. co\nf YjFof k|rng bsn]
Gxfkf+ ol;of dxfb]z vM ;f plsg+ rLg b]z
YjF co\nf bo]lsu'ln Ozf k"j{ &))) bF GXoj+
x] bof Rjg] w'+s'u' vF Oltxf;+ l;O b' . pu'
jvt] x] co\nf YjF bo]s]t hfsL j kmnk"mno\
c+u'/ oft lkmgf -Wjlusf Fermentation_
bo]lsu' k|rng h'O{ w'+snu' l;Ob' . cg+ lnkf
kl;{ofo\ O{zf k"j{ %$)) bF GXoM conf 5]n]
w'+s' b' . cy] x] OlhK6, lu|;, /f]d, ef/t cflb
yf;o\ co\nf YjF oft 5]nf xo] w'+sn O;f
k"j{ $#!–#$& GxoM lg;]+ nf co\nf YjF of
dfqf ldn]ofgf Tjg]u' oft;f jf;Mof Hof jM
wsf cn] :jf:Yo le+s]t Hjf jM wsf lu|;
of ljåfg h]gf]kmf]g -Zenophon_, Kn]6f] -Pleto_
cn] lxkf]qm]6/ -Heppocrate_ lkG;+ g+ yMlklg+u'
ljrf/ ljof lbOu' vM;f g]kfno\ lnR5ljsfn
GXoMlg;]_ YjF co\nf of k|rng h'of Rj+u'
cfo'{j]{bo\ hs dv' 3/]n' Jojxf/] g+ co\nf
YjF oft dfqf l5 hs k|of]u ofgf :jf:Yooft
eL+sf tOu' hs dv' zl//] ug+ b'wfM h'of Dx,
Nxf, t'lt :ofgf Rj+ yfo\ conf Sjfsf dfln;
ofo]u' rng k/+k/f lg;]+ GXofgf Rj+u' b' . Yj
24 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
?sld0fL >]i7
rng cfM g+ uf+ ufd] j k'nf+lk j'/f a'l/ t b'
yfo\ GXofgf Rj+u' b' . g]jf ;dfho hs dv'
hghflt /fO{ lnDa' u'?ª kl/jf/]g+ co\nf YjF
oft yMlkG;+ hs Tjlgu' dv' ;+:sf/, wd{, sd{
sf08 gfk+ gv rvM kf;f kfx'gf ;Tsf/ of
nflu g co\nf YjF lgle{s sy+ 5]nf Rj+u' vM .
ljZjo g+ osf] yf;] co\nf oft kf;f kfx'gf
;Tsf/ j kj{o conf YjF oft 5]nf Rj+u'
vFg]b' . yy] x] k|mfG;o\ tMtM w+u' /fhlso Ejo
jf Jofkfl/s x] yMh'Odf ;j{ ;fwf/0f of kfl6{
ts g+ co\nf dGtls j Ejo of dxTj bOdv'
wfOu' . k|To]s kfl6{ x}l;ot sy+ co\nf YjF of
5]nfj'nf h'ofRj+u' l;Ob' . co\nf 5u' tfut
of jf;M gfk+ ;+qmd0f k/h}ljs -Antibeotic_
g vM wsf O=;+= !&@! kfv] k|mfG;of lkG;+
gfnf tMu' b' . Yj vFo\ k|mfG;of 5u' 36gf
k'li6ofgf Jo'u' b' . !&@! kfv] blIf0f k|mfG;of
df;]{N; wofu' yf;o Kn]u -Plague_ /f]u of
dxfdf/L h'of lGxy+ ån+åMnf nfjfl/; nf; t
clGtd ;+:sf/ ofo]t dg"t sd h'of ;d:of
h'n cn] pu' On] Hofg ;hfFo kmof Rj+lk
KoDx s}lb t b' . Oldt Yj ;+:sf/ of Hof
lhDdf ljp;f ;/sf/+ b08 ljof Rjg] Djfos
yMyMDx x] y'lkg+ kf/ h'of jlgO wsf ljrf/
ofgf Oldt Yj Hof lhDdf ljn gfk+ Oldt Hof
jf+nfs oft;f s}b dfkmL ljOu' g+ cfZjf;g
ljn . s}lbto\;+ ;x;| l:jsf/ ofgf nf; t
clGtd ;+:sf/ of Hof wdfwd ofgf o+sn .
b]zo /f]u tgfjg . Olk+ s}lbnf emg NJxgf
aMnfgf jn Oldt+ /f]u+ dlyp . Yj vFgf Oldt
Hof laplk+ sd{rf/Ltnf b+u h'n . Olds]
Gog–l5lk+ uo]h'of yy] aMnfgf Rj+u' < lold;+
ofpFs Hjfkm ljn vM lhldt TjFg]t ljOu'
confvo lhld;+ nfefof /; tof Tjgfu' vM
y's]+ lhldt an bof lhld;+ Hof ;'yf+nfs] k"mu'
gfk+ lhldt /f]u+ g lyO dk'mu' vM wfn . cn]
k|mfG;oflkG; g+ j co\nf k|of]u ofgf :jn
vMu' h'n . cn] nf k|mfG;oflkG; j co\nf of
gf+ x] kmf]/ lyK; ckm e]lguf/ -Four Thieves
of Venegar_ wsf gf+ 5'gfljn . pln hs dv'
s}lbtot dflkmljn gfk+ k|mfG;of /flhlso
lg;]+ ;j{;fwf/0f of kfl6{ ef]ho Yj co\nf
dbo]s dufMu' h'of jg . x/]s ef]ho\ Yj
co\nf tMlhs 5]nfj'nf h'of Rj+u' b' . k|mfG;
oflklg Tofg'n+s]t confvo nfef of lt
Sjfsf tof Tjg]u' rng cfM g b' .
g]kfno co\nf rng lnR5jLsfn
GXojlg;] 5onf Rj+u' l;Ob' . rLg gfk g]kfof
pQ/L l;dfgf :jfgf Rj+u' j Gxfkf+ lg;] rLg
gfk :jfk' bof Rj+u' yfo\ vM . lgu'ln+ b]z
lrs'u' yfo vM . cn] g]kfof pQ/L efu lrlgof
;+:s[lt of k|efj gfk :jfgf Rj+u' hghflt
/fO{, lnDa', u'?ª, tfdfª, z]kf{ cflb vM ;f Olk+
gfk pkTosfof hghflt /}yfg] g]jft g+ :jfgf
Rj+u' b' . hghfltoft dtjfnL wsf wfOu' vM .
t/ yfo j ;+:sf/ gfk+ df};d of jftfj/0f of
x'lg g]jftg+ dtjfnL ju{o\ b'Yofgf Rj+u' vM .
ps]+ g]jfMto]u' hLjg z}lnofkgo\ co\nf YjF
of rng rNtL k/fk"j{sfn lg;]+ x/]s Hof vF
;+:sf/ gvM rvM hfqf kj{ hs dv' l/ltl/jfh
;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt ;+ g+ lgle{s 5]nfj'nf h'ofRj+u'
b' . yy] 5]lnu' co\nf YjF k|foM k'ms+ g]jf gfk+
hghflt lklgg+ yMyMu' 5]F x] yMlklgu' HofvF
:jof dfSsf] hs O{ JoMoft ldn]ofgf bo]sLu'
vM . t/ yf}+sGx] ljb]zof k|efj+ j 5]F 5]F bo]lsu'
k|yf tgfjgf Rj+u' b' . t/ uf+ ufd] j k'nf+u'
;+:sf/ b' lkGyfo\ cfg+ 5]F 5]F x] bo]lsu' rng
blg . pkTosfo\ k|foM ckf]l;g bo]s]u' dofo]
w'+sn . u'Dx u'Dx l;g+ hs u'7L k"hf cflboft
dbo]s dufMu' Yj+, conf bo]s]u' ofMgL Tjg]u'ln
wfn;f k/+k/fof lylt :jof g+ osf] h'of
jofRjgu' b' . Gxfkfof lkG; yMu' zl//oft
Njo]s dfqfl5 hs jf;M sy+ 5]lnu' cf yf}+sGx]
nfu' jf;M y]+ cdn ckf] bofjn . y's] yf}+sGx]
dtjfnL hghflt, g]jfM t :jofg ckf] Gxfkf
;+sL0f{ h'of Rjlk j|Dx' If]qL tfufwf/L ckf]
lkoSs8 h'of jof Rj+u' b' . conf YjFof ;jfM
y" jn] Tjt] dk'mlk+ h'of jn . Gxfkf hghflt j
g]jfM of Psflwsf/ lrh yf}+ ;j{hfltof clwsf/
bofjn . Yj cfw'lgs ;dfh j ljb]zof k|efj
of lnRjM vM .
t/ yf}+ ljZjo g]kfof lrgfl/ x] g]jfM ;dfh
gfk+ hghltof ;+:s[lt, l/ltl/jfh ;+:sf/, snf
g;fM Tj;fM e]ife"iff cflb kfv[]+ ljof Rj+u' b';f
y'lk lrhoft ljZj+ pRrsf]6L sy+ g+ gfnf Rj+u'
b' . n'd+s] jxMu' v+ j+u' O @)!! l8;]Da/
dlxgfo\ cd]l/sfof ;dfrf/ ;+:yf l;PgP g+ yMu'
6«fen l/kf]6{o ljZjo pTs[i6 %) k]o kbfy{of
gf+ ljpu'ln g]kfof 3/]n' conf g+ b'YofMu' vM ;f
cflwsfl/s ?k+ @)!@ cui6 !! tfl/vo\ hs
l;=Pg=P= -CNA_ g+ pu' gf+ ck8]6 h'u' 3f]if0ff
ofMu' vM . y'ls+ g+ l;Ob' g]jfMof g;f Tj;f g+
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 25
ljZjo pTs[i6 h'Ou' ;f}efUo r"nfu' h'n . d]u'
5u' yMu' cg'ej gf+ nf nf]ddg O=;+ !(*)÷*!
tfso 5Dx hd{g 6'l/i6, j/f]j/ g]kf jof Rjlgu'
gfk nfgf Rjgfu' vM joft g]jfM t]ou'5]+ bo]sfu'
conf t;s+ ;fM tfn. cn] j+ emLyfo\ conf
sfo]u' , YjF y'Ou', gfk+ conf oft Gxfkf+ bo]lsu'
-sM_ Tok y'Ou' hfsL b';L of dfqf d;nf cflb
oft jf+nfs Wjfy'Osf bo]s]u' ljlw gfk+ ;o\sn .
lnkf 5]F lnxfF jg]t j+ yg emL;+ 5]n]u' conf
sfo]u' jftf, kmf]l;, xf;L, u'n', gfk+ Yj bo]s]t
dfMu' dgfk' cflb Hjgfjg plnhs dv' conf
oft sMy'Ot dfMu' dgf -5j dgf, hfsL dfgf_
g+ bo]s]u' ;osf jg . y's] g l;Ob' g]jfM to]u'
conf YjF of dlxdf tMlhu' vM .
g]jf hfltof l/ltl/jfh ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt hfqf
kj{ gvM rvM cflb;+ hs dv' k"hfljlw ts+
co\nf YjF lglj{jfb 5]nf Rj+u' b' . g]jf ;dfho
b'g] ;gftlg af}4 jf lxGb' j}lbs wdf{g';f/
tflGqs k"hfljlw ckf] 5]nf a'nf b' . Yj tflGqs
ljlw k"hfljlw k"hf hs dv' ;+:sf/ g+ Gxofsf
Rj+u' b' . Yj ljlw k+rdsf/of :yfg x/]s
k"hfljwL;+ b'Yofsf Rj+u' b' . k+rdsf/] conf jf
Yj+ nf, ªf v]F j cf] Yj Goftf clgjfo{ b'Yofgf
Rjlg . tflGqs k"hfo\ e}/j j e}/lj cyjf lzj
zlQm, lk7 u0f b]jL u0f cflb b'Yofgf Rjlg .
Yj k+rdsf/ oft k~r tTj k[YjL, jfo', cfsfz,
cUgL j hn tTjof k|lts sy+ gfnftMu' h'n .
Yj Gofu' x] ef}lts tTj lnkf k|s[lt x] ljlng
h'of jlgu' vM . cy] x] emLu' zl// g+ k~rtTj+o
lglxt h'of Rj+u' lnkf k+r tTjo\ x] ljlng h'of
jlgu' j:t' vM . Yj x] x]t' tflGqs k"hf ljlw ;+=
Yj Goftf co\nf jf YjF nf, ªf, v]+ cf]=b'Yofgf
Rj+u' vM .
26 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
conf j YjF of tflh Sjo ljof y]+ b' .
conf le+u' b';L ofu' bo]lsu' vM, d]u' hfsL
ofu' cy] x] kmnk"mnofu' g+ bo]s]u' ofM . co\nf
le+u' Gxfkf+u' oft d";M conf wfOu' vM;f d]u'
Gxfkf sof tMu' sMoft xfg+ d;nf tof lnkf
sfOu' oft k'Osf tMu' wfOu' vM . y'u' conf
Gxfkf+u' :jof erf sd;n h'O{ u' vM . d]u' conf
sofwf]vg] -lnsfo_ w'+sf xfg+ ljro d]u' yn
kmof lnsfOu' conf lnnf conf wfOu' rng
b' . y'u' conf lgMsM:jMs hs nM tofsfOu' vM .
conf le+s d" ;M jo]s sfo]u' j sd;n ofgf
sfo]u'ln nMof kfv :jof jlg . le+u' d";M jo]s
s8f h'Os sfo]t nM $÷% hs tof softMu'
conf ld+ lyOjn] Xjf/f Xjf/f+ RofO{ . jx] conf
&÷* sMnM tof softMu' conf ld+lyOsf RofO{
dv' t/ l5k] h"u' sM h'n;f nu] h'of Rjlg -u'h'+
sfOu' . $÷% sM hs tMu' conf osf] Tjg]
kmOdv' ckf] h'nls 5flQ lxO;]Rjlgu' vM .
YjF of tfhL d'Vo % u' vM .
-!_ ef} YjF y'lsoft h'lt YjF g wfO . Yj
YjF kf]s Togf tMu'ln nM dtM;] Kjso /;o h'of
Rj+u' lt :jo+sf sfOu' vM Yj YjF rfs'O . t/
TjFg]t 5olnu' dof k'hfof nflu hs 5]lnu'
vFg] b' .
-@_ clh YjF Yj YjF kf]so Gxfkf+u' nM tof
sof tMu' d'lQ YjF g wfO{ . Yj YjF oft pRrsf]6L
of sy+ gfnftMu' b' . Yj Gxfkf+ lnsof tMu' sto
xfg+ nM tof sfOu' Yj oft axtf Yj+ wfOu' vM
Yj lnkf ofu' Yj+ d"ltu' y]+ h'Odv' eof sdzn
h'O{ .
-#_ sQf YjF j XofpF YjF y'Ot kf]x]+nf -d+l;/
k';+_ lrs'nf y'Ou' vM . le+u' sy+ ofo]t y'u'
YjF y'Ot Gxfkf jnf jlh l;of hfls g+ l;of
s]nf kf]s bo]sf ltgf tO{ lnkf kf]s jn ls
nM u'ln to]dfMu'vM tof j/fj/ ;+sf O{Ton ls
y's] xofpFs nM yfxf jOu' j XofpFu' lt oft
XofpF Yj wsflnsfO{ , cn] Sjo\ sf]l;gf Rj+u'
tfs'u' YjF u'lsoft sQfYjF wfOu' vM t/ yf}+sGx]
yy] hfls jlh l;of Kjs bo]sf stfYjF xofpF
YjF b]o]s]u' rng tgf jlg w'+sn . ufufd] u'ln
u'lnl;of u'7L, k'hf oft dbos+ duf lkG;+
hs yy] k'nf+u' k|ljlw 5onf YjF bos]u' ofgf
Rj+u' b' . k|foM yy] dofo] w'+sn t/ stf YjF j
XofpFYj k'hfoft dfMlklt conf bo]s]t y'Ou'
-Tok_ sMoft x] stf YjF ofgf 5\onf Rj+u' .
XofpF Yj of nflu jx] sto] conf sfo] Tonls
yxfF jOu' lt oft x] XofpF Yj ofgf 5]nf Rj+u'
b' . y'hf]u' conf sd{sf08 oft hs 5]nf Rj+u'
vg]b' . Tjg]u' oft 5]nf dRjF .
-%_ Eofj/ YjF–sMlg r'+ jf hfsL r'+of
bo]lsu' vM . kf]stof nM Gxfof a'? a'? Rj+s
bo]sf Tjlgu' vM . ;Fo to b'l;of kf]so SjfnM
tof Tjlgu' y]+ x] vM t/ lold sto nM tof
;+sf nM hs Tjlgu' vM Yj Eofj/ YjF sM gfk+ x]
tfs's Tjlgu' vM .
Yj Eofj/ YjF oft k'hfljlw 5]n]u' dof
Tjg]t hs vM . tfnf+ a'+ Hof ofOlklt Tjlgu'
rng b' . gfk+ l;gf Hofjn] jf lkOu' Ono g+
Tjg]u' ofM . Yj YjF Gxfkf+ nu] h'O dv' Tjg] w'+sf
wf} jfwf} lnkf u'h'+ Rjgf nu] h'Ou' vM .
;To o'uo\ b]j0f j b}To u0f ldn] h'of ;d'b|
dGyg ofMjn] cd[t j conf lkxfF jn . cd[t
hs b]ju0f+ nfsf Tjgfljn ;f b}To u0fof efuo\
conf nft . conf TjFgf /fIf]z b}To u0f h'of
ljn . y's] l;Ob' conf cflb sfn+ lg;] pTklt
h'u' cn] zlQmlk7 cflb tflGqs ljlw k"hf oft
g]jf ;dfho conf Yj oft clgjfo{ sy+ b'ltgf
Rjg . x/]s gvM rvM hfqf kq+ ;+:sf/ cflb;
b'Yofsftn . u'jn] dTjlglkGt gfk+ g]jfM;dfho
u'u'+ k'hfljlw; conf of ;jfM dsf;] dufu' g+
rng b' . /fO{ lnDa' hfltof conf oft BM oft
5fgf -ck0f{_ hs gvM rvM xlgu' rng b' .
g]jfM to g+ u' u'+ gvM rvM no BMoft conf
Yj+ 5fgf hs Ejo go]u' gfk k'hfljlw;+ ljleGg
BMlkGt ljleGg k"hf ofO{ u' ‰jno conf jf
Yj+of tflh oft 5]nf Rj+u' b' tflGqs k"hfljlw
GofuM :jgf, :ju+ :jgf jf 5uM :jgf k'hf
h'Ou'ln k"hf sy+of YjF of tflhno clh YjF,
ef} YjF, stf YjF xofp YjF, cflb g+ 5]lnu' vM .
ci6 dft[sf e'lQm d'lQm k'hf ofOjn] ljleGg
b]jL lkGt 5fOu' YjF conf dWo] -!_ s'df/L oft
sfMYjF -stf Yj_ -@_ j}i0fjLoft clh Yj+ -#_
jf/fxLoft clh Yj+ -$_ OGb|fo0fL b]jL oft clh
Yj+ -%_ rfd'08f oft hfsL l;of bo]sf tMu'
stf YjF -%_ dxfnIdLoft stf YjF j conf -^_
dxfsfnoft stfYjF -&_ u0f]zoft clh YjF -*_
led;]goft XofpF YjF 5fOu' vM .
oFof jn] cfh' b]jof yfo] YjF conf 5fodfu'
b' . cy] x] Gxfkf tMs} jOjn] l;tnf dfh' tMs}
Boft k'hf ofM jlgjn] clh YjF gfk+ conf g
tofo+lsu' ljlw b' .
xf/tL df+of yfo 5fo] xfls jn] conf dbos
dufM yf}+sGx] u}/ g]jf t;]+ g+ 5fo] xfs]u' ofgf
xMjn] confof kN;f b'? tof ofo]u' ofgf xn .
Yj lxpkf O{ sy+ nf]u' h'n . yy] x] d]d]u' If]qo
g+ lxpof xo]dfMu' vM . g]jf ;dfho ;gftlg
k'hf ljlwsy+ lzj, dxfb]j, lji0f' gf/fo0f oft x]
hs conf Yj+ 5fOu' db' . t/ u'u'+ uf]Ko tflGqs
k"hfo\ y'lk g+ conf YjFo 5'6 dh' . kfxfF rx|] jn]
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 27
n's'dfBMoft conf Yj gfk+ ;doalh 5fo]u'
ofM . cy] x] u'lnl;of cfu+ B x] pdf dx]Zj/
zlQm?k dfBkfjtL{ j u0f]z 5u" x] d"lt{_ b'
cn] Yj b]j oft co\nf Yj+ gfk+ tfdl;s k"hf
lglj{jfb GXofsf Rj+u' b' . cy] jf}4 k"hfljlwof
k|foM k'mSs k'hf tflGqs dt sy+ x] h'Ou' vM .
eujfg a'4 gfk tf/f BMlkGt nf ªf v]F conf
YjF jlh{t vM x/]s lgTo k"hfo lg/fd]if ;flTjs
k"hf x] h'Ou' vM . t/ jif{ aGwg of sfo{qmdo
wfn;f tflGqsljlw df+;, dB clgjfo{ sy+ x]
5]nf k"hf h'of Rj+u' vM . jln ljO DjfMu' k"hfo
g+ conf YjF oft lglj{jfb clgjfo{ sy+ b'Yofsf
k"hf h'of Rj+u' b' .
;+:sf/] g]jf ;dfhof dg" hGd h'of lg;]
d/0f ts of !^ ;+:sf/ h'Ou'ln x/]s ;+:sf/
cj:yf sy+ YjF confoft b'Yofsf tMu' b' .
cfgGb j /demdof nflu hs dv' b'Mv zf]s
of Ono g+ conf oft k|fyldstf hs dv'
u'lnl;of nf clgjfo{ 5]nf Rj+u' b' .
-!_ drf j'of nR5L btls yM5]+ vnM
Dxofodrfoft nf gs] o+s]u' wsf nf, jhL rfs'
gfk+ d"ltu' YjF g+ o+s]u' rng b' . Yj d"ltu'
YjF tfut bOu' ljb]zL conf Vibrona of gfk+
HjMnfu' wsf 5\o]lnu' vM .
-@_ ;+:sf/] u'ln+ hfltof ef}drf n;s';
ofo]t XofpF RjF ef}drfof t'lt l;sf b'sfOu'
rng b' . Yj rng o]F nfufo\ jh|frfo{, zfSo,
t'nfwf/, dxh{g ;fold cflb hfltoflklg rng
b' . t/ >]i7 ju{o Yj rng db' gfk+ ono Vjko\
g+ rng db' .
-#_ ljjfx jn] *$ Ao+hg tof yfoAj,
;xef]hg glsu'ln YjF, conf, XofpF yF g+
to]dfu' rng g]jfM ;dfho b' .
28 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
-$_ g]jf hfltof ;u+M -;u'g_ of Joj:yfo\
nf ªf, v]F j cf] gfk conf jf YjF tof ljOu'
vM . Yj ;u+ drf Kjfyo\ b'Dx oftlg;]+ drf
h+sf], sotfk'hfu' j;'sf , Olx, jf/fxf to]u'
gfk+ ljof 5\jo] Gx]j ld;f drfoft ko]g+ hf
gs]u' ljjfxof ;xef]hg, yfoAj gfk+ Hof,
h+sf], led/yf/f]x0f, dxf /yf/f]x0f, b]j /yf/f]x0f
hs dv' jflif{s+ hGd lbg j :jGtLof Dx k"hf
lshf k'hfo\ ts+ ;u+ ljOu'ln conf jf YjF oft
clgjfo{ b'Yofsf tMu' b' . y's] ckf]l;of conf
5\olnu' vM . t/ u'efh', zfSo], pbfo, Hofk',
;fold cflblk+ o}Fof lklg YjF x] 5\olnu' vM ;f
d]u' g]jfM hflt j o]F on Vjko lklg conf
5]lnu' vM . t/ Hof h+sf]of lgsf]u' h+sf] !)))
rGb|df v+u' lx;fj+ ofOu' h'of y's] ckf] ;flTjs
ef]hg gfk+ ;Fu+ g+ wf} j sfkM ;u+ 5]lnu' vM .
t/ o]+ on, Vjko >]i7 ;d'bfo jfx]s d]lkG;+ v]F
;u+ gfk conf YjF oft k|fyldstf ljof tMu'
vFg]b' .
;gftlg k"hfljlw sy+ ;flTjs j tflGqs
ljlw vM . t/ ;flTjs k"hf j}lbs sy+ h'Ou'
vM ;f tflGqs ljlw g+ j}lbs sy+ x] vM ;f+
tflGqso df+; dlb/f oft clgjfo{ ofgf tMu'ln+
;+;sf/] u'lnl;of j|Dx" k'/f]lxt u'lnl;of u'efh'
k'/f]lxt b' . t/ j|Dx" k'/f]lxt lklg lk7 zlQm
k'hf+ tflGqs ljlw k"hf ofodfn ;f u'lnl;of
cfrfh' kfv]+ u'lnl;ofj|Dx" t yM lkG;+ x] ofOu'
vFg]b' . j|Dx" k'/f]lxt kfv]+ ;+:sf/ of Hof uy]
ls sotfk'hf, drf h+sf], Hof h+sf] cflb of
k"hf h'Ojn] xf]dofgf oft;f+ cyjf snztof
oft;f+ g+ yflk+ :jg] DjfM t/ s'df/L k"hf wfn;f
ofo]df y's] ;doHjn+ gfk YjF jf conf g+ bO .
jh|frfo{ k'/f]lxt lklg yflk+ :jgf x] k'hf ofOu'
rng b' . t/ yy] k'hf ofOjn] s'dfl/ k'hf g+
clgjfo{ b'u'ln wfn;f j|Dx k'/f]lxt h";f lk7
k'hf j s'df/L oft conf YjF oft ;do jlh
gfk+ 5]lnu' rng b' . gfk+ yfoAj glsjn] g+
conf YjFoft g+ gfnf tMu'b' b' .
gvM rvM jn] j}lbs tflGqs j tfdl;s
k"hfo\ conf Yj+oft cj:yf j k'hfljlw sy+
5]nf Rj+u' nf b'u' x] h'n . gv rvM no g+
df]xlgjn] yflk+ :jgf k"hfofOlklg conf YjF
, clgjfo{ dfMu' h'n . d]u' gvM jn] kl/l:ylt
j cj:yf sy+ Yj+ j conf oft 5]nf Rj+u'
b';f OGb| hfqf jn] ljz]if xfy' BM k"hfofgf
xfy' xfo]lsjn] conf j YjF lgtf+ x] dfMu'
ofgf tMu' b' . j+wn] cfh' BM of yfo conf
hs xfo]lsu' vM . xg'dfg wf]sfo\ e}/jof
yfo Gxfkf+ conf xfo]lsu' vM;f k'lGx s'Gx'
YjF xfo]lsu' vM .
d[To' ;+:sf/] g]jf ;dfho conf oft g+
5]nf Rj+u' b' . ;'of+ l;gf b'Mv+ Rjgf Rjlgjn]
lrk+ lyOs]t conf lr kfn' jlh o+lsu' rng
b' . cy] x] d[tsof gfd+ ofOu' sd{sf08
k"hfljlw GXog'df wM;', nf]sf]Q/ lk08 cflb ;+
g+ conf, XofpFYj cflb dbo]s dufMlk+ g+ b' .
t/ yy] rng vf;ofgf jh|frfo{, zfSo], p/fof
Hofk', ;fodL cflb lklghs b' . b'Mv+ RjlglkGt
lrk+lys] wfn;f g]jf k|foM k'msl;ofF conf g+
o]lsu' rng b' . yy] g]jf ;dfho j';f+ lg;]+
l;gf jgf ts hs dv' knfM klts+ xgfjof
Rj+u' gvM rvM hfqf kj{ cflb ;+ conf YjF
oft clgjfo{ sy+ ;dfhof cleGg c+u gfnf
5]nfj'nf ofgf Rj+u' h'n . Yj conf YjF of
k|lts"n emLu' zl//oft u'u' uy]nfgf Rj+u' b'
cn] Yj conf Yj+ oft yy] dlh dufMu' sy+
g]jf ;dfh+ gfnf Rj+u' sf/0f 5' b' wofu' ljifon]
5s b':jo] .
ljz]if conf YjF oft g]jf ;dfh+ :jf:Yo
le+s]of nfuL j zlQm cfh{gof nflu clgjfo{
sy+ dfqfl5 hs 5]n]u' ofgf Rj+u' vM . t/
;sn dg"of :jefj py]+ h'Odv' cn] 5'+ lrh g+
cltzo h'nls ljs[lt jOu' g+ :jefljs vM cy]
x] le+u' lrh h'Odf jf dleDx dg" h'n;f g+ clt
h'nls plsof lnRjM g+ jf+dnfOu' c:jfefljs
dv' . conf Yj+oft g+ dfqf ldn]ofgf lGxlGx 5]nf
Rj+g]u' jf;M x] h'O{ wsf cf'o'j]{lbso g+ GXoygf
tMu' b' . t/ dfqf ldn] dh'Os O{ JoM dh'Os
ckf] h'Ojn] plsof lnRjM g+ cjvt+ h'of jgf
Rj+u' emL;+ vgf Rjgfu' b' . GXofu' lrho\ u'0f
j cju'0f bOu' h'n . Yj conf YjF g+ cy] x]
u'0f j cju'0f lgtf b'u' cn] 5u' pRrsf]ltofu'
gzfn' -Intoxication_ vM . ps]+ dfqf ldn] h";f
cd[t dh";f ljif g+ vM . g]jfM ;dfho conf
YjFoft k"hfljlw, ;+;sf/] hsdv' jf;M of ?ko
g+ plts+ 5]nfa'nf h'of Rj+u' b' .
cfo'{j]{lbs If]qo confoft jf; cs{ sy+
gfnf 5]nfRj+u' b' . yy] jf;Mno 5]n]u' conf
le+u' ld;fjt db'u' z'4 b'l;of bo]sf tMu' conf
oft k|fyldstf ljof tMu' b' . cfo'{j]{lbs jf;Mno
confoft hl8a'6L Njfs5ofgf hs 5]lnu' vM .
uy]+ls tfut j d'6'of rfn jMnfs]t lbJofd[t,
;+lhjfd[t cflb jf;M confvo\ bo]lsu' vM;f
ug= Nxft'lt ds{o\ h'of kfMjf;M kfo]t d';fj/,
kfMjf;M cflb confvo\ tof bo]sf tOu' vM .
cy] x] ;fwf/0f Nxf t'lt Dx :ofOjn] le+u' d";Mu'
conf Sjfsf dfln;ofo]u' ngfjlgu' rng
Gxfkf+lg;] b' . Yj g+ cfo'{j]{lbssf pkrf/ ljlw
vM . d]u' %) k|ltzt cfo'{j]lbs jf;M cs{ bo]sf
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 29
5olnu' vM . cs{of cy{ hl8a'l6oft lkmgf
conf y]+ bosf tOu' 5u' sy+of conf vM .
cy] x] Pnf]k}ly jf o'gflg g+ l8:6Ln]6 k|ljlwoft
bo\lsu' emf]n jf;M tg+ cs{ jf co\nf x] vM .
ljZjo\ ;sn dg"io yMyMu' l/lt, yfo\ jfo\
jftfj/0f j gvM rvM gfk+ ;+;sf/ oft :jfsf
dBkfgoft c+lusf/ ofgf Rj+u' b' . pls+ jf+nf
jf+dnf, lhp dlhpof jf:tfdtM k|mfG;of lklg
jfOg j ljo/ of rng b';f :s6Nof08of lklg
:srlXj:sL Tjg]b';f notfM . g]kfno /fO lnDa'
cflb hghflt gfk+ g]jfMt g+ gv rvM hs dv'+
5'+ g+ k"hf kj{ cflb ;+ conf Yj of e"ldsf uxg
h'ofRjlgu' vM . t/ yf}+ ljZjo jof Rj+u' lxpkf
gfk+ g]kfof hghflt ofs]g+ /fhgLlts lxpkf
gfk+ kR5LdL xfjf of k|efj nfgf jMu' b' . cn]
g]kfof hghflt j g]jf nf hGdhft+ dtjfnL
wfo\sf Rj+u'ln j|fDx0f If]qL tg+ dtjflnof
clwsf/L h'of jof Rj+u' b' . Gxfkf ;f æa|Dx"
g+ Rofp gM;f hs ;jf y'O{Æ wfOu' k|rng cfM
conf, YjFof ;jfM hghflt g]jfMtos] Gog]dfMu'
y] h'O w'+sn . YjF conf 5u' gzf vM u'u' gzf+
yf}+sGx]of :dfos, lx/f]Og, :jof sd dh" . 5sf]
;jfM sofkns]y'n ls j dg"g+ hGde/ Tjt]
dkmOu' .
conf of hGdnf cflb sfn+ lg;] x]
h"u' cg'dfg ofo]k'm . dWosfnof o'u kfv]
c/ajfl;to\;+ cGg j kmnk"mn Wjlusf
Destilation k|ljlw conf bo]s]u' Hof ofMu' vM .
cg+lnkf o'/f]k b]z+ GXofu' l;Ob' . conf lgu'
sy+of bo]s]u' rng b' 5u' cGg wf]lusf, d]u'
kmnk"mn wf]lusf Yj conf lgly sy+ x] bo]lsu'
vM . 5u' Fermentation j d]u' destilation confvo\
OyfOn cNsf]xn cyjf Oy|f]gn /;folgs tTj
30 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
b' . Yj Alchohol of dfqf bo]lsu' k|ljlw sy+
km/s g h'ofRj+lgOu' vM . km/d]G6]zg ofgf
bo]sf tMu'ln $–!%Ü 8]li6n];g ofgf tMu'ln
$)–%)Ü cNsf]xn bof Rjlg . cy] x] ljleGg
Tj;f bOu' tTj M–
-!_ lao/ -Beer_ – $–%Ü
-@_ jfOg -Wine_ – !!–!$Ü
-#_ z]/L -Sherry_ – !%–@)Ü
-$_ lXj:sL -Whiskey_ – $)–%)Ü
-%_ lhg -Jeen_ – $)–$%Ü
-^_ a|f08L -Brandi_ – $)–$%Ü
-&_ ef]8sf -Vodka_–
-*_ /d -Rum_ cflb $)–$%Ü
y'u' sy+ lkg] ahf/] Rj+u' conf :jof lemu'
5]+ bo]lsu' confno cnsf]xn of dfof ckf]u'
l;Ob' .
y'lk conf Tjg]w'g]j Kjfy] Yolgu' cNsf]xn
lxg'ln Dx5Dx Yo+sf ljO . lx NjfsHofu' cNsf]xn
ckf] h'of+ j+ln;] GXok' -lbdfuo_ k|efj nfgfjlg
cg+ lnkf d'6'O, ;]+ qmdzM nfgf jlgO cn]+ ;]+
co\nf kr]ofo]t ckf] lqmoflzn h'Ou' lnkf ;]+ of
zlQm Dxf] h'of jgf confoft kr]ofo]u' Ifdtf
g+ sd h'of jlg ;]+o\ cNsf]xn d'gf j'n'x'F bfM
-Fat_ h'of lxg' d'6'O GXofgfjlg . y'u' x'lg ;]+
Hof ljO dkmOjn] -Lever Sirosis_ ;]+of Njo\ h'O .
conf wofu' 5u' sy+ sfjf]{xfO8«]6 -zlQm_
vM .
conf no bOu' Sofnf]l/ yy] vM –
ljo/ -@%) ldln= -Ps lunf;_ – !@@ mg
a|fG8L #) ld=ln= -! k]u_ – (* mg
XjfO6 jfOg !)) ld=ln= – &% mg
lhg – #) ld=ln= -! k]u_ – *$ mg
/d – #) ld=ln= -! k]u_ – (* mg
 lXj:sL #) ld=ln= -! k]u_ – (! mg
/]8jfOg #) ld=ln= -! k]u_ – *@ mg
5u' o'lg6 conf !) u|fd h'O;f y'ln wofu'
5u' k]u lXj:sL 5u' lunf; jfOg j jfuM l;l;
ljo/ j/fj/ h'O{ . Yj 5u' u\fd confno & u|fd
Sofnf]l/ lx;fjo !) u|fdo &) Sofnf]/L bOu'
h'n . ldh to\;+ xKtfof Yj o'lgt cyjf @! k]u
ts hs cn] ld;f to; !$ o'lg6 cyjf !$
k]u 5u' xKtfo hs Tjg]u' :jf:Yooft jfFnfsf
tO{ . Yjof+ ckf]h'nls d'6', ;]+, :j+, ls8gLof nf]o\
gfk+ cfGb|fof SofG;/ cflb oft lgdGq0ff ljOu'
;+efJo ckf]Ou' vM .
t/ 5YjM j}1flgs to]u' cg';Gwfg+ conf
lglZrt ?k+ dfqf ldn]ofgf Tjgf Rjg wfn;f
d'b' of Nj]o #*Ü sd h'O{ wofu' ljZjf; ofgf
Rjg . cd]l/sfo ;fpy Sof/]lngf k|fGtof
j}1flgsto; $ jif{ ts l/;r{ofgf lnrf]
lktljpu' cd]l/sg d]l8sn hg{+no\ GXoJjof
tMu'+ sy+ ldh+to\t lGx @ u' k]u j ld;fto]t
lGx 5u' k]u hs jfOg Tjg]jn] g'u r'+ of rfn
jf+nfgfRj+u' sgf tMu' b' . t/ cd]l/sg x6{
P;f]l;o;g g+ conf dTj+lkGt Tjs]u' ofo]dlhp
y's]+ emg v/fj h'O j}1flgs 8fg lsË of wfk'
sy+ SofG;/ j ls8gLof /f]uL conf Tjg] dlhp
Tjgls+ lnRj jf+nfO{ dv' .
conf Tjlglklgu' k|hgg\ zlQmsd
h'ofjlg . Kjfyo b'lkG; Tjg]u' jflg h'+;f Kjfyo\
Rj+Dx drfoft j lnrf] nfOu' vM .
ckf] conf Tjlglklg lnkf h"ln;] Tj+Tj+
dugf jlnu' h'of g;fof sdhf]/ h'of Nxft'lt
vfOu', g'uM ef/fef/f ldlgu' vFTofdlhof jlgu'
cflb vM . dfqf ldn]h'of Rj+;f jf;M vt, dfqf
ckf] h'of jgls ljif h'Ou' conf vM .
8fS6/ tou' wfk' sy+ conf dTjlglkG;+
uan]+ g dTjg]u' j]; h'O . @) bF sf]o oflk+
ld;f jf ldh g+ conf dTjg]u' j]; . Kjfyo
b'lkG; g+ conf dTjg]u' . d'6', ls8gLof,
xfO k|];/, Nxjlk+, jfy Nj] b'lkG; 8fOa]l6h
conf oft Tofu ofo]u' x] lg/f]uL h'Ou' vM .
ps]+ confoft Sjfln6L y'Osf k|of]u ofo]u'
SjflG66L oft dljOu' x] emLu' ;+:sf/ oft
Djfsf to]u' vM .
cGto\– y}+sGx] conf bo]ls lkG;
Jofkfl/s b[li6 ckf] 5]nfRj+u' vFg]b' . Gxfkf
Gxfkf 5]+ 5]+ bo]ls conf yM5]FhM oft hs
le+s ld;fjt dbo]s d's+ b'l; j hfsL jf
kmnk"mn hs bo]ls vM . t/ yf}+lDxuM Jofkfl/
tfn+ ld;fjtofgf bo]lsu' ckf] h'n . Gxfkf
conf bo]s]t sMbo]lsjn] 36f] g+ #÷$ nf
nu]h' . cf yf}+sGx] !%÷@) lbg+ sM j'sf conf
sfo] lhlsu'M . yy] ofOu' stMo\ ofsg j's]t
o'l/of dn, EjfyMu' :kf]hof Knfl:6s cflb
cvfB j:t'tof bo]ls h'n . u's]+ confof
:jfb gfk+ u'0f:t/ g+ Sjxf+ jgf Rjg . y'hf]u'
conf 5]n]u' x] dfgj zl// oft ofsg+ hL0f{
ofo]u' vM ps]+ emL g]jfto;+ k/+k/f lg;] 5]nf
jof Rjgfu' ljlwoft gfnf bo]s]u' conf oft
k|fyldstf ljOdf . dv';f confoft Tofu
ofgf Rofg' lemGx' x] bo]s] k'mu' 5]+ofu' clh
YjF oft -g]kfnL ljo/_ sy+ gfnf Tjg]k'm . yf]
g+ lgoldt dv' ;+:sf/ j ;+:s[ltoft Djfsf
dfMu' sy+ hs 5]n]u' x] Yj cd'No zl// oft
;'yf+nfs]u' x] emLu' bfloTj vM . ahfl/of j
cfofltt j:t'oft ltnf~hln ljOk'm;f hs
emLu' ;+:s[lt Djfgf RjlgO .
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 31
;dfnf]rgf
Affv+ 5u" la:s+u'
SjfMgfv+ ld+gMu'
Gx\ovFM 5'+ O{ Gxo\+ g]jfM ;"r+ s]Gb|of n'k'+
Vjkof gu/sf]6o\ h'Ou' 5u" afv+ ;km"of
lrlvkmo\g] Hofof ;"r+ yf}+sGx]of clts+
nf]s+xjfMu' km]zj"sof ;+hfno\ Ajgfu" h"n . j
;"r+ Ajgf dgo\ dltj+u' vM ls ;'efo\ eujfg
ls g]kfn ef;f ;flxTo VoMof bj' ;u{y]+ rs+u'
vgfM . gfk+ Yj Ajgfln+ dgo\ yLyL vF bfl;jMu'
vM ls cf]xf] Û emLu' ;flxToof ;+;f/ tJofMh'h'+
j+u' h'n u'an]+ jfrfdl/ u'an]+ gu/sf]6o\
u'an]+ ug u'an]+ ug Gx' Gx"u' ;km" t v'?v'?
pv]+y'v]+ lktAjHof g+ h'ofjMu' gfk+ afv+ldlk+,
lrafv+dLlk+, pkGof;sf/lk+, RjvFld lrgfvFldlk+
y]+ yLyL ljwfof Rjldt g+ v'l;afMjMy]+ GxoHofof
Rj+u' :jo]bofM, Ajg]bofM dg t;s+ no\tf . lnkf
SjfMgfv+ ld+gMu' 5]Fof lrlvkmo\g] Hof gu/sf]6o\
h"u'of a'v' gf+ b+Dx kqsf/ do\h' /]vf zfSoof
Rj;f+ g]kfnef;f 6fOD; lGxkf}no\ Ajg]vg .
cy]g+ j lGxkf}no\ Ajgfsy+ SjfMgfv+ ld+gMu' 5]F
wof AjgfM x] ch' rfOu' ls SjfMgfv+ 5]Fo\ uy]
ld gO SjfgfM h'Odf Vjf+u' gf h'Odf pls+ nf
ld uy] gO ld gMu' 5]' nf nfv+ :ofo]u' s"tMofO
wof ch' rfMu' vM . yy] dgof s't's't'ld+u' t+s]t
j ;km" uy] Nxfto\ nfs] wof dg xyfo\ rfn .
ug dg cg n' w}y]+ 5Gx" g]kfnef;f Ps]8]dLof
Uj;fno\ h"u' ;km" AjHofo\ j ;km" Gof x] Gofgf .
wfy]+ wfo]u' vM ;f SjfMgfv+ ld+gMu' 5]F wfo]ano\
32 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
bLks /fh æVjkÆ
Vjkef;+ x] RjoftMu' ;km' cn] Vjkof x] Rjld
h'Ou' dgt'gf . ;km" sofM Rjldof gf+ Ajgf . gf+
Dx:o' y]+ Gogf y]+ h'n . lnpg]of AjMlg+ :jof .
Yjo]s nf Vjkof cfbz{ cfhfb ljBfnoof u'?j/
cn] ug ug jo]s ;/:jtL ljBfu[xo\ k'nf+Dx
ljBfyL{y]+ tfn . vM nf dv'nfof bf]dg t+s]t
;km" Ajg] wof g+ O{ r' dnf .
5Gx' :s'nof kf;f s[i0fetm jf]8]of uklnof
k;no\ ;f}/e bfO gfk+ vF Nxfgf RjRj+ x] efh'
Gx'5]etm sjf+ h' Yo+s emfn . Hjhnkf .
jo]sn+ yf}+ uy] cfk'ns+ wof Gxo;M 5'gflbn .
v g+ vM Vjk] h'of g+ Vjko\ yy] kf;flk+ gfk
dnfgfMu' g+ tfMbo\ w'+s"u'ln+ 5u' sy+ cfk'ns+
x] h'nwfM;f+ dkfM . cy]g+ Gx'5]etm h' oft lh+
ln;M laof cfk'ns+ x] h'n . y]x] vM gfk+ l5u'
;km" Gofo nf w'g :jo]rflx' dv+lg wof cg+
labfsof jgf5j\of . pan]lg;]+ tfs 5'gf Rjgf
ls Gx'R5]etm sjf+of afv+ ;km" u'an] Ajg] wfwf+
lnkf O{ nfsf Sjrfo]sf . Yj ;km" Ajgf y'ln oM
tfn ls plsof 5'+ 5'+ Rjo] wof Rj;fM Gxofsf .
s'tM lksfsof lkygf+ afv+ld efh' Gx'R5]etm
sjf+of ;km" SjfMgfv+ ld+gMu' 5]' yMt Vjk ef;+
RjoftMu' tfo]sf . cn] efh' ladn tfd|fsf/of
n'kfo\ aM sfo] ano\ d's+ Yj Vjkef;+ x] RjMu'
u'lsoft lgk' afv+ hs Vjkef;+ x] tof d]u'
rflx ladn h'+ efo\ lxnflbu' h'ofRjg . cy]g+
;km" AjgfM yMtnf pkf]w}y]+ Vjkef;+ x] Rj}tMy]+
tfn .
bsn]+ Gxfkof afvgo\ kz'k+l5of xTofof
Njfk' sy+of afv+ b' Gx"u' åGb . kz' clwsf/jfbL
j kz' anL dg Sj;flklg Njfk" x] y'lsof afv+
h'n . 5Yjl;g+ kz' anL lbsL Oldg+ Djfo]u'
clwsf/ b' wfOlk+ d]lk+ dfg] dofOlk+ . pls+ Old
by'O lx+;fTds Njfk" h'O . afv+of gf+ sy+ 5u"
Gx"u' åGb . afv+dLof d]u' afv+ dfsM dltgfo\
Vjkjf;L a'l4gf/f+of ;f]emfkg wfo]nf rnflvkg
5u" Ono\of e'vfr+ 5]Fo\ b'+lk+t lgu" nfv cn] 5]Fo\
lrl/afof Rjg] dHo'lk+t ;o\s8f lgu" k|ltzt
sy+ gLGofu" nfv Tof;f laOu' w}u' Ujkmo\ .
plsof No' No' jgf a'l4gf/f+ g+ Nxj\gf Rjg]Ho'u'
5]F g+ 3f/f3'?+ y'gf5j\O . ;/sf/+ laOu' bf+of
nf]e+ 5]Fo\ nf y'lg . lnkf ;/sf/of j ar+ cy]+
h'O . y'v] a'l4gf/f+ yM RjgfRj+u' 5]Fo\ u'lsof
nfnk'hf{ db'u', j bo]s]t gfkL ofo] No+ blgu'
hs dv' plsof :jaf;L btf{ ofo] x] No+ blgu'
vF nf]d+lsu' g+ yMu' t'ltO yd+ x] kf+ kflny]+ h'O .
cy]x] dfkb08 afvgo\ cf;nfnoft 5u" km;fb
h'of aMh'yfo\ ;Nnf;fx'lt ofMjlg . ad"{ afh]+ ;f
5Dx bfgofM;f jof kfk+ d'tm h'O wfO . cf;nfn+
yM sfo]j+ hs dv' aMh"of sfo]j+ g+ lvrfof nf
gMu' b' 5' wof Gxo\; tO . Yj Gogf j ad"{+ Gxfr
x] wfo] Djfnf 5sM lgsM cfkto\ xfs'Dx lvrfof
nf gM;f+ gs{o\ djlgu' vF wof xO .
ahfM ef lys]h"u' 5' x'lg+ wof cg'udg
cfof]u+ Hof ofof+ jlgano\ Jof+rf Ono\ dxfMu'ln+
Ono\ jf djMof dfSj cfn' Kofh d;Mu' afv+ r'
h'n cfof]u . Yj x'lg+ dfu sy+ pTkfbg dh'u'ln+
dg"t a'O jgf x] lys] h'Os Gof jlg . yy] cg
x] efM lys] h';]ln+ ahf/o\ emg lys]h"u' l/kf]6{
laO . plnhs dv' Aof+rf+ ofgf yy] lys] h'u'ln+
j}t kmfFl; ts laOu' cg'udg 6f]lnof l/kf]6{ .
cy]x] On+ O{of dfof afvgo\ ci6dfg ;fx" 5Dx
t;s+ lndnfMDx Jofkf/L . yy]h'of yM sfo]j+
cfvM Aj+ dAj+u' :jo] dkmO . pv] ljBfno+ sfo]
g+ cfvM dAj+u' wofxO . yM snfMgfk+ ;nfofgf
df+of dgo\ Njx 3fsfM drfoft af]8;{ ofO .
O{ kmk'O . sfo\ Dx Nofo\Dx h'O . Jofxf ofgf
laO . df+af} a'/fa'/L h'O . yf}+sGx]of edrf t
Ono\ bgf Hof sM3fgf ofOdv' . Yj vgf ;;Mdf+
edrfof vF Nxfgf h'O . edrf+ vF ;L cn]
efMtoft Gxfo\kgo\ :jf+ k'O . Old;+ df+af}oft
j[4f>d to]u' dlt tO . 5Dx sfo] g+ df+af}g+
u'ln b'Mvl;of yMt Ajn+sn j nf]d+ls . df+af} x]
yM hGdbftf sd{bftf w}u' nf O{of v'l;+ r'Ols .
efh' Gx"5e
] tm sjf+of xfkmj\ j 5]F afvgo\
cbfnt+ Tofsf jMDx xs{jL/of dg r+r+ wfO .
snfM r't+ /Loft cf emLu' Yj 5]oF \ ;'gfg+ 5'+ ofo]
km}dv't, dg" g+ dofM;f+ Bj+ 5fo] dofO wof vF
;o]s+' slg d':of YjF TjTj+ x] xfKjMo\ ldvf h' jlg .
snfM r't+ /Loft af]/f lx' wfO . snfd+ 5fo] wof
Golg . j xfKjM :o+sd ] fn afa'+ 5'+ ofM;f j}t GofO
wof 5j\fnL j ;nfO Rofsf xfKjno\ toflaO .
;'kf}of kln 5sn+ ld+ lyO . Olk+ yf/f Gx'O . nM lx'
s?jf+ dv' 3M lx' wfO . r'Gt/L lrNnfo\bgf xfnL
u'xfnL u'xfnL . yy] d'2f+ TofsfxMu' 5]' yMu' x] sd{+
gf} h'Osf Rjg]dfMu' afv+ h'n Yj .
j]bgf afv+ cy{of cgy{ h'Ou' afv+ vM .
Rjldof sy+ gls+ oft Vjkef;+ Gofls, slgoft
nfjhf wfO . vnf Vjk efo\ o]' j onof efo\
:jof ufs+ kfM . yMlk+ Ajn+u' b]o\ j plsof
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 33
efo\ sy+ Gxo\fDxl;g+ vF NxfOu' :jfefljs x] .
PsfTdstf efo\no\ djMu' w}u' rflx wfy]+ vM
;f+ tla yLyL efo\of 5o\nfa'nfo\ cy{of cgy{
h' j+u' x] Rjldof afv+ . b]o\efo\ sy+ :j0f{o'uo\
u'lng+ Yof;km", Njx' kf}, l;hM kf}, g]jfM Do] cflb
k|rlnt lnlk+, /+hgf+ lnlk+ Rjoft}tMu' h'n j
nf tTsflng Ono\of /fi6|ef;f sy+ nf kSsf
x] vt . 5u" Ono\ b]o\of /fhwfgL sy+ h"u'
Vjk b]of jf;Lto]t a]Sjo\ jf b' w}u' u'ln t
kfo\l5 n] Yj 5u" Gxo\; lr+ vM . lh+ :jo] yMu'
df+ efo\ yMt tMw+ . cy]g+ 5u"of cy{ d]u' sy+
kfM;f+ pls Xo'kf xo] uy]ofgf km} . Rjldof Yj
afvgo\ efo\ sy+of cy{ 5o\nftMu' h'n u'u'
;fGble{s tf . a? jo]sof Yj afv+of 5o+\ rflx
lh+ :jo] j]bgfof kln ltsld+u' afo\ oMdtfMu'
h'u' ;f af+nfOu' ls Û Rjldof nf]sfrf/ afv+
rflx 5Dx ef}+ ;;Mdf+ ;';fs';f ofo]dfMu' afv+ .
emLu' ;dfho\ 5]vfklt+ vg] bofRj+u' ;;Mdf+
ef}of ugug x] Rjld+ Gxo\Aju' afv+ vM . afv+
y'sy+ Gxo\fO . Dxo\fod+ yM df+oft u'lyof No+b'u'
k'nf+u' Sjfsf gls . dfd+ kr] ofo] km}dv' .
ofsMef}+ lkg]lg;]+ nM Nxo\ofxof ;;Mdf+of kl;{
rfo]dfnL . edrf e't'e't' xfnf xO . bl5 dofs+
Dx dkmofRj+Dx ;;Mdf+oft yy] Gxo\g] nfnfMu'
gsfM jof Dxo\fo]j+ larfM ofO nf . cgyfo\ 5Dx
dfi6/+ j xfnfRj+u' tfof co\ u'Xo]Zj/L ttf
Û a'/fa'/Llk+ yy] x] vMlg emL g+ yy] h'Oltlg .
ofsMef} h'of km's+ yd+ x] nf :jo]dflnlg . cfdy]
xfnf Rjg]u' kfo\l5 dh' wof ;+em]ofo] y]+ wfO .
Hof g+ ofgf h; g+ dbo]sf Rjg] dHo' . plsof
lgGx" :jGx" lnkf g+Vo Wjdf Vj/] o+s"Dx cg
x] dbO . y'yfo\ u'Xo]Zj/L ttf VjofjMu' j x]
34 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
dfi6/+ vlg . Rjldof ;km"of Nof kf} $# ; sy+
dfh' lhtM ;'of e/o\ Tjtf ysf, lh larfM ofo]
duf lg, dfh' lhtM g+ sfM jf wof . plsof 5'+
lb+ No' dfi6/+ u'Xo]Zj/L ttf oft wfO . pv'Gx'
5+ cy] Vjof jn wfMy]+ 5+ dfh'+ sfMjnwfM;f jg]u'
vMnf j gfk+ . j+ ln;M laO cf Û 5 dfi6/of vF
wfM;f chf]u' hs . uy] jg] lh sfo\ Dxo\fo\of
Jofxf ofo]dfgL yM g+ ;;M df+ h'OdfgL . cy]+ jg]
Ho'nf . jof+ 5u" nf]sfrf/ hs s . yg Rjld
efh'+ 5u" Wjfy'Osf lbn ls nf]skTof/of lx;fa+
h';f+ ldn] dh'lk+ ;;Mdf+ ef} g+ uy] ;dfhof
Gxo\g] Sog] df Yj yMu' hLjgo\ x] 5fo] dSog]u'
w}u' lnUof+ pnflby]+ tf .
r'/f];, co]nf, YjF y]+ yLyL cdn w}u' y'ln
;s;s h'O ls pls+ emLu' z/L/of d" d" c+u
uy] :jF, :o],F g'uMoft :o+sf laO . chf]u' x] cdn+
sof rl5+ d';j' of Bg] x] dkm}u' 5Dx sljof afv+
h'n w'dk| fg . Rjldof wfk" TofGx'Dxl;t nF tfxf
Gxo\djMl;t rf tfxf wfy]+ x] ;fsf/u' v' . rl5+
d';j' of Bg] dkmof rf 5o\fODx slj+ sGx]vG' x'
8fS6/ So+jlg . cg dfdfMu' hfFr ofsf l/kf]6{
:jof 8fS6/+ cfkf r'/f]; Tj+ul' n+ :jF xfs';] Rj+u'
cn] plsof x] lnRj+ d';' jO Rj+u' åk+laO . cy]g+
sljh'of dg+ r'/f]; r6Ss Tjt] yfs'O . lnkf
r'/f]; dTjt]u' vM;f jf;M g+ RjoflaO dv' wof
Vofgfltlg lgDx Tok' 8fS6/of EjF Hjgf jf;M
Gof jlgu' afv+ . cyx] jfof b'g] hfsL b' afvgo\
;dfhof a]Sjo\ j Oiof+{ :jOu' ldvf+ :jOlk+;+
wgdb';f+ dg b'lk+ lgDx Tok'oft oflju' afv+
Gxo\Aju' b' Rjld+ . b]uMof klnO Rj+lk+ Hjav'ty]+
t;s+ ldn]hl' k+t ;dfhof tMldlk+;+ wgof km'lt{+
kmfoflaOu' afv+ vM Yj . afvg+ 5u" Uof+ Ao'u' b'
bsn] Gxfkf+ Tok'of dg ;'vo\ h'Odf b'Mvo\ elt
x] xyfo\ drfM;]+ dgoft lrgfM ljZjf;of lrMk"u'
;'sf+ So+sftMu' 5u" wfM oft rdkm'O wof jo]sn+
Sogflbu' b' . jfof b'g] hfsL b' of afv+ sy+ dv' .
e"ldut lu/f]x afv+ of d" kfq vM d'ltm
k|;fb zdf{ . Rjldof sy+ Yj 5Dx lgZrn,
ulDe/ j ;dk{0f eltmefj+ hfMDx JoltmTj . lemb'
lem+lgb' ts clj/n 5u" x] Ono\ kz'ktL B yfo\
jgf Hjhnk] ofgf k'Hofgf b/jf/of n'vfo\ jof
dxf/fhof ho h'Odf w}u' jrg NxfODx dg" .
5Gx" h'h'of ;jf/L Ono\ Wjfvf lkjfofs] 5'+ b'nf
wof ph+ h'O . lkjfof 5'ofo] 5'ofo] h'of 5Dx
dg" oSj x] bo]w'+sn b/jf/of n'vfo\ ;bf+ 5u" x]
Ono\ jof dxf/fhof ho h'Odf wof jlg wsf
slg . h'h'+ j}t sGx] b/jf/o\ Ajgf lx' w}u' ph+
h'O . sGx]v'Gx' j lkjf+ d'ltm k|;fboft jx] Ono\
dxf/fhof ho wfMjOano\ TofkM Hjgf h'h'yfo\
yg] o+ls . h'h'+ j dg"ofs] 5' vF b'nf wof Golg .
j+ km's+ lys h' dxf/fh ;n Ajfs]u' lGx v'Gx'
lh dxf/fh gfk+ Rjgf 5sM :jo]u' OR5f wfO .
h'h'+ yM dg"oft jof OR5f k'j+ls wof ph+ h'O .
yy] ;n Ajflsu' hfqfo\ d'ltm+ h'h'gfk+ Rjgf
Ono\ Jono\ h'h'of lnSs jgf h'h'of ho wof
Rjlg . p;f+lg;]+ d'ltmof 5]'o\ dg"t d' jO .
tw+Mlk+ g]tft, sd{rf/Lt Gxfo\Dx+ h'h'oft yMu'
OR5f tOAo' wfOlk+ . d'ltm zdf{+ lnkf afaf+nfMlk+t
d'ltm laof dle+lk+t a9'jf ofo]u' yM dg" r'gfj+
Tofsf zf;g yMu' Nxfto\ nfls . yy] Rjldof Yj
afvgo\ vo\ kfq NoMu' j g+ vo\ ad"{ yhfMlk+;+
g]kfMof g]jfM /fHo wfo]sf zf;g h'ofRj+u'ln
gof e'O kmfof ;tfM yMu' ofgf sfMu' afv+ Rjld
Gx"R5]etm sjf+of dgo\ g+ ltsld+u' jfrfo]s] km' .
gfk+ jo]sn+ g]jfM g]jfM x] h'O w}u' pltm Sogflby]+
tfo]sf . d]u' afv+ dflxnf WjAjfo\ 5Dx a'/fof
yM sfo\ ef}j+ ofMu' Jojxf/oft pnftMu' h'n . ;'+
lkg]of dg" t jM;f Oldu' Jojxf/ kfOu" cn] ;'+
db';f 5'+ Ro"tf dofOu' Yj ;dfho\ AjngfRj+u'
;fk x] af+dnfMu' v' u'lsoft Rjld+ yMu' afvg+
wfo]sftMu' h'n . vnf Yj clgTo ;+;f/o\ ldvf s+
jo] w+';]ln ldvf ltl;gf jg]dfgLu' tYo Nofo]Dx
Nof;];' btn] n'ddlgu' ls < pls+ yd+ dfg]ofo]
dflk+t xg]sg] db}u' yd+ dfof ofo] dflk+t Ro"tf
db}u' vfnL yM j yMlk+t hs larfM ofOu' k|j[lt
Xo'kf xo] x] df . 5fo]wfM;f Gxo\fSj sd] of, 5]Fo\
a''F bo]ls 5Gx" nf TjMtf x] jg] df . Hjgf jg]u'
5u" x] hs yd+ ofOu" k'0o, wd{, ldhf; u'u' yM
dbo] w'+sf g+ cgGt ts NogfRjlg, bofRjlg
cn] n'd+sfRjlg .
5Dx c:oDx drfoft ;'/o\ xo]dfMu' afv+
h'n df;f{aof Do] . 5Dx xf/f+Dx, bfbf+ bfVjDx
Gxo\fDxl;g+ Njfk'lvrf wfODx drf /fhgoft
Vjkof cfbz{ cfhfb :s"no\ af}Dx+ v"u' tludo\
egf{ ofs]t xO . c+u]|hL ljifoof dfWod+ Aj+lsu'
:s"n TjMtf cg Aj+s] xO . chf]Dx drfoft+ d]lk+
;/ ld;lk+;+ c6]/LDx, c:oDx j}t nf ;fk Aj+s]
yfs', lnsof 5j\o]df wfo]s+ wfo]s+ x] x]8;/+ yMu'
;Lk cn] d]xgt+ 5Dx 1fgL, u'0fL cn] lnkf j}t
5Dx af+nfMDx lzIfs Yo+s h'Osf laOu' afv+ h'n
df;f{aof Do] . Rjld yM x] g+ jx] :s"nof lzIfs
cn] jo]sof afv+of n'Fk+' cfbz{ cfhfb :s"n 5u"
af+nfMu' gfk+ Gxo\fSj x] :o+lk+ ljBfyL{t h';f+ jx]
sy+ lzIff laof le+Dx dg" ofo] kmOu' xfYofoft
cgof x]8;/+ yd+ So+u' h'n . Yj sy+ cfbz{
cfhfb :s'nof ul/df Rj5fMu' h'n . ofM;f 5'
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 35
dh'O w}u' wfk"oft l;4ofgf Ao"u' b' Rjld+ . yy]
;kmn h'of x] dvf h'O x]8;/+ gf/fo0f uf]kfnof
t;s+ ao\ao\ h'u' Do] Pptf dfG5]sf] dfof n]
slt km/s kb{5 lhGbuLdf==== u'gu'go\ h"u' h'O .
afv+dL efh' 5Dx Vjkjf;L h'u' gftf+ jo]sn+
Yj ;km"of d's+ afv+ Vjk ef;+ x] RjMu' wof nf
emL;+ Ajg]kmO efh' ljdn tfd|fsf/of n'kfo\ .
yMt cy]g+ Rjld efh'of afvgo\ Vjk j o]ld
efo\of NjfsAjfs wfo]ls 5u" kmo'hg sy+ cfkf
x] yf;o\ v+s]km", Ajg]km" . ygyfo\ nfsM Vjkef;+
x] RjODx cn] AjlgDx d]Dx Vjkof ;flxTosf/
efh' afa'sfhL ;'jfn n'dg . km]za"sof ;+hfno\
jo]sn+ emL;+ Vjkef;+ x] Rjo]g' w}u' ;fO8
t}tMu' b' . lhu' yMu' Joltmut larfM sy+ g+
Gxo\fDx]l;g+ g+ yMu' df+ ef;+ x] Rjo]dfMu' vM
t/ plsoft d's+ g]jfMt;]+ y'Os] dkmOnf w}u'
Uof lrs' . cy]g+ Rjld efh' Gx"R5]etm sjf+ g+
Yj afv+ ;km" Rjoflbof yMu' df+ efo\oft Gofo
ofMu' t;s+ x] Rj5fo]ax . jo]s oft oSj oSj
n;xgf . gfkgfk+ efh' ljdn tfd|fsf/+ Rjldof
Vjkefo\of afv+oft d's+ dv';f+ lgk" afv+ ;'4
Vjk ef;+ x] lkygf lbn . Yj 5u" g+ af+nfMu' b;'
h'n d]d]lk+t g+ Vjk] efo\ y'Os] laOu', Rjo]s]
laOu' cn] ;o]s] laOu' .
r'Gt/L d}+rf Rjld efh' Gx'5] etm sjf+of
5u" lqsf]0ffTds afv+ h'n 5o\fsMrf, r'Gt/L j
xf/f+lrof . 5o\fsfl5lsDx Vjf xfs';f+ lxl;b'Dx
5o\fsMrf, t'O;] Rjgf r+r+wfMDx eltk;Mof
;fx'lg r'Gt/L cn] Vjf af+nfM;f+ dg af+dnfMDx
xf/f+rfof dltgfof afv+ x] r'Gt/L d}+rf .
5o\fsMrf j xf/f+rf nM j ld . cy];f+ lgDx+
r'Gt/Lof k;no\ alh gMjlg . r'Gt/Lof wfM;f
36 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
5o\fsMrf k;no\ jnls+ dg x] r+r+ h'O ;'kfFo\
lnrLu' ;u{ y]+ wfM;f jx] ;u{o\ Go+seg+ ;'kfr+
e'gfM B lvp'lsu' xf/f+lrof Vjf . yy] h'of nf
vO lg Rjldof kf} Nof *@ ; yy] RjoftMu'
5 h'n ofsM lh h'n 5o\fsM .
emL lgDx ldn]h' u'ln Yofs ..
Vjf hs xfs' lhu' dfof dfs' .
5 lhs] jnwfM;f gs] £o rfs' ..
yy] Do] xfxf+ 5o\fsMrf k;no\ b'xf'jO .
xf/f+lrt 5lKt x] x]dtfO . y'v] r'Gt/L d+}rf
wfM;f kmfu' ano\ xfn]dfMu' Do] g+ ooM ano\
xfn] Ho' nf wof 5o\fsMlrt GjfO . 5o\fsMrf
j r'Gt/L cy] vF Nxfgf Rj+u' xf/f+lrof :jo] x]
dg dbO . jof dgdgo\ vF h'O . yd+ 5'+ wfM;f
glgdjfODx r'Gt/L 5o\fsMrfgfk+ lGxnf lGxnf
:jn] vF NxfgfRj+u' . yy] h'h'+ r'Gt/Lrf kfoM
Gxo\flsu' vF ao\ao\ h'O . dg"t;]+ j}t xf/f+rf+
o+s"u' h'O wof Rjlgu' . kf;flk+ cy] vF Nxfgf
Rj+yfo\ ug xf/f+rf Yo+s jlg . cg 5yfo\ km]t'O .
yM yd+ x] r'Gt/Lrf kfoM Gxo\fMu' x] vt nf wfwf+
a]xf]; h'O . elt hfo]sf xf]; jO .
Yj afv+ g+ kTofdh'u' v'l;+ r'Os] oM w}u'
wfk" k'j+sf Jo"u' b' . y]6 Vjkof ;fdflhs kl/
j];o\ YofSs ldn] h'Os Ono\ Jono\of n' n'd+sf
laOt Rjld t;s+ ;kmn .
lkt[;tfTds ;dfhof jftfj/0fo\
AjngfRjlk+ emL ;sn]o+ f 5u" OR5f x] kl/jf/
hgo\ yMu' s'n yfd] ofo]u' lglt+ 5Dx sfo\of
rfxgf . yg afv+ Rjld Gx'R5] etm sjf+of ofsM
sfo\ afvgo\ Vjkof rf]5oF] f ;fx" aL/ axfb'/of 5]F
hMlk+ 5Dx kf;f cn] ;fx" s[i0fdfgof Ajgfo\ Ejo\
jlgu' afv+ . ofsM sfo\\ h'of g+ cfvM Ajgf dAo"u'
b'Mv af}Dx]l;s] bO . cn] j x] Ejo\no\ kf;fof
sfo\ rflxF P;OO SjrfMDx sfo]Dx gsltlg Rofu"
tludo\ h'ul" n+ Gxo\fDxl;t g+ vMu' vF wfM h'O af}Dx+
cg . u'ls+ sfo]Dx t+rfof Ejo\ x] dgO . dfd+
sfo] t+rfMu' l;Osf af}Dx]l;t efo\ ofgf j af/]
gdjfo]t GxofSjwfM;f+ eftd+ j y'Os] kmOdv' .
y'lsof lnRj sfo]d cg+ Bf+ nfgf jO . jx] td+
emg lgGx" lt :s"n x] djlg . af}d+ Ajlanwof 5]+
lkxfFjlg . ug Yolg ug . cGto\ aL/ axfb'/of
kf;f+ofgf ug Yo+Dx sfo\oft 5]' xO . df+af}of
OR5f sfo\ a'Osf ;dfho\ Gxfo\ w:jfsf Sog]u'
cn] yM HofylHoly h'nls+ t'tf+ h'O nf w}u' dgof
vF u'u' yf}s
+ Gx]of ns;o\ kfgf jo] w's + n.
cy]x] v'Fof nfn df]x/ afvgo\ 5Dx drf+
:s"no\ s't'+jgf Rj+u' lz;f snd uy] lDxrfo\
tofxO{ lnkf j}t vF' kfM ofO . Ajg]u' 5v] nfO
cn] wfy]+ v'Ou' Hof ofO . lnkf yMu' j}; jgf xf;f
k;M tof gn g+ ;'v dbO . u[xdGqLof kf;fof
5]'o\ v'of o+s"u' 36\gf+ j}t g+ Hjgfo+sf s]nsfn
ofO . cn] 5Dx ;fx"oft Tjfnf+ :jofRj+u' k'ln;+
:jo]ano\ v'ofxMu' ;fdfg GofgfsfMDx j x] ;fx"
wof j}t g+ s'g] xOu' afv+ h"n v''of nfn df]x/ .
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afv+ ;'4 Vjkef;+ RjoftMu' afv+ h'n . ldn]
h'ofRjlk+ bfh' lshfoft Aofun+ Rjg] dfo\sf
laOu' afv+ . /fd nId0f y]+ ldn]h'lk+ bfh'lshflk+
yMu' 5]Fo\ hM km's+ gfk+ ldn]h'of b'Mv+ ;'v+ hLjg
xgf Rjlgyfo\ d]lk+ dg"to\ ;+ut+ 5' vM 5' dv'
wof dl;of dy'of yMyM Njfk" lksfOu' afv+ h'n
SjfMgfv+ ld+gMu' 5]' .
afv+ sy+ Vjkof uf]d/L Tjf hMvMof lgDx
km'ls a'nfn j /Tgnfn 5]' hMlk+gfk+ hLjg
sfn xgfRjlg . df+af} db'lk+ Olk+ bfh' a'nfn+
/Tgnfnoft lshf dv';]+ yM sfo\ eflkof
dfofofgf tO . yy]h'of /Tgnfn+ bfh'oft /fd
sy+ gfnftO . ofpFs sfn xgf Rjlk+ Old . 5Gx'
a''O Hof ;gfRj+Dx /Tgnfnof kf;f+ lgult r'/f]6
5k'of vFo\ j}t Nxj\lg . 5 5]Fo\ b'Dx a'' b'Dx yy]
r'/f]; 5k' g+ s/lk+s] kmj\gf Rjg]dfMnf, lguM
Ko+uM Wo]af nf lDxrfo\ 3fgf h'Odf . 5'+ k/] h'O 5+
nf dl;n wfo] sf . 5+ bfh'+ nf l;Os]dfMu' vMlg
j nf ;dfho\ Aj+nDx vMlg wof lshfd]l;t
Nxj\gfxO, :jf+ k'of xO . cn] 5' dflg ;f]emf
l;wfDx /Tgnfn r'/f]6of ld+ k'sfM jO . bfh'oft
Tjx tof Jofun+ Rjlg 5'tf+ Djfo]s .
vnf dg" dg" ldn]ho' f x] 5]' h'O, hnfvnf
h'O, TjfM af h'O, ;dfh h'O . Yj ;dfh b'g] g+
yLyL dg"t u'ln+ t;s+ ;f]emflk+, Uoflglk+, u'ln+
t;s+ xf/flk+, u'ln+ Dx't+' lys ofOlk+ dg+ jfr'lk++
bO . u'Dx+ stMoft u'xfln ofo]df wfOlk+ ;f u'Dx+
;'of+ Ro"tf dt}lk+ cn] u'Dx+ lvrf NjfsfM Ejo\
gOlk+ Yj x] afv+of kfq zdz]/ ;fx" yHoflk+
g+ ;dfho\ bO, b' . cy]nf ;dfh g+ nf emL;+
x] bo]su] ' vM gfk+ snf ;+:s[lt, yMu' tlhnlh
b]uM kmnrf 5]' a'' ;tM lx6L k'v" km's km's+ Yj x]
;dfho\ Djfgf Rjgflk+ emL;+ x] nf bo]lsu' vMlg .
emL;+ jfrfo]s] df . lgGx" Ko]Gx"of Yj clgTo ;+;f/
yy] x] vM wof Tofuof efjgf bo]sd ] f . 5' x]
Hjgf jg] db'u' Yj gZj/ z/L/ Djfgf Rj+tn] dfof
dltgfof efj+ cfgGb+ sfn xgfRjg] g ls zdz]/
;fx" cn] jlsn zdz]/ yhf]lk+ ;f]emfl;wf to]u'
5]' t5o\fOlk+ abdf; t y]+ dbO dv' . /Tgnfn j
a'nfnof y]+ SjfMgfv+ ld+ gMu' 5]' y]+ dv' .
afv+dL efh' Gx"5]etm sjf+of lnkf+u' afv+
yf}+sGx] no\kf} 37
h'n ;Ddfg kmODx /fdz]v/ . Yjx] ;km"of
Gxfkf+Dx AjgfdL Rj;"of lnw+;fo\ lrafv+dL
efh' Zofd cfzfof kf;f e]6]/Lg/L k;no\
;GWof O{ h'nls+ yLyL ;flxTosf/ JoltmTjlk+
d'lgu' h'ofRjg . cg x] 5Gx' /fdz]v/h'+ yd+
lnlkj4 ofo] No+ blgu' afv+ ;snl;t Go+sn
vlg . j lnlkj4 dh'u' afv+oft efh' Gx"5]etm
sjf+ h'+ ;'Ot+ 5'+ dwfM;]+ lnlkj4 ofgf jo]sof
:ofGofDx kf;f /Tg sf]h"oft Jo"u' h'ofRjg . Yj
x'lg+ ;Ddfg kmODx /fdz]v/ afv+ emL ;sl;g+
Ajg] v+u' h'n 5Dx Ajld sy+ . afv+ sy+ g]kfn
ef;fof sljj/ cn] Do] Rjld b'uf{nfnof kmf]g
jO /fdz]v/ oft . g]kfnef;f Ps]8]dL+ ;Ddfg
j k'/:sf/ /fdz]v/oft ofOu' Hofemj\of vF
wfO . y'v] /fdz]v/ ch'rfO yM :jof ysflnlk+
bofg+ yM j ;Ddfg sfo]u' O{ dTolgu' s'nflb
jo]sn+ . cy]wf;]+ln b'uf{nfn h'+ yd+ hs dv'
g]kfnef;fof ;+:s[lt sdL{ cn] ;flxTosf/ efh'
;Todf]xg hf]zL g+ Yj vF Sjl5u' wof jo]sgfk+
g+ vF Nxfls . /fdz]v/ h'+ yM :jof ysflnDx
;flxTosf/ cn] nf]s+XjfDx Wofr'dL efh' ;"o{
axfb'/ lkjfof gf+ laO . efh' ;Todf]xg hf]zL
h'+ ykfn] l5t Yj ;Ddfg laOu' Sjl5w'gfu' j
jo]s ;"o{ axfb'/ lkjfoft d]u' bFo\ laO wof ph+
h'O . ofofy]+ dlhof /fdz]v/h' Ono\ x] dfMu'
Hof Sjrfo]sf j yf;o\ Yo+s jlg . cg nf ls
Sj 5Dx x] vlg dv' . gfk+ Rj+u' Rof k;no\
O{ 5o\fo]t r'/f];, Rof TjgfM Rjlg . elt No'
cg l;g] snfsf/ t jof Oldu' arfMxfsMu'
Hofemj\ Sogf jlg . Olk+ jano\ uy] dg"t jMu'
vM lnxfF jg]w'+sf g+ cy] x] dg"t jlg . Gxfkf
uy] vM cg cy] x] h'O . /fdz]v/ of ;Ddfgof
38 yf}+sGx] no\kf}
Hofemj\ g+ SjrfO . km's+ lnxf'jlg . b'uf{nfn g+
jlg cn] ;Todf]xg h' g+ sf ;f efO{ lhg+ jg]
wfO . /fdz]v/ oft km;fb h'O . Vjk] Yo+s
jg]dflgu' O{ lnafgf a; g+ d+t h'O . a]tfnL
lrgf :jf+df sf]vfof Gofl; jg]u' g+ lx;L dbof
yMu' v' ;Todf]xg h' oft slg . vF vMlg x nf
y'ls nf Wofg x] dj+u' wof cfof]hs 5Dx]l;t
;Mtf jo]soft 6\ofS;L 5uM ldn]ofgf laOt ph+
ofgf jo]s g+ lnxfF jlg . Vjk] Yo+sf 8fOe/+
Woaf kmj\lg . /fdz]v/ h'+ ;'gf+ 6\ofS;L ldn]ofMu'
vM j+ x] k'ln wfO . srdr h'O . 8fOe/+ nfo\s'O
yfgfo\ o+ls . cg k'ln;+ /fdz]v/oft Dxl;Osf
jo]sn+ Wo]af k'ln lg wfO . yMs] wfM;f Wo]af b'u'
dv' . k'ln;oft yMt h«u' v' bSj+ slg . gfk+
8fOe/+ 6[ofS;L uODx 5 Wo]af d]lk+;+ 5fo] k'ln
l8P;lk ;fx]a lhtM Yjof e/ dtfM 5]Fo\ Yo+sf
Wo]af dk';]+ lnt 5j\ofxM;f 5'ofo]u' pls+ 5Dx
k'ln; g+ gfk+ jo]df wof gfk+ tofxO . 5]Fo\
Yo+sf snfMoft ;Gb'of tfMrf 5sM xlh wof cg
Rj+u' Sjf/fSjf/f j+u' ;l5j+u' :jkf gf]6 sof
8fOe/oft laO . Yj vgfM jo]sof snfMof dg
g+ Sjf/fSjf/f ldlg . lDxuM ltlg Otf ldof hfsL
Gofo] wof t}tMu' :j;M bf+ j+u' vgf . y'ls+ No'
efh' /fd z]v/h'+ cfj+ln yhf]u' ;Ddfgo\ u'an]+
x] djg]u' kf kmo]ls ;To ld;f w/f]wd{ wof .
yy] GxofOk';] Rj+u' 5u" Tof bh{g afv+of
afv+sMld efh' Gx"5] etm sjf+of yMu' df+ efo\of
Nofv+ Ajg] v+u' afv+ t GxofSj Aj+;f+ n'dw+u'
gfk+ lnkf g+ yy] x] ch Yj :jof g+ dfs'u' afv+
Ajg] bo]df w}u' en;f cn] dgt'g] .
;'efo\
lrNnfuf ;KtdL !!$)
v“UjM Dxl;s]
d"n zAb pRrf/0f vo\ efo\ c+u|]hL
tls tls rfFª pile/role

tls tls yf]kf drop

tls lrg] tls lrg] rfª nufpg' to pile up

ts' ts' jfSnf] dense/thick

ts'lrg] ts'lrg] jfSnf] x'g] to become thick, thicken

ts]g] ts]g] sfddf clNemg' to be entangled

ts]x]+ ts]x]+ lbbL alxgL sisters group

tvtf tVtf leQ] b/fh a rack

tvtf 38L tvtf 38L leQ] 38L walk clock

tlug tlu+ le/fnf], >]0fL a slope rank, grade

tuf]nljlx tuf]Mljlx si6sf/L yellow berried nightshade

tFr tFo\ pmg wool

t+rfdfs' t+tfdfs' kfgb; -v]n_ !pcat (a game)

t5f] t5f] hf} barley

according to lunar calender eight month
t5f]nf t5nf g]kfn ;Djtsf] cf7f}+ dlxgf (May/June)
tRjt tRjM l;ls:t, zfgbf/ serious, dangerous/grand pompous

t5ofo\ t5ofo\ k'm6fNg' to break, crush

tlh tlh /fd|f] ljrf/ conscience, discre!on

tFHof tFHof ;+/If0f protec!on

tlhnlh tlhnlh ;+:s[lt culture

ttf ttf lbbL sister

ttfh' ttfh' cfdfh', efph' husband's elder sister/elder

ttSog] ttSog] c8sg', cNdlng' to be entangled

ttdt jog] ttdtSog] c8sg', cNdlng' busy, run errands

tlug tlu+ txtx k/]sf] terrance

tlug tlu+ >]0fL, :t/ rank, grade, status

tluga'+ tlu+a' kfvf] v]t a teraced field

tuflvg tuflv+ 7"nf] afhf a large drum

yf}+sGx] no\kf} 39
 a'v“
!= o]+ dxfgu/ b'g] Rj+u' Ajg]s'lyO g]kfn efiff+
:yflgo kf7oqmdo\ Aj+s]u' lglt clGtd ?k+
GXoAjo]t j+u' c;f/ !$ ut] lj1lk+ gfk
;xnx h'u' b' . Ajg] s'ly 5u' tlu+dlg;]
Rofu' tlu+ ts b'YofMu' o]+ of tlhnlh gfk+
gu/kflnsf b'g] of ;Dkbf, efiff, gvMrvM,
;+;sf/, zLk snf sf}zn gfk+ g}lts
lzIff ef}uf]lns j k|fs[lts :j?k of ljifo
gfk+ :yflgo lnlk ts+ b'Yofu' pu' ;k"m
;fd'bflos j lglh Ajg]s'lyO g+ nfu' h'Ou'
v+ GXo AjMu' b' . pu' Hof emf]no d=g=kf=of
pk k|d'v lzIff ljefuof k|ltlglw k|f=
lzIffljb 8f= lq/Tg dfgGw/, ;x k|fWofks
/fhgnfn hf]zL lkG;+ toflbOu' k|Zgoft
kf7oqmd ;ldltlof b'hM 8f= r'Gbf jh|frfo{
ln;M ljoflbOu' vM .
@= on gu/kflnsf, jg]kf gu/kflnsf cy] x]
lyld gu/kflnsf j lslt{k/' gu/kflnsf
If]qo b'g] Rj+u' :yflgo Ajg]sl' y g]kfn efiff
ljifon] Aj+su] ' ;xnx h'of Rj+u' a'vF b' .
#= jN8{ g]jf cu{gfOh];gof cd]l/sfsof
of slh s]z/dfg tfd|fsf/of Uj;fno,
jf;j /fhf]kfWofo j o"P; RofK6/of gfof]
k|d]z >]i7of d+sf s'tno ld;f jfv+ Rjld
cgnfOg ;Dd]ng h"u'ln !^Dx doh'
lkG; gf+ b'Yofu'ln GofDx Rjldlk+ 8f= l/gf
t'nfw/, lbJof tfd|fsf/, nf]rgtf/f t'nfw/,
lglh/f]; >]i7 j l/tf dxh{g lkG;+ afv+
Go+s'u' b' .
$= noklts+ Gxfkf+u' zlgjf/ GXofgf Rj+u' ;M
5u' km/s cleJolQmof lrjfv+ Hof‰jM cfM
;fdflhs ;+hfn+ o'6o"j+ k|ljlw ;+rfng h'u'
b' . j+u' h]i7 !) ut] GXofu' Gxfkf+u' Hof
‰jno :jDx afv+ Rjldlk+ sljGb|nfn k|wfg,
k"0f{ d"gsdL j lbJof jh|frfo{ lkG; Ajlt
sfMu' vM . Yj Hof‰j 5'+ On ts oyfjt
GXofgfRjlgu' v+ ;+rfns æDxl;sfÆ k'rM
kfv]+ ljpu' b' .

yf}+sGx] oft, Rjv+, jfv+, Oltxf;,

;+:s[lt cflb n]v t ljof df+ efiff
of w's'lt hfo]sf lbOt
;sn efiff ≈old, Rjld lkGt
Ogfk ofgf Rjgf .
;Dkfbs

40 yf}+sGx] no\kf}