Question 10 

pts
Which of the following amino acids is not an essential amino acid?
Group of answer choices
Valine
Methionine
Alanine
Leucine
Histidine
 
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Question 20 pts
Which of the following amino acids is considered partially essential?
Group of answer choices
Alanine
Methionine
Tyrosine
Glutamate
Glutamine
 
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Question 30 pts
All of the following are enzymes involved in the digestion of proteins, EXCEPT.
Group of answer choices
Carboxypeptidase A
Elastase
Chymotrypsin
Trypsin
Pancreatic Amylase
 
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Question 40 pts
A function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice during protein digestion is.
Group of answer choices
to neutralize the acidity of the stomach
to inactivate pepsinogen by suppressing pepsin formation
to denature the quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structures of proteins
to cleave peptide bonds
to initiate secretion of pancreatic enzymes
 
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Question 50 pts
Glutamate is deaminated by glutamate dehydrogenase to produce which of the following molecules?
Group of answer choices
Pyruvate
Alpha-ketoglutarate
Acetyl-CoA
Succinyl-CoA
Fumarate

Question 10 pts
Which of the following amino acids CANNOT be metabolized (degraded) by the liver?
Group of answer choices
those with side chains containing aromatic rings
those with side chains that are branched
those with side chains containing sulfur atoms
those with side chains containing basic groups
those with no side chains
 
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Question 20 pts
Which of the following amino acids is the major carrier of nitrogen in the blood/serum that traffics to the liver for
nitrogen disposal?
Group of answer choices
Glutamine
Cysteine
Methionine
Valine
Leucine
 
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Question 30 pts
Protein nitrogen is converted to urea for excretion. Urea synthesis occurs exclusively in which cell type?
Group of answer choices
Glomeruli
Enterocytes
Beta Cells
Hepatocytes
Neurons
 
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Question 40 pts
In the urea cycle ammonia is converted to urea for disposal. Which amino acid supplies nitrogen and is converted to
pyruvate?
Group of answer choices
Alanine
Methionine
Leucine
Arginine
Proline
 
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Question 50 pts
You measure the urinary Urea Nitrogen levels in five individuals. Based on Urea Nitrogen measurements below, which
individual would be consuming a predominately high protein diet?
Group of answer choices
1.0 g/24 hour
3.0 g/24 hour
5.0 g/24 hour
8.0 g/24 hour
18.0 g/24 hour

After eating a meal approximately how long does the post-absorptive phase last?
Group of answer choices
0-1 hour
1-3 hours
3-18 hours
18 – 48 hours
 
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Question 20 pts
During the fed-fast cycle organs must adapt to changing availability of nutrients. What is the primary source of energy
for the brain during the fed and fasted state.
Group of answer choices
Amino Acids
Glucose
Triglycerides
Fatty Acids
 
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Question 30 pts
Due to lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which tissue capable of glycogenesis but cannot contribute to blood
glucose levels between meals?
Group of answer choices
Liver
Muscle
Brain
Kidney
 
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Question 40 pts
During starvation Ketones play an important role in providing tissues with a ready supply of energy. Which tissue is
primarily responsible for ketone production?
Group of answer choices
Adipose
Brain
Liver
Muscle
 
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Question 50 pts
What are the two amino acids primarily released from muscle during fasting/starvation?
Group of answer choices
leucine and isoleucine
alanine and glutamine
threonine and phenylalanine
arginine and histidine

Which cell type within the islet of Langerhans produces glucagon?

Group of answer choices
Beta Cells
Alpha Cells
Delta Cells
Lamda Cells
 
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Question 20 pts
Which endocrine hormone is responsible lowering blood glucose levels after a meal?
Group of answer choices
Somatostatin
Glucagon
Insulin
Testosterone
 
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Question 30 pts
In the Fed State insulin does all of the following EXCEPT:
Group of answer choices
Increase glucose transport into muscle
Increase glycogen synthesis into the muscle
Increase glycogen synthesis in the liver
Increase glucose transport into the adipose
Increase lipolysis in the adipose tissue
 
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Question 40 pts
What key protein mediates cellular uptake of glucose?
Group of answer choices
Abcg1
Slc38a9
Zfp48
Glut4
Abc1
 
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Question 50 pts
During the fed state, which energy substrate is synthesized from glucose in the liver and muscle to store energy?
Group of answer choices
Triglycerides
Fatty Acids
Ketones
Diacylglycerol
Glycogen

What is a key biological feature that defines Type 1 diabetes?

Group of answer choices
Loss of beta cells in pancreas
Peripheral insulin sensitivity
Loss of insulin receptor protein
Hyperinsulinemia
Uncontrolled gluconeogenesis from liver
 
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Question 20 pts
What is the primary fate of glucose in a Type 1 diabetic after a glucose challenge?
Group of answer choices
Glucose uptake in the muscles
Glucose uptake in the adipose tissue
Conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver
Loss of glucose through urine
 
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Question 30 pts
Which of the following are risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes?
Group of answer choices
Obesity
Age greater than 40
Ethnicity
Hypertension
All the above
 
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Question 40 pts
Metformin is the frontline therapy for Type 2 diabetes. Which of the following is a mechanism through which
metformin lowers blood glucose levels?
Group of answer choices
Promoting loss of glucose through urine
Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis
Inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake
Stimulating conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver
 
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Question 50 pts
Some individuals that have excess adipose tissue remain healthy and are not predisposed to developing type 2 diabetes.
Which of the following is a component of the adipose tissue that contributes to insulin sensitivity in obese patients?
Group of answer choices
Increased adipogenesis
Increased adipocyte hypertrophy
Increased macrophage infiltration into the adipose tissue
Increased inflammation within the adipose tissue