Reference Library

Cumulative Index
Reference Library
Cumulative Index
Cumulates Indexes For:
Middle Ages: Almanac
Middle Ages: Biographies
Middle Ages: Primary Sources

Judy Galens,
Index Coordinator
 Staff

Middle Ages Reference Library: Cumulative Index

Judy Galens, Index Coordinator
Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Senior Art Director
Kenn Zorn, Product Design Manager
Marco Di Vita, Graphix Group, Typesetting

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Middle Ages Reference Library
Cumulative Index
A=Middle Ages: Almanac
B=Middle Ages: Biographies
PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources

A Abraham
A 66
Bold type indicates set title,
main entries, and their page
Aachen Abu al-Abbas numbers.
A 34–36 A 37
B 1: 64, 66, 66 (ill.), 2: 205 Abu Bakr Italic type indicates volume
Abbasid caliphate A 68 numbers.
A 75, 78, 139, 209 B 2: 260, 263
B 1: 99, 103, 2: 276, 306 Abu Talib Illustrations are marked by
Abbasids B 2: 258 (ill.).
A 70, 71, 79 Abu Ya’qub Yusuf
B 1: 99, 2: 276 B 1: 33–35
’Abd al-Mu’mim Abu Yusuf Ya’qub. See al-Mansur
B 1: 32 Academy Award
Abd-ar-Rahman B 2: 196
A 69, 70 Acre
Abd ar-Rahman III A 115, 116, 124
A 88 B 2: 298, 315, 326
B 2: 352 PS 21
Abdullah Adelaide
B 2: 258 B 1: 171, 172
Abelard, Peter Adeodatus
A 108, 109 B 1: 24
B 1: 1–8, 1 (ill.), 47–51, 117, 2: Adrian IV
349 A 114
Aborigines Adrianople
A 158 A 82

1
 Adriatic Sea Aladdin Alexandria
B 2: 318 A 71 A 199, 211
Adulis PS 79 B 1: 45, 140, 2: 204, 222,
A 202 Al-Adil 225, 233, 255, 287
Aegean Sea B 2: 327 PS 31
A 83 Alaric The Alexiad
Afghanistan A 16, 17 B 1: 167
A 68, 138, 147, 148 Alaska PS 5–13
B 1: 134, 2: 220, 226, 263, B 2: 300 Alexis I Comnenus
299, 302, 331, 345 Ala-ud-din. See Ala-ud-din A 99, 102
PS 34, 41 Muhammad Khalji B 1: 166, 181
Afonso I Ala-ud-din Muhammad PS 6, 9
A 211, 219 Khalji Alfonso
Afonso V A 148, 149 B 1: 99–102
B 1: 156, 158 B 1: 9–14, 2: 303 Alfred the Great
Africa Albania B 1: 40–41, 41 (ill.), 45, 58
A 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 15, 17, 48, A 59, 83 Algebra
64, 65, 69, 70, 75, B 2: 275, 279 A 62, 72
87–89, 92, 172, 197, PS 7 B 1: 94, 2: 237
201–11, 225 Al-Bekri Algeria
B 1: 24–26, 29, 32, 36, PS 25, 26 A 15
154–58, 164, 2: 199, B 1: 24, 2: 248
Albertus Magnus
202, 204, 220, 229, 233, PS 58
B 2: 350
243–49, 258, 278, 282,
Albigenses Al-Ghazali
292, 304, 339, 351
A 65, 123 A 68
PS 2, 23–25, 27, 28, 31,
B 1: 125 B 1: 34
57, 58, 136, 140, 151
Albigensian Crusade Alhambra
Against Fortunatus the
A 123, 124 A 69, 70
Manichee
B 1: 27 B 1: 125, 177, 182, 183 Alhazen
Alchemy B 2: 235, 239–40
Age of Discovery
A 220, 225 A 122, 127 Ali
B 1: 159 B 1: 37, 2: 239, 240 A 63, 68, 69
Age of Exploration Alcuin B 2: 258, 260, 263
A 2, 3 A 36 Ali Baba
B 1: 159, 2: 222, 304 B 1: 36, 63, 113–14, 119 A 71
Agincourt Alemanni PS 54, 73, 79
A 217 B 1: 80 Al-Idrisi
B 2: 192 PS 95, 97, 99 B 2: 220, 235
Agnes of Poitou Aleppo Alighieri, Dante. See Dante
B 1: 147 B 2: 322 Alighieri
Agra Alexander III (pope) Al-Khayzuran
A 149 A 114, 204 B 1: 98
Agriculture B 1: 173 Al-Khwarizmi
A 2, 187, 190 Alexander VI (pope) B 2: 235, 237–38
PS 108 A 218 Allah
Aisha Alexander Nevsky A 62, 65–68, 144
A 68 A 130, 131 B 1: 13, 34, 2: 257–60,
B 2: 260, 263 B 1: 15–22, 15 (ill.), 20 263, 302, 305, 306,
Akbar (ill.) 308–10
A 139, 149 Alexander the Great PS 15, 19, 21, 78, 79
Aksum A 134 Allarcos
A 201, 202 B 1: 12, 2: 257, 275 B 1: 35, 36

2 Adriatic Sea A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

All Men Are Brothers B 2: 357 Annals of Rajasthan
PS 161 Anastasius A 149
Al-Mahdi B 1: 36 Annam
B 1: 98 Anatolia B 2: 214
Al-Mansur A 77, 82, 83, 104, 110, Anselm. See Anselm of Can-
B 1: 34–36 115. See also Asia terbury
Al-Masalik wa ’l-Mamalik Minor; Turkey
PS 23–31 Anselm of Canterbury
B 1: 174, 2: 273, 276–78,
Al-Mas’udi A 108
331, 346, 360. See also
B 1: 161, 163–64, 2: 235 B 1: 3, 114–15, 115 (ill.),
Asia Minor; Turkey
118
Almohads PS 1. See also Turkey
PS 118
A 69, 88, 89 Andaman Islands
B 1: 32, 2: 224 B 2: 301 Anselm of Laon
Almoravids B 1: 3–6
Andes
A 69, 89, 205 A 185, 196, 197 Antioch
B 1: 32, 101, 102 B 2: 282, 283 A 104
Al-Mu’tamin Andrew (St.) B 1: 107, 140, 2: 324
B 1: 101 B 2: 293 PS 10, 12, 139, 141
Al Omari Anekdota Anti-Semitism
B 2: 229 PS 142 A 85–87, 90, 91
Alp Arslan
Angkor Empire Apollo
A 80
A 152, 154 B 1: 179
Al-Qayrawan B 2: 285
A 88 Apostles
Angkor Thom A 10, 24
Al-Razi
A 152, 155 B 1: 86, 2: 205
B 2: 235, 238–39, 239 (ill.)
B 2: 284, 285 PS 113, 115, 128
Alsace
Angkor Wat Aquinas, Thomas. See
PS 45, 48
A 152, 153, 156, 157, 159 Thomas Aquinas
B 2: 247
B 2: 284, 285
Amazon Aquitaine
B 2: 283 Angles A 110, 114
A 22, 63, 162 B 1: 105, 106, 108,
Ambrose
B 1: 40 110–12, 116, 180, 2:
B 1: 26, 139
PS 145, 146, 148 314
PS 58
Ambrosius Aurelianus Anglo-Saxons
Arabesque
A 118 A 95, 118
A 62, 74
B 1: 80 B 1: 41, 80, 81, 142
Angola Arabia
America. See also United A 5, 6, 37, 61, 64, 65, 68,
States A 210
88
A 2, 6, 115, 158, 185–99, Animism
B 1: 36, 156, 157, 2: 230,
209 A 176
236, 257, 258, 263, 302
B 1: 41, 113, 2: 204, 217, Anjou
PS 22, 74, 142
218, 220, 222, 255, 281, A 96
284, 287, 289, 293 B 1: 105, 108–11, 2: 366, Arabian Nights. See The Thou-
American Civil Liberties 367 sand and One Nights
Union (ACLU) PS 123, 150 Arabian Peninsula
PS 89 An Lu-shan A 61
Anagni A 168 B 1: 164, 2: 221, 257, 323
B 1: 140 B 1: 4, 188, 2: 342, 360 Arabic
Anahobe Anna Comnena A 13, 72, 74, 146, 208
B 2: 330 B 1: 161, 166–67, 181, 2: B 1: 34, 36, 37, 49, 98,
Anarchy 324, 325 102, 2: 260, 302
A 142, 154, 169, 182, 218 PS 1, 2, 5–13 PS 20, 24

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Arabic 3

 Arabs Art Assassins
A 5, 6, 50, 63–65, 69–74, A 20, 28, 30, 48, 52–54, A 69, 81, 136
80, 102, 127, 139, 145, 62, 83, 110–13, 142, B 2: 316, 323, 361
146, 209 162, 170, 178, 184, 189, Assyria
B 1: 37, 44, 163, 189, 2: 198, 221 A 61
213, 257, 258, 321, 322 Arthur (of England; leg- Astrology
PS 2, 16–18, 142 endary king) A 122, 127, 189
Aragon A 118–20 B 1: 69, 70, 94, 153, 154
A 219 B 1: 80, 81 PS 36, 39
B 1: 99, 100, 174 PS 147, 156 Astronomy
Archaeology Arthur of Anjou A 34, 36, 72, 127, 167,
A 172, 186, 188, 195, 196 B 1: 109, 111 187–89
Archbishop of Canterbury Artillery B 1: 55, 2: 237, 238, 240
A 107, 114 A 108, 111 Asturias
B 1: 114–16, 142, 2: 314 Artisans A 219
Archbishops PS 27, 48, 82, 84 Asuka period
PS 114 Aryabhata A 176
Architecture B 2: 235, 236–37, 238 PS 103
A 4, 30, 35, 36, 54, 55, 69, Aryabhatiya Aswan
74, 110–12, 113, 142, B 2: 237 B 2: 239
205, 220 Atahualpa
Ashikaga shogunate
B 1: 64, 175, 2: 204, 365, A 198
A 183
368 Athanasius
B 1: 57
Arianism B 2: 204
Ashikaga Takauji
A 12, 16, 25 Athens
A 183
B 1: 79, 81, 142 B 1: 4, 30, 96, 98, 112,
B 1: 56
PS 90, 94, 99 135, 166, 176, 185, 186,
Ashkenazim
Arigböge 2: 333, 342, 348, 360,
A 86, 90
B 2: 211 370
Asia PS 130
Aristocracy
A 12, 37, 47–51, 57, 59,
A 20, 31, 178–80, 182 Atlantic Ocean
64, 75, 77, 80, 82, 104,
B 1: 41 A 9, 205
126, 131, 133–37, 142,
Aristotle B 1: 155, 2: 254
151–53, 155, 156, 164,
A 72, 129 165, 167, 168, 171, 172, Atlantis
B 1: 31, 33–35, 35 (ill.), 175, 197, 214 A 158
37, 49, 2: 226, 236, 351 B 1: 10, 13, 14, 86, 125, Attila
Arius 129, 130, 156, 187, 2: A 16, 17, 37, 38, 42
A 12 199, 209, 210, 212, 220, Audovera
Armenia 221, 254, 258, 273, 274, B 2: 373
A 50, 59, 138 282, 292, 298, 300–03, Augustine
B 1: 44, 134, 2: 346 331, 332, 342, 344, 360 A 4, 15, 16, 29, 65
PS 6 PS 1, 3, 15, 33, 34, 54, 74, B 1: 23–30, 23 (ill.), 53,
Armenian Christians 104, 105, 132 74, 121, 139, 143, 162,
A 104 Asia Minor. See also Anato- 179, 2: 292
Armor lia; Turkey PS 53, 57–64
A 5, 34, 38, 39, 110, 117, A 12, 47–49, 59, 77, 80, Augustine of Canterbury
120, 181, 217, 221–23 104, 126 B 1: 142
B 2: 193, 194, 198, 248, B 1: 86, 187, 2: 220, 273, Australia
326 292, 298 A 158
PS 71, 148 Assassination PS 151
Arsuf A 8, 68 Austria
B 2: 316, 327 B 1: 117, 2: 206 A 19, 96, 124, 131, 218

4 Arabs A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

 B 1: 17, 108, 135, 2: 247, PS 128 Basil II
315, 316, 318 Bacon, Roger A 50, 53, 58, 59
PS 33 A 129 B 1: 39–45, 39 (ill.), 58,
Austro-Hungarian Empire B 2: 235, 240–41, 241 172, 2: 230
B 1: 19 (ill.) Battle of ... See place names,
Auxerre Baffin Island for example, Hastings
B 2: 291 B 2: 218, 219 Batu
Avalon Baghdad A 135
A 118 A 70–72, 75, 79, 136, 138, B 1: 16, 17
Avars 146 Baudricourt
A 54, 78 B 1: 99, 103, 164, 2: 213, B 2: 193
Averroës 237, 238, 276, 307, 310 Bavaria
A 72, 127, 129 Bagrat III A 34, 96
B 1: 31–37, 31 (ill.), 49, 2: A 139 B 1: 170, 180
227, 235, 350, 351 Bagratid dynasty PS 82
Avicenna A 139 Bayeux Tapestry
A 72, 127 B 1: 44 A 95
B 1: 49, 2: 226–28, 227 Bajazed B 2: 369 (ill.)
(ill.), 235, 236, 239 A 83, 138 PS 152
Avignon B 2: 347 Bay of Bengal
A 132, 222, 226 Balban B 2: 301
B 1: 118, 183 A 148 Beatrice
PS 46, 47, 50, 124, 128 Baldwin of Boulogne B 1: 91–93, 95
Axayacatl A 103 PS 122, 129
B 2: 254 Bali Becket, Thomas à
Ayyubid dynasty A 155 A 114, 116
A 75 Balkan Peninsula B 1: 115–17, 116 (ill.), 2:
B 2: 322 A 218 314
Azcapotzalco B 2: 274, 275, 278, 318 Bede. See Venerable Bede
A 192
Baltic Sea Bedouins
Azerbaijan
A 41 A 64
B 2: 345, 346
B 1: 16 B 2: 258
Azores
Ban Kulin Beijing
B 1: 158
B 2: 274, 275 A 134, 173
Aztec Empire
The Banquet B 1: 134, 2: 209, 298–301,
A 187, 190–94, 195, 196,
B 1: 94 303, 339
197, 198
Bantu Belasitsa
B 2: 251–56, 281
A 201, 207–11 A 59
Barbarians Belgium
A 6, 9, 10, 13, 17, 28, 33, A 126
48, 90, 134, 146, 161, B 1: 78, 2: 221, 246, 360
B 171, 172, 223 Belgrade
Babur B 1: 29, 36, 78, 166 A 104
A 139, 149 PS 7, 16, 35, 94, 148, 155 Belisarius
B 2: 347 Bardas Phocas A 48, 52
Babylon B 1: 40–42 B 2: 202, 203, 205
A 222 Bardas Sclerus PS 135, 136, 140
B 2: 293 B 1: 40–42 Belize
PS 128 Bar Sauma, Rabban A 185
Babylonia B 2: 213, 220 Belle Isle
A 61, 62 PS 41 B 2: 219
“Babylonian Captivity” “Base-10” system Benedict
A 222 A 146 A 25–27

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Benedict 5

 B 1: 178–79, 179 (ill.), Boethius Bosnia
184, 2: 350 B 1: 41, 53–59, 53 (ill.) A 83
Benedictine monks Bohemia B 1: 19, 2: 274, 275
A 27, 45 A 56, 99, 224 Bosporus
B 1: 142 B 1: 18, 19, 170 A 104
Benedictine Rule Bohemond Braveheart
B 1: 179 A 102, 103, 106 B 2: 196
Benin B 2: 324, 325 Brendan
A 211 PS 7–13 B 2: 222
Berengaria Bolivia Brian Boru
B 2: 315 A 197 B 1: 132–33, 133 (ill.), 135
Berenguer Bologna Britain
B 1: 101 B 1: 69, 173, 178, 181 A 19, 21, 22, 39, 42, 92,
Bernard of Clairvaux Boniface VIII (pope) 119. See also England
A 109, 110 A 132, 222 B 1: 80, 114, 142, 162, 2:
B 1: 7, 47–52, 47 (ill.), 51 B 1: 140–41, 141 (ill.), 183 289, 290, 293. See also
(ill.), 105, 107, 292 PS 124 England
Berne Book of Changes in Fortune PS 145, 146, 151. See also
PS 46, 47 B 1: 72 England
Bible Book of Kells British Isles
A 24, 27–29, 73, 85, 87, A 28 A 13, 28, 36, 39
102, 113, 130, 224, 225 Book of Roger Britons
B 1: 1, 4, 26, 28, 41, 74, B 2: 220 A 21, 22, 118
139, 150, 154, 162, 186, B 1: 80, 81
The Book of Ser Marco Polo
187, 2: 259, 290, 291 PS 145
the Venetian Concern-
PS 15, 54, 95, 113, 124 Brittany
ing the Kingdoms and
Bingham, Hiram B 1: 2, 3, 5, 7
Marvels of the East
A 196 B 2: 302 Brunelleschi, Filippo
Bishops PS 33–41 A 220
A 10, 12, 100, 101, 123, Brunhilda
Book of the City of Ladies
132 PS 100
B 1: 73, 74
B 1: 145, 147 Buck, Pearl
Book of the Deeds and Virtues
PS 90, 112, 114, 115 PS 161
of the Wise King Charles
Bjarni Herjolfsson Buddha. See Siddhartha
V
B 2: 218 Gautama
B 1: 73
Black Death Buddhism
Book of the Duchess
A 91, 213–15, 217, 218, A 66, 68, 141–45, 155,
B 1: 118
226 162, 163, 166, 168, 170,
B 2: 266, 361 Book of the Order of Chivalry
176, 178, 179, 183
PS 3, 43–45, 49–51 PS 87
B 2: 284, 301, 329–31,
Black Guelphs Book of the Road of Long 339
B 1: 92 Study PS 67, 68, 91, 103–05, 161
Black Sea B 1: 73 Bulgaria
A 57, 58, 78, 79, 139, 214 Book of Three A 48, 50, 55, 59, 78, 82,
B 2: 301 B 1: 74 83, 104, 218
Blues and Greens Boris I B 1: 18, 88, 89, 2: 274,
A 52, 56 B 2: 274 275, 279
B 2: 201 Borneo Bulgars
PS 137 A 155, 158 A 50, 54, 55, 58, 78
Boccaccio, Giovanni Borobudur B 1: 16, 2: 275
A 221 A 155 Burgundians
B 1: 74, 119, 2: 265–67, Borte A 21, 30
267 (ill.), 270, 271 B 1: 130, 131 PS 94, 98

6 Benedictine monks A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Burgundy B 1: 164, 2: 225, 229, 232, Canterbury Tales
A 96, 217, 225 247 A 221
B 1: 70, 2: 195, 246, 247 Calicut B 1: 119
Burkina Faso B 1: 156, 157 PS 80
A 211 Caliph Canute
B 2: 248 A 37, 62, 68, 88, 89, 136 A 42, 44, 95
Burma B 1: 32, 33, 35, 98, 103, 2: B 2: 366
A 137, 152–54 239, 240, 247, 248, 257, Capetians
B 2: 285, 303 263, 323, 352 A 94
Bursa Caliphate Cardinals
A 82 A 49, 62, 68–71, 75, 78, A 94, 100, 222
B 2: 277, 278 79, 102, 139, 145, 209 B 1: 147, 179
Bushido B 1: 32, 35–37, 39, 98, 99, Carloman
A 181, 182 103, 2: 263, 276, 306, B 1: 62, 63
Buwayhids 323
Carolingian Age
A 79 Calixtus II (pope)
A 33–46, 90
Byzantine Empire B 1: 151
B 1: 63, 64, 114
A 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 18, Calixtus III (pope)
Carolingian Renaissance
47–60, 72, 74, 78, 83, A 218
A 35–36
96, 98, 99, 104, 123, B 2: 198
Carthage
127, 130, 139, 202, Calligraphy
B 1: 24–26, 25 (ill.)
218–20 A 162, 170
PS 57–60, 63
B 1: 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 54, Calpurnius
65, 86, 87, 88, 98, 137, B 2: 289 Casimir III
140, 158, 166, 167, 170, Cambodia B 1: 19
173, 181, 182, 185, 187, A 152, 154, 155, 158, 159 Caspian Sea
189, 190, 2: 199, 200, B 2: 284, 287 A 68, 139
202, 203, 204, 205, 213, Camelot B 1: 164, 2: 263
236, 273, 274–78, 302, A 118 Castile
324, 325, 331, 353 B 1: 80, 83 A 219
PS 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, Camera obscura B 1: 49, 98–102, 124
13, 16, 21, 22, 132, 135, B 2: 240 Castles
136, 137, 140–42 Campaldino A 4–6, 110, 111, 117, 120,
Byzantines B 1: 92 183, 184, 219
A 23, 42, 48–50, 52–54, Canada Cathars
59, 64, 80, 96, 98, 99, B 2: 218, 219 A 123
104, 110, 122 Canary Islands B 1: 125, 182
Byzantium. See Byzantine B 1: 155 Cathay
Empire Canonization B 2: 297, 298, 304
A 20, 24, 114 PS 35, 38
B 1: 66, 115, 117, 126, Cathedrals
163, 354 A 112–14
C Canon of Medicine
B 2: 227
B 1: 2, 3, 114
Catholic Church
Cabala Canossa A 1, 2, 8, 10, 19, 20, 51,
A 86, 90 A 101 91, 94, 132, 141, 178,
B 1: 49 B 1: 148–50 223
Caen PS 116, 118 B 1: 1, 17–19, 48, 49, 50,
B 2: 365 Canterbury 52, 79, 86, 87, 88, 89,
Caesarea A 107, 114, 221 92, 105, 109, 114, 121,
PS 136, 143 B 1: 3, 113–17, 119, 142, 133, 140, 145, 146, 182,
Cairo 2: 314 186, 2: 213, 241, 274,
A 72, 75, 82 PS 80, 118 290, 298, 367

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Catholic Church 7

 PS 1, 5, 44, 50, 89, 90, 93, Chain mail Chaucer, Geoffrey
111, 113, 124, 125, 128, A 34, 38, 39, 110. See also A 221
146, 149 Armor B 1: 59, 113, 118–19, 118
Caucasus Champa (ill.), 2: 267
A 83, 139 A 152, 153 PS 80
B 2: 346 B 2: 214, 301 Chavín
Cauchon, Peter Champagne A 185, 194
B 2: 196 A 126 Cheng Ho
Cavalcanti, Guido B 2: 192 A 172, 209
B 1: 92 Ch’ang-an B 1: 156, 159, 2: 220, 339
Cavalry A 167–69, 178–80 Childeric
A 8, 14, 37, 50 B 2: 336 B 1: 78
B 2: 244, 248 Chao Kou Children’s Crusade
PS 148 B 2: 338 A 124, 125
Celestine V (pope) Chao K’uang-yin B 1: 182
B 1: 140, 141 A 169 Chilperic
B 2: 338 B 1: 79, 2: 373
Celts
Chao Ping PS 94, 98, 100
A 7, 13, 21
B 2: 339 China
B 1: 80, 81
PS 145 Chapel of San Damiano A 6, 14, 22, 70, 78, 127,
B 1: 123 128, 134, 137, 138, 146,
Cenotes
A 188 Charlemagne 151, 152, 154, 158,
A 31, 33–37, 39, 45, 53, 161–74, 175, 178–81,
Central America
56, 93, 96, 97, 119 208, 209, 219, 225
A 185, 186
B 1: 61–67, 61 (ill.), 63 B 1: 4, 56, 129, 134, 156,
Central Asia (ill.), 65 (ill.), 83, 99, 157, 159, 161, 164, 165,
A 77, 131, 133–35, 137, 113, 114, 133, 146, 188, 190, 2: 209–15,
164, 165, 168, 171, 172, 169–71, 185, 187, 189, 220, 267, 298–301, 303,
175 2: 204, 246, 274 304, 329–32, 335–42,
B 1: 13, 129, 130, 2: 209, PS 90, 99, 100, 111, 147 347, 357–62, 371, 372,
210, 221, 274, 298, 302, Charles V 374, 375
331, 342, 344, 360 B 1: 69, 70, 73 PS 3, 33–36, 38–41, 67,
PS 1, 15, 33, 34, 74 PS 83 76, 91, 103–05, 109,
Central Europe Charles VI 155–57, 160, 161
A 90, 114 B 1: 73 Ch’in dynasty
B 1: 85, 89 A 161
Charles VII
Ceolfrid A 217 Ch’in Shih Huang Ti
B 1: 162 B 2: 191, 193 B 2: 361
Certaldo Charles Martel Chitor
B 2: 267 A 31, 33, 38, 93 A 149
Cervantes, Miguel de B 1: 62 Chivalry
A 222 PS 99 A 2, 4, 5, 18, 32, 46, 106,
B 2: 265 Charles of Anjou 116, 119, 120, 132, 181,
Ceuta PS 123 226
B 1: 154, 155 Charles the Bold PS 87, 100, 153
Ceylon B 2: 246–47, 247 (ill.) Chlodomir
A 144–46, 172 Chartres B 1: 79, 83
B 1: 10, 156, 157, 164, 2: A 112, 113, 156 PS 95, 99, 100
301, 303 Chateau Chlothar
Chagatai A 108, 111 B 2: 373
A 137 Chatillon Chola
B 2: 210, 213, 343, 344 B 2: 326 B 1: 10, 14

8 Caucasus A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Choson Chu Hsi Clement III (antipope)
A 179 A 170 A 101
Chou Church and state B 1: 150, 151
B 2: 357, 358 A 52, 93, 100–02, 114, Clement III (pope)
Christ. See Jesus Christ 115, 121 B 1: 173, 179
B 1: 115, 145, 150, 151 PS 117
Christendom
PS 89–91, 93, 100, 103, Clement IV (pope)
A 28, 34
111, 121 B 2: 241
B 1: 37, 47, 142, 181
Church of England Clement V (pope)
Christianity A 225 A 132
A 1, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, Church of San Vitale PS 124
23–25, 27–30, 32, 34, A 35, 51, 54 Clement VII (antipope)
42, 53, 56, 59, 62, 63, B 1: 64, 2: 202–04 A 222
65, 66, 68, 75, 86, 87, PS 140, 142 Clergy
90, 95, 136, 162, 168,
Church of St. John Lateran A 48, 51
202, 204, 220, 223
B 1: 125 Cloister
B 1: 1, 23–29, 35, 36, 51,
Church of St. Julian A 20, 25
58, 62, 79–81, 86–88,
B 2: 309 Clotilde
114, 124, 126, 139, 141,
Church of St. Peter B 1: 77, 77 (ill.), 79, 80
142, 145, 158, 175, 187,
A 16 PS 94, 95, 97, 98, 100
2: 204, 205, 212, 213,
Church of the Holy Apostles Clovis
218, 258, 260, 261, 263,
B 2: 205 A 29, 30
274, 276, 290, 291–94,
305, 316, 324, 326, 328, Chu Ti B 1: 61, 62, 77–83, 77
340, 351, 352, 361 B 2: 339 (ill.), B 2: 329, 373
PS 1, 5, 15, 24, 46, 48, 50, Chu Yüan-chang PS 90, 93–101, 111
57–59, 62, 90, 91, A 172 Cluniacs
93–96, 98–100, 113, B 2: 339 A 45
124 Cicero Cluny
PS 59, 62 A 45
Christianization
Cilicia B 1: 180
B 1: 44
B 2: 298 Code of Maimonides
PS 124
Cistercian Order B 2: 225
Christians
A 106, 132 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
A 8, 10–12, 16, 24, 25, 52,
B 1: 47, 48, 52, 2: 311 B 2: 214 (ill.), 215
53, 62, 65–67, 69, 80,
City of God Collection of a Myriad of
81, 87, 89, 91, 92, 104,
A 15, 16 Leaves
106, 110, 139, 145, 202,
B 1: 23, 28, 29, 74 A 180
219, 222, 223
PS 62 College of Cardinals
PS 15, 17, 21, 36, 41, 44,
The City of Ladies A 94, 100
46, 58, 89, 93, 94, 113,
B 1: 69, 73, 74 Cologne
116, 149
PS 81–84, 88 B 1: 80, 2: 351
Christine de Pisan City-state Columba (St.)
B 1: 69–75, 69 (ill.) A 48, 157, 185, 192 A 28
PS 53, 55, 81–88 B 1: 15, 2: 297 Columbus, Christopher
Christmas Civil war A 219, 225
A 35 A 148, 210 B 2: 217, 304
B 1: 18, 65, 2: 267, 292, PS 109, 156, 160 PS 40
368 Clare of Assisi Communion
Chronicles of Japan B 1: 125 A 34, 40, 94, 101
A 180 Classic period B 1: 85
PS 103, 109 A 190 PS 147–49
Chronographia Clement II (pope) Communism
B 2: 353 B 1: 146 B 1: 18, 2: 274

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Communism 9

 Comnena, Anna. See Anna Constantinople. See also Is- Crusaders
Comnena tanbul A 81, 90, 104, 106, 110,
Comnenus, Alexis I. See A 12, 25, 41, 49–52, 54, 115, 116, 122–25, 127
Alexis I Comnenus 55, 83, 100, 104, 122, B 1: 166, 167, 173, 182, 2:
126, 218 315, 316, 321, 322, 324,
Compiègne
B 1: 86–89, 137, 138, 140, 326, 361
B 1: 2
158, 166, 167, 182, 186, Crusader states
Comprehensive Mirror for Aid 187, 2: 199–201, 204, A 104, 110
in Chinese Government 205, 273, 275–78, 301, B 1: 181
A 170 353, 360 Crusades. See also First Cru-
Concerning Famous Women PS 5, 8, 10–12, 139–42 sade, Second Crusade,
B 1: 74 Copernicus, Nicolaus etc.
Concordat of Worms B 2: 237 A 6, 72, 75, 80, 81, 90, 93,
B 1: 115, 151 Coptic 99, 103, 106, 107, 110,
Confessions (Augustine) A 25 117, 120, 121, 124, 126,
A 15 Córdoba 127, 130, 132, 146, 203,
B 1: 23, 24, 28 B 1: 31, 34, 35, 2: 224 214, 220, 222
PS 53, 57–64 Coroticus B 1: 52, 126, 152, 154,
Confessions (Patrick) B 2: 294 167, 181, 182, 2: 232,
B 2: 289, 290, 294, 295 Cortés, Hernán 240, 321, 324, 325, 328,
A 194 360, 361
Confucianism PS 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15,
B 2: 251
A 162, 164, 168, 170, 179 16, 21, 22, 86, 91, 119
Cosmidion
B 1: 4, 2: 329, 331, 336
PS 7, 8 Cumans
PS 91, 104, 105
Council of Chalcedon A 79
Confucius Cupid
A 25
A 162, 164 B 1: 73
Council of Clermont
B 1: 165, 2: 331, 359 Cuzco
B 1: 181
PS 105 A 195, 197, 198
Council of Constance
Congo A 222, 224 B 2: 282, 284, 286
A 208, 210, 211 Council of Ephesus Cyprus
Congo River A 25 A 115
A 210 Council of Florence B 2: 315
Conrad III A 203 Cyril
A 109 Council of Nicaea A 55–57
B 1: 172 A 12, 53 B 1: 18, 42, 85–90, 85
Council of Pisa (ill.), 2: 292
Conrad of Montferrat
B 2: 316 A 222 Cyrillic alphabet
Courtly love A 55–57
Consolation of Philosophy B 1: 85, 88
B 1: 53, 57, 59 A 108, 119, 130
B 1: 72, 73, 119 Czar
Constans II A 59, 220
Crane, Stephen
A 50 B 1: 21, 43, 2: 274
PS 160
Constantine “The Cremation of Stras- Czech Republic
A 11, 12, 16, 24, 36, 47, bourg Jewry, St. Valen- A 55, 56
53, 80 tine’s Day, February B 1: 18, 21, 86
B 2: 293 14, 1349—About the
PS 89, 124, 125, 127 Great Plague and the
Constantine V Burning of the Jews”
A 53 PS 43–51
B 1: 186 Croatia
D
Constantine VI A 50, 56 Daigo II
B 1: 186, 187, 188 B 1: 19, 2: 274 A 183

10 Comnena, Anna A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Daimyo Description of Africa Donatello
A 183 A 206 A 221
Dalai Lama PS 23–31 Donation of Constantine
A 166 Description of the World PS 125
Damascus B 2: 302 Don Quixote
A 70, 72, 110, 138 Devagiri A 222
B 2: 322, 327, 328 B 1: 12 B 2: 265
Danelaw De vulgari eloquentia Dracula
A 39 B 1: 94 B 2: 346, 348
B 1: 41 Dialogue of a Philosopher with Dragon Throne
Danes a Jew and a Christian PS 158
A 37, 39, 42 B 1: 7 Dublin
B 1: 16, 40, 41, 132, 133 The Diary of Lady A 39
Daniel Sarashina B 1: 132
B 1: 2, 21, 2: 249 PS 65–72 Duns Scotus, John
Diaspora A 220
Dante Alighieri
A 86, 87 Dunyzad
A 4, 221, 225
B 1: 59, 73, 91–96, 91 Diocletian PS 77
(ill.), 93 (ill.), 95 (ill.), A 11 Durazzo
118, 2: 227, 235, 266, B 2: 293 PS 7, 8
267, 328 Dionysius Exiguus
PS 89, 91, 121–30 B 2: 352
Danube Diplomacy
A 48, 50, 124
A 9, 14
B 2: 283 E
Dark Ages
Divan Early Middle Ages
A 2, 4, 5, 18, 69
A 78, 82 A 2, 5, 19, 34, 36, 40, 42,
B 1: 83, 114, 2: 353, 354,
Divination 86, 99, 146
375
A 186, 198 B 2: 352
David
Divine Comedy East Africa
B 1: 45, 2: 194, 224, 225,
A 221 A 209
249, 287, 304, 328
B 1: 73, 91–95, 95 (ill.) B 2: 339
Decameron PS 91, 121–30 East Asia
A 221
Divorce B 1: 125, 2: 212, 254, 332
B 2: 265–67, 270
A 67 PS 54, 105, 132
PS 80
B 1: 105–07, 2: 325 Easter
Deccan Plateau Djenné A 158
A 142, 146 B 2: 248 B 1: 26, 51, 95, 2: 293
B 1: 10, 12 Doctors PS 58, 122
De Hauteville family A 5, 71, 72, 146 Easter Island
A 98, 101, 102. See also B 1: 139, 2: 238, 239 A 158
Robert Guiscard PS 17, 161 Eastern Europe. See also
Delacroix, Eugène Domesday Book Byzantine Empire
B 1: 93 (ill.) B 2: 368, 370 A 1, 4, 21, 41, 42, 47–49,
Delhi Dominic 56–59, 86, 99, 130, 134,
A 79, 138, 147–49 A 123 137, 218
B 1: 10, 11, 13, 14, 2: 303, B 1: 124, 125, 127, 183, 2: B 1: 18, 21, 86, 88, 2: 210
347 350 PS 5
Delhi Sultanate Dominican Order Eastern Orthodox Church
A 79, 147 A 123 A 48, 55, 58, 59
B 1: 10, 11, 13, 14 B 1: 125, 183, 2: 350 B 1: 16, 17, 44, 87, 88,
De monarchia Domremy 140, 186, 190
B 1: 94 B 2: 192 PS 5

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Eastern Orthodox Church 11

 Eastern Roman Empire. See Elizabeth I Estonians
Byzantine Empire A 218 B 1: 16
East Frankish Empire B 1: 59 Ethelred the Unready
A 37 El Mehmendar A 95
B 2: 246 B 2: 229 B 2: 367
East Indies Eloquence in the Vernacular PS 145
A 158, 225 Tongue Ethics
Ecclesiastical History of the B 1: 94 B 1: 1, 7
English People. See Histo- El Salvador Ethiopia
ria ecclesiastica gentis A 185 A 201–03, 204
Anglorum Étienne du Castel
Emma of Normandy
Ecumenical councils PS 83
B 2: 367
A 12, 53, 100, 222 Eucharist
England. See also Britain
Eddas A 94, 101
A 4, 22, 24, 28, 39–42, 92,
A 45 Eugenius III (pope)
95, 96, 107, 114–19,
Edessa A 109
121, 124, 131, 132, 195,
A 104, 109, 110 B 1: 47, 50
216–18, 222, 223, 225
B 1: 50 Exodus
B 1: 39–41, 59, 63, 80, 81,
Edirne B 2: 224
105, 108–14, 116, 120,
A 82 Eyck, Jan van
140, 153, 161, 162, 170,
Edward I A 221
174, 180, 2: 191, 192,
A 92 Ezana
194, 196, 220, 240, 265,
B 1: 156, 2: 196 A 202
287, 293, 309, 313, 314,
Ezekiel
Edward the Black Prince 318, 319, 361, 365–69
B 1: 4
A 217 PS 118, 133, 145, 146,
Edward the Confessor 148–52
A 95 English Channel
B 2: 367 A 95, 216
PS 146 English language
F
Egypt A 98 Falkirk
A 12, 47, 48, 50, 61, 72, B 1: 113, 2: 368 B 2: 196
75, 79, 81, 82, 88, 115, PS 151 Famine
122, 124, 126, 188, 193, English scholars, thinkers, A 162, 169, 197
201, 202, 205, 209 and writers B 1: 124, 139, 141, 2: 253
B 1: 32, 43, 164, 2: 224, B 1: 113–20 Fa Ngum
225, 232, 233, 239, 247, A 154
Enyu
291, 322, 323, 325, 347 Far East
PS 68, 69
PS 16, 17, 30, 140, 141 A 6, 25, 127, 152, 167
Epistles on the Romance of the
Einhard B 2: 362
Rose
B 1: 61, 64 PS 74
B 1: 73
Eisenstein, Sergei Farsi
Epistle to the God of Love
A 131 A 74
B 1: 73
B 1: 19, 20 B 2: 299
El Cid Eriksson, Leif. See Leif Eriks-
PS 38, 74
A 219 son
Fate
B 1: 97–103, 97 (ill.), 164, Erik the Red PS 46, 118, 138
181, 189 B 2: 217, 222 Fatima
Eleanor of Aquitaine Erik the Red’s Saga A 65, 68, 69
A 110, 114 B 2: 217, 222 B 2: 258, 263
B 1: 105–12, 105 (ill.), Eritrea Fatimids
116, 180, 2: 314, 318 A 202 A 75, 81, 88
Eliot, T. S. Ertogrul B 1: 43, 44, 2: 239, 322,
B 2: 309 B 2: 276 323

12 Eastern Roman Empire A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Ferdinand (of Portugal) Forbidden City Franks
B 1: 156, 157 A 173 A 21, 23, 29, 30, 32, 38,
Ferdinand (of Spain) B 2: 339, 340 (ill.) 104
A 219 Fortunatus B 1: 61, 63, 67, 77, 78, 80,
PS 24 B 1: 27 82, 83, 142, 2: 321, 375
Fernando I Fortune PS 2, 6, 7, 12, 15, 16, 18,
B 1: 98 B 1: 53, 55, 72, 73 19, 21, 22, 90, 93–96,
Feudalism PS 160 98, 101, 111
A 2, 3, 20, 31, 37–39, 50, Fredegund
Fourth Council of Constan-
114, 124, 129, 180, 181, B 2: 373, 375
tinople
213, 221, 222 PS 100
A 100
B 2: 368 Frederick I Barbarossa
Fourth Crusade A 113, 114
Fez
A 121 B 1: 66, 169, 172–74, 173
B 2: 224
B 1: 182 (ill.), 2: 315
Fiammetta
PS 11, 21 Frederick II
B 2: 266
Finnbogi Fourth Lateran Council A 124, 126
B 2: 221 A 101 B 1: 169, 174–75, 175
Finns B 1: 182 (ill.), 180, 2: 349
A 57, 99 Frame story Frederick III
First Amendment A 71 B 2: 247
A 115 PS 54, 73, 74, 80 French Revolution
First Crusade France PS 63, 100
A 91, 102–04, 106, 107, A 4, 13, 19, 21, 23, 30, 31, Friars
109 34, 37, 41, 45, 65, 89, A 123
B 1: 50, 51, 151, 166, 180, 91–96, 100, 102, 103, B 1: 124, 125, 183
182, 2: 324, 325, 328, 108, 109, 111, 113–17, Frisians
360 119, 121, 123, 124, 126, A 31
PS 5, 10–13, 15, 44, 118 129, 132, 156, 214, 217, Fujiwara
“First Deposition and Ban- 222, 225 A 177, 180
ning of Henry IV” B 1: 1, 2, 5, 61–64, 66, 69, B 2: 267, 268, 341
B 1: 145 70, 74, 77–79, 82, 83, PS 108, 109
PS 111–19 105–07, 109, 110, 113, Fujiwara Yoshifusa
First Ecumenical Council 114, 116, 118, 124, 140, A 180
B 1: 187 142, 148, 173, 180–83, Fulbert
FitzGerald, Edward 2: 191–98, 213, 218, B 1: 5, 6
B 1: 94 220, 246, 247, 265, 290, Funan
“Five Dynasties and Ten 313, 314, 316, 318, 325, A 152
Kingdoms” 326, 329, 353, 354, 365,
A 169 366, 368
Five Years’ Campaign PS 12, 45, 46, 82, 83, 90,
B 2: 347 93–95, 98–100, 124,
Flagellants
126, 133, 145, 147, 150, G
151 Gaiseric
A 214, 215
Florence Franciscans A 17
A 126, 203, 218 A 123 Galen
B 1: 91–93, 95, 2: 233, B 1: 118, 123, 125, 183 B 1: 34
266 Francis of Assisi Galicia
PS 129 A 123 B 1: 100
Fontevrault B 1: 121–27, 121 (ill.), Galland, Antoine
B 1: 111 183, 2: 350 PS 79
Foot-binding Franconia Gallipoli
A 170, 171 B 1: 170 A 82

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Gallipoli 13

 Galswintha Gerbert. See Sylvester II 116, 127, 136, 142, 144,
B 2: 373 Germain 177, 188, 190, 193, 217,
PS 100 B 2: 291 222, 223, 225
Ganfu Germanic B 1: 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 18, 23,
PS 35, 36 A 16, 19, 21, 23, 28, 31, 27–29, 48, 49, 51, 58,
Ganges 33, 34, 98 69, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80,
A 141, 142, 146 B 1: 53, 55, 63, 77–79, 83, 87, 92, 94, 97, 102, 107,
B 1: 10 174 115, 116, 121, 123, 124,
Gao PS 149 126, 139, 143, 145, 146,
A 206, 207 Germans 163, 179, 182, 186, 2:
B 2: 244, 249 A 22, 47, 114, 118 191–93, 204, 205, 226,
Garden of Paradise B 1: 16, 18, 20, 86, 88, 230, 235, 241, 257–61,
A 81 145, 2: 346 275, 282, 289–91, 294,
Gaul PS 116, 145 305, 306, 308, 310, 311,
A 17, 21 Germany 313, 318, 321, 331, 351,
B 1: 77, 78, 2: 290 A 19, 22, 23, 30, 34, 37, 352, 354
Gauls 96, 101, 109, 118, 124, PS 24, 47, 59–62, 75, 78,
A 7, 13, 16 128, 131, 213 85, 86, 90, 94–98, 108,
PS 2, 6–8 B 1: 15, 64, 66, 78, 80, 111, 113–16, 121, 127,
Gautama, Siddhartha. See 111, 114, 146–48, 150, 128, 131, 138, 139, 147,
Siddhartha Gautama 162, 169–74, 176, 2: 148
Gautier Sans Avoir 246, 247, 351 Go-Daigo
A 103 PS 46, 47, 50, 79, 90, 111, B 1: 56, 57
B 2: 360 112, 116, 117, 145, 147, Godfrey of Bouillon
Gelasius II (pope) 152 A 103, 106
B 1: 138 Gesta pontificum Anglorum B 2: 324–25, 325 (ill.)
Gemara PS 146 Godfrey the Hunchback
A 89 Gesta regum Anglorum B 1: 149
B 2: 224 PS 133, 145–53 Godwinesons
Genghis Khan Ghana B 2: 367
A 133–36, 138, 140, 171 A 204–05, 207, 211 Golden Horde
B 1: 16, 129–35, 129 (ill.), B 2: 230, 232, 233 A 135, 137, 138
2: 209, 282, 343, 344 PS 2, 23–25, 27, 30, 31 B 1: 17, 2: 210, 346
PS 33 Ghazis Goliath Spring
Genji monogatari. See Tale of B 2: 276 A 136
Genji Ghaznavids Golpejera
Genoa A 79, 146, 147 B 1: 100
A 115, 126 Ghibellines Gone with the Wind
B 2: 301, 304 A 114, 115 PS 160
PS 34, 40 B 1: 92 The Goodman of Paris
Geography Ghurids PS 53, 55, 81–88
A 127, 142, 155 A 146, 147 Gospels
B 1: 170, 2: 220, 221, 302 Gibraltar B 1: 124
PS 34, 40 B 1: 155 Gothic architecture
Geometry Giotto A 4, 36, 111, 112, 156
A 34, 36, 72 A 220 Goths
B 1: 55 Gobi Desert A 13, 14
George (St.) B 2: 299 PS 136
A 24 God Granada
B 2: 293 (ill.) A 10, 12, 15, 16, 24, 25, A 219
Georgia 45, 48, 52, 61–63, 65, B 1: 100
A 138, 139 66, 68, 85–87, 91, 99, Grand Canal
B 1: 44, 134, 2: 346 102, 103, 108, 109, 113, A 164, 173

14 Galswintha A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

 B 2: 301, 358
Grand Duchy of Vladimir-
Gregory VII (pope)
A 100
H
Suzdal. See Vladimir B 1: 19, 145–52, 147 (ill.), Haakon
(Russian region) 169, 180, 2: 324 B 1: 71
Great Khan PS 89, 90, 111–19 Hadrian’s Wall
A 137 Gregory IX (pope) A 22
B 2: 210–12, 214, 215, A 124 Hagia Sophia
298, 300 B 1: 174, 183 A 54, 55, 218
Great Pyramid of Egypt Gregory X (pope) B 2: 199, 206, 206 (ill.)
A 193 B 2: 298 PS 140
Gregory XI (pope) Hagiography
Great Schism
A 222 A 48, 56
A 222, 223
B 1: 184 Gregory of Tours Hajj
PS 128 B 1: 77, 80 A 62, 67
PS 89, 90, 93–101 B 2: 230, 246, 248, 302,
Great Wall
Grousset, René 303
A 13, 14, 22, 163, 173
B 2: 321 Hajjaj
B 1: 135, 2: 300, 339, 358,
Guatemala A 145
362
A 6, 185, 187 Hakuh period
PS 38
Gudrid A 176, 177
Great Zimbabwe PS 108
A 210 B 2: 220
Guelph-Ghibelline conflict Han dynasty
Greece B 2: 359
A 1, 2, 5, 6, 12, 13, 18, 28, A 124
PS 157, 160
47, 48, 59, 72, 77, 108, Guelphs
Hangzhou
119, 122, 127, 130, 201, A 114, 115
PS 35
202, 219, 221 B 1: 92
Hannibal
B 1: 33, 36, 54, 65, 85, 89, Guido of Arezzo
PS 63
119, 137, 161, 163, 187, B 2: 353
Han River
2: 199, 291 Guide of the Perplexed
B 2: 211
PS 1, 2, 5, 7, 16, 62, 91, B 2: 226, 227
Hanseatic League
113, 121, 124, 132, 135, Guilds
A 128
138, 143, 155 A 128, 129
B 1: 71
Greek Orthodox Church. See Guinea Han Yü
Eastern Orthodox A 155, 197 A 168, 170
Church B 1: 155, 156
Hapsburg dynasty
Greenland Guiscard, Robert. See Robert A 132
A 40, 214 Guiscard Hara-kiri
B 2: 218–22 Gulf of Finland A 182
Gregorian chants A 58 Harold (of England)
A 27 Gulf of Mexico B 2: 365, 367, 368
B 1: 142 B 2: 254 PS 146–48, 150, 152
Gregory I (pope; Gregory Gundobad Harsha
the Great) B 1: 79 A 142
A 27 Gupta Empire B 1: 10, 2: 220, 231
B 1: 40, 41, 137–43, 137 A 141, 142, 146 Harun al-Rashid
(ill.), 162, 178, 179, 183 B 2: 231 A 37, 71
PS 113, 114 Gutenberg, Johannes B 1: 98, 99, 99 (ill.), 103,
Gregory V (pope) A 225 164, 189
B 1: 172 Gutrum Hasan al-Basri
Gregory VI (pope) B 1: 41 B 2: 308
B 1: 146, 147 Guy (of Jerusalem) Hasan-e Sabbah
PS 117 B 2: 326 A 81

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Hasan-e Sabbah 15

 B 2: 361 Henry II (of England) PS 57, 90, 93, 94, 99
Hashim A 114, 116, 119 Herleve
B 2: 258 B 1: 105, 108, 116, 2: 314 B 2: 366
Hastings (Battle of) Henry III (of England) Herodotus
A 95 B 1: 174 B 1: 163, 164
B 2: 365, 368, 369 Henry III (Holy Roman Em- Herzegovina
PS 146–53 peror) A 83
Hausa B 1: 146–48 Hieroglyphics
A 207 Henry IV (of England) A 186
B 2: 248 B 1: 118 High Middle Ages
Havel, Václav Henry IV (Holy Roman Em- A 24, 25, 119, 130
B 1: 18 peror) Hildebrand. See Gregory VII
A 101, 102
Heaven Himalayas
B 1: 19, 145–52, 169, 172,
A 20, 29, 45, 68, 172, 174 A 166
180, 181, 2: 324
B 1: 28, 58, 77, 91, 95, Hinduism
PS 89, 90, 111–19
123, 2: 206, 253, 260, A 66, 141, 142, 144, 145,
306, 310 Henry V (of England)
148, 152, 155
PS 97, 98, 105, 106, 113, A 217
B 1: 9, 10, 13 B 2: 284,
115, 116, 121, 122, 124, B 2: 192
285, 301
155–57, 159 Henry V (Holy Roman Em-
Hippo
peror)
Hebrew A 15
B 1: 149, 151, 172
A 74, 86–88, 90, 118 B 1: 23, 26, 28–30
B 1: 37, 49, 162, 2: 223, Henry VI (Holy Roman Em-
PS 58, 62, 63
290, 352 peror)
B 1: 173, 2: 313, 315, 318 Hippodrome
Hecebolus A 52
Henry VI (of England)
B 2: 204 B 2: 201, 202, 204, 205
B 2: 192
PS 138, 140 Hisdai ibn Shaprut
Henry VII (of England)
Hegira A 88
A 218
A 66 B 2: 352
Henry VIII (of England)
B 2: 260, 261 Historia ecclesiastica gentis
A 218
Heian period Henry of Anjou. See Henry II Anglorum
A 180–81 (of England) B 1: 163, 163 (ill.)
PS 65, 71, 109 Historia novella
Henry the Fowler
Heijo B 1: 170 PS 146
A 178 Henry the Lion Historians
Helgi A 114 B 1: 161–67
B 2: 221 B 1: 173 History of the Franks
Hell Henry the Navigator B 1: 77
A 29, 68, 221 A 225 PS 90, 93–101
B 1: 28, 91, 93, 95, 149, 2: B 1: 153–59, 153 (ill.), 2: Hitler, Adolf
305, 306, 310 220, 303, 339 B 1: 21, 2: 361
PS 61, 115, 116, 121–23, Henry the Young King PS 50
127, 128 B 1: 110, 117 Hittin
Héloïse Heraclius A 115
A 109 A 49 B 2: 326, 327
B 1: 1, 5–7 Heraldry Ho’elun
Henry I (of England) A 108, 111 B 1: 130
A 108 Heresy Hohenstaufen dynasty
B 1: 115, 2: 369 A 8, 12, 16, 25, 100, 123, A 109, 132
PS 119, 146 124, 217, 224 B 1: 172
Henry I (of France) B 1: 7, 50, 125, 142, 183, Hojo family
B 2: 366 2: 197, 354 A 182, 183

16 Hashim A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Holland Hsiung-Nu. See Huns
A 31, 37, 126, 225 Hsüan-tsang (journeyer)
I
Hollywood A 143 Iberian Peninsula
PS 132, 161 B 1: 10, 2: 220, 221, 221 A 92, 124, 126, 219, 225
Holy Grail (ill.), 231 B 1: 36
A 27, 118 Hsüan Tsung (emperor) Ibn Bassam
Holy Land A 168 B 1: 97, 102
A 80, 86, 90, 102, 104, B 1: 4, 188, 2: 341, 342, Ibn Battuta
110, 124–26, 203 360 B 1: 13, 2: 220, 302–04
B 1: 50, 107, 126, 151, Ibn Khalid
Huaca
175, 182, 2: 314–16, B 1: 98
A 197
324, 325, 360 Ibn Rushd. See Averroës
Huang Ch’ao
PS 2, 3, 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, Ibn Shem Tov, Shem Tov
A 169
91, 118 B 1: 49
B 2: 360
Holy Roman Emperors Ibn Sina. See Avicenna
Huari Ibn Tufayl
B 1: 169–76
A 194 B 1: 33, 35
Holy Roman Empire
Huayna Capac Iceland
A 35, 96, 126
A 195 A 40
B 1: 65, 66, 122, 123, 146,
B 2: 287 B 2: 217, 218
169, 172, 173, 189, 2:
318 Hugh Capet Iconoclasm
PS 46, 90, 100, 111 A 94 A 52–54
Holy Sepulchre Hui Tsung Iconoclastic controversy
A 117 A 170 B 1: 185–87
B 2: 324 Huitzilopochtli Iconophiles
PS 10 A 192 A 53
Homer B 2: 252 B 1: 186
B 1: 36, 2: 266 Hulagu Idolatry
PS 121 A 136, 137 PS 96
Honduras B 2: 210 Igor of Kiev
A 185 B 1: 87
Hundred Years’ War
Il convivio
Honoratus A 213, 217, 226
B 1: 94
B 1: 27 B 2: 191, 192
PS 151 Iliad
Horde
B 2: 266
A 134, 135, 137, 138 Hungary
Il-Khan
B 1: 17, 135, 2: 210, 346 A 17, 42, 45, 56, 83, 104,
A 136, 137
Hormuz 124, 131, 135, 218
B 2: 210, 213
B 1: 157 B 1: 17–19, 21, 171, 2:
The Illumination
Horoscope 274, 275, 346
B 2: 225
B 1: 153, 154 Huns Illumination (manuscript)
Hortensius A 13, 14, 16, 17, 37, 54, A 4, 20
PS 59, 62 57, 133, 142, 145, 161, Iltutmish
Horyuji 172 A 148
B 2: 332 B 2: 231
Imam
PS 109 Hunyadi, János A 62
House of Fame A 218 Imperial Cities
B 1: 118 B 2: 275 PS 46, 48
Hrotsvitha von Gander- Hus, Jan Inca Empire
sheim A 224 A 1, 186, 187, 194–98
B 2: 353 Husayn B 2: 254, 281–87
Hsien A 69 Incoherence of the Incoherence
PS 157 B 2: 344 B 1: 34

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Incoherence of the Incoherence 17

 Incoherence of the Philoso- B 1: 24, 94, 98, 134, 2: B 1: 52, 181, 2: 194, 224,
phers 202, 210, 213, 276, 322, 291, 298, 324, 326
B 1: 34 323, 345–47 PS 15, 50, 128, 136
India PS 38, 74, 136 Israelites
A 37, 47, 62, 70, 72, 74, Iraq A 91
75, 79, 127, 139, A 70, 72, 81, 88, 90, 136, B 2: 224, 226, 290, 293
141–50, 151, 152, 155, 209 Istanbul. See also Constan-
166, 167, 172, 189, 204, B 1: 36, 44, 164, 2: 210, tinople
209 213, 237, 239, 306, 307, A 55, 80, 83
B 1: 9–12, 14, 56, 134, 322, 323 B 1: 86, 158, 166, 2: 200,
156, 164, 2: 220, 231, Ireland 206, 273
233–36, 241, 246, 284, A 22, 28, 39, 103 PS 12, 140
301, 302, 330, 339, 343, B 1: 108, 132, 133, 135, 2: Italian Peninsula
347 217, 218, 289–91, 295 A 18
PS 34, 36, 74, 76, 105, Irene of Athens Italy
151, 155 A 53 A 7, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 28,
Indian Ocean B 1: 4, 98, 166, 185–90, 34, 35, 37, 42, 45,
A 155 185 (ill.), 2: 342, 360 47–50, 54, 83, 90, 96,
Indochina 98, 99, 101, 114, 129,
Isaac Comnenus
A 151–55, 156 131, 214, 218
B 1: 166
Indo-European B 1: 26, 53–55, 58, 62–64,
PS 6
A 62, 74, 141, 142, 144 91–93, 114, 122, 138,
Isabella 140–42, 145, 146,
Indonesia A 219
A 155, 158 148–50, 171, 173, 178,
PS 24 2: 196, 202–05, 213,
B 1: 156, 2: 214, 301
Ise 246, 266, 292, 297, 318,
PS 40
PS 68–70 324, 350
Indus River
A 141 Isidore of Seville PS 12, 34, 63, 79, 93, 116,
B 2: 352, 2: 354 129, 136, 140, 141
Infantry
Islam Itzcoatl
A 8, 14
A 18, 30, 32, 50, 59, B 2: 253
PS 148
61–75, 78, 81–83, 86, Ivan III
Inferno
88, 102, 144, 145, 151, A 219
B 1: 95, 2: 328. See also Di-
156–58, 168, 202, 205, Ivan IV
vine Comedy
207, 223 A 220
Innocent III (pope)
B 1: 9–11, 31, 32, 34, 35, Ivanhoe
A 121, 123, 124
37, 103, 2: 225, 226, B 2: 313
B 1: 109, 115, 123, 151,
229, 230, 233, 244, 245, Ivan the Terrible
177–84, 177 (ill.), 2:
248, 257, 259, 260, A 220
311, 350
262–64, 302, 304, 305,
Inquisition
309, 311, 321, 340
A 123, 124, 132, 219
PS 22, 24, 80, 100
B 1: 183
Institutiones grammaticae Ismaili J
B 1: 36 A 75, 81
Jacob von Königshofen
Investiture Controversy Ismat PS 1, 3, 43–51
A 101, 107, 114 B 2: 323
Jacquerie
B 1: 145, 148 Isocrates A 215–17
PS 112, 118 B 2: 202 Jacques Bonhomme
Iona Isolde A 215
A 28, 39 A 119 Jade
Iran. See also Persia Israel A 186, 189, 192
A 62, 69, 74, 79, 81, 88, A 61, 62, 85, 86, 91, 92, Jaffa
136, 138, 142 106, 115, 222 B 2: 327

18 Incoherence of the Philosophers A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Jamukha B 1: 49, 51, 175, 2: Judaism
B 1: 131–33 224–26, 258, 260, 261, A 62, 63, 65, 66, 78, 85,
Janissaries 315, 351, 361 86, 90, 91, 168, 202
A 82 PS 3, 15, 24, 28, 43–51, B 2: 258, 260, 305, 340
Japan 124 Judas Iscariot
A 137, 163, 167, 172, 173, Jihad PS 124
175–84, 222 A 62, 67, 106 Judeo-Christian
B 1: 56, 59, 2: 212–14, B 1: 12, 2: 248 A 62
266–68, 271, 329–33, Joachim of Fiore Julian of Norwich
341, 342 B 2: 311 B 2: 309, 311, 312
PS 39, 54, 65–67, 71, 72, Joan of Arc Julian the Apostate
79, 91, 103, 104, 106, A 217 PS 113
108–10 B 1: 74, 2: 191–98, 191 Julu
Java (ill.), 195 (ill.), 292 PS 159
A 137, 155, 157, 172 PS 83, 87 Jupiter
B 2: 214 Johannes Philoponus A1
PS 40 B 2: 236 PS 94, 113
Jayavarman II Justin
John I (of Portugal)
A 152 B 1: 56, 58, 2: 200, 201,
B 1: 153
B 2: 284 205–07
John VI Cantacuzenus
PS 138, 139
Jayavarman VII (Byzantine Emperor)
Justinian
A 153 A 82
A 48, 50–52, 54–56
B 2: 284, 285 John XII (pope) B 1: 39, 44, 64, 2:
Jerome (St.) A 44 199–207, 199 (ill.), 203
A 28 B 1: 171, 172 (ill.)
B 1: 139 John XXII (pope) PS 132, 135–41
Jerusalem B 1: 118 Jutes
A 85, 88, 102, 106, 110, John (disciple of Jesus A 22
115–17, 122, 124 Christ) B 1: 40
B 1: 50, 140, 175, 181, PS 124, 128 PS 145
182, 2: 213, 260, 310, John (of England)
316, 323, 324, 326–28, A 115–16
360, 366 B 1: 108, 109, 111, 111
PS 10, 15, 124
Jesus Christ
(ill.), 116, 180, 2:
314–18
K
A 6, 10, 12, 24, 25, 27, 34, John of Gaunt Kaaba
37, 40, 48, 51, 52, 54, A 216 A 65, 66
66, 85, 87, 90, 91, 98, B 1: 118 B 2: 258, 262
101, 102, 104, 113, 117, Kaesong
John of Luxembourg
118, 204, 223 A 179
B 2: 195
B 1: 6, 23, 24, 26, 51, Kamakura family
Jordan
57–59, 77, 79, 85, 87, B 1: 56, 57
PS 18
121, 123, 124, 126, 139, Kamakura period
140, 143, 154, 179, 184, Journeyman A 181–83
2: 193, 204, 257, 260, A 122 B 2: 341
261, 275, 293, 295, 309, Joust Kamikaze
314, 324, 352, 354 A 214, 223 A 183
PS 10, 43, 44, 94, 95, Joy of the Snake-World Kammu
97–99, 113, 114, 124, B 2: 231 A 180
125, 147, 148 Juan-Juan Kana
Jews A 77–78 A 181
A 62, 65, 67, 85–92, 104, Juchen Kanem-Bornu
145, 214, 215, 219 A 169–71, 179 A 207

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Kanem-Bornu 19

 Kangaba Kievan Russia B 2: 212, 330, 341, 342,
B 1: 42, 43 A 49, 57, 58, 91, 99 359, 362, 363
Kaniaga B 1: 15, 16, 42 PS 33, 103
B 1: 42 Kilwa Korean Peninsula
Kao Tsu A 209 A 133, 134, 179
A 164 B 2: 302 B 1: 135
B 2: 335, 336, 371, 372 Kinsay Koryo
Kao Tsung PS 35, 36, 41 A 179
A 168 Kirina Kosovo
B 2: 372–74 B 1: 43 A 82, 83, 218
Karakorum Kitab al-jabr wa al-muqua- B 2: 275, 278, 279
A 135 balah Kosovo Field
Karma B 2: 235, 237 A 218
A 142, 144 Kitab mu’jam al-buldan B 2: 275, 279
Kastrioti, George. See Skan- B 2: 221 Krak des Chevaliers
derbeg Knights A 117
Kenshi A 4–6, 37, 38, 110, 111, Kublai Khan
B 2: 269 114, 116–19, 124, 130, A 137–38, 171, 183
Kent 180, 181, 214, 223 B 2: 209–15, 209 (ill.),
A 216 B 1: 15, 18, 19, 51, 80, 81, 220, 297, 298, 300, 303,
Kenya 97, 117, 182, 2: 318, 338
A 208, 209 319, 324, 325, 328 PS 33, 34, 37, 39–41
Kepler, Johannes PS 65, 71, 87, 156 “Kubla Khan”
B 2: 240 Knights Hospitalers B 2: 215
Khadijah A 117 Kumbi-Saleh
A 65, 66, 68 Knights of Malta A 205
B 2: 258–60, 263 A 117 Kurdistan
Knights of St. John of B 2: 345
Khaidu
Jerusalem Kush
B 2: 213, 214
A 117 A 201, 202
Khalji dynasty
Kusunoki Masashige
A 148 Knights of the Round Table
A 183
B 1: 9, 11, 14 A 118
B 1: 57
Khan, Genghis. See Genghis B 1: 80, 81
Kuyuk
Khan Knights Templars
A 136
Khan, Kublai. See Kublai A 117
B 2: 210
Khan B 1: 51
Kyoto
Khanbalik Kofun period
A 180, 182, 183
A 134, 137, 138, 171, 172 A 175
B 2: 268, 270
B 2: 210, 213 B 2: 330
PS 65, 66
Khazaria PS 103
A 78, 91, 92 Koguryo
Khazar khanate A 179
A 54, 78, 91 Koken
Khmer Empire A 179 L
A 152, 153, 155, 157 Kongo Labrador
B 2: 284 A 210–11 B 2: 219
Khorasan Koran Lady Murasaki. See Murasaki
A 138 A 62, 63, 66, 67, 73–75 Shikibu
Khosrow B 2: 226, 257, 259, 259 Lady Sarashina. See
B 2: 203 (ill.), 260 Sarashina
Kiev Korea Lady Yang. See Yang
A 41, 57, 58, 99, 135 A 137, 164, 167, 171, Lagos
B 1: 15, 17, 87 175–77, 179, 184 B 1: 155

20 Kangaba A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Lahore Lay of the Cid. See Poema de PS 140, 141
A 147 mio Cid Li Che
B 1: 11 Le dynasty B 2: 374, 375
Lake Chudskoe A 154 Li Chien-ch’eng
B 1: 18 Leif Eriksson B 2: 336
Lake Texcoco A 40 Li Chih. See Kao Tsung
A 190 B 2: 217–22, 219 (ill.) Li Ch’ing-chao
B 2: 252 Leifrsbudir A 170
Lake Titicaca B 2: 219, 222 Liège
B 2: 283 Le Morte D’Arthur B 2: 221
Lancelot A 119 Life of Charlemagne
A 118 Leo I (pope) B 1: 61, 64
B 1: 81 (ill.) A 16, 17 Lindisfarne
Lanfranc Leo III (Byzantine Emperor) A 28, 39
B 1: 114 A 53 B 1: 163
Laos B 1: 186 Lindisfarne Gospels
A 154, 155 Leo III (pope) A 28
B 2: 285 A 35 Lingua franca
B 1: 64, 146, 169, 189 A 63, 202, 208
Lao-tzu
PS 111 Linguists
A 162, 165
Leo IV (Byzantine Emperor) A 175
Larissa
B 1: 186 Li Po
PS 7, 8
Leo IX (pope) A 168
Las Navas de Tolosa
B 1: 146 B 1: 4, 8
B 1: 36
PS 117 Li Shih-min. See T’ai Tsung
Last Supper Leo X (pope) Li Tan
A 34, 101, 118 PS 24 B 2: 374, 375
PS 147 Leo Africanus Lithuania
László I A 206 A 112
B 1: 19 B 2: 243 B 1: 16
Late Middle Ages PS 1, 2, 23–31 Little Zimbabwe
A 213–26 León A 210
B 2: 266 B 1: 100 Li Yüan. See Kao Tsu
Latin Leopold of Austria Li Yüan-chi
A 13, 21, 23, 27, 29, 36, B 2: 315, 316 B 2: 336
51, 98, 106, 108, 110, Le Pallet Llull, Ramon
119, 122, 208, 221, 225 B 1: 2 PS 87
B 1: 36, 37, 40, 41, 54, 63, Leprosy Lo Kuan-chung
77, 91, 92, 94, 114, 122, A 2, 5 PS 131, 132, 133, 155–61
139, 162, 2: 291, 368 B 2: 285 Lombard League
PS 5, 11, 129, 146, 149 Lesbos A 114
Latin Empire B 1: 190 B 1: 173
A 122 Letter Concerning Apostasy Lombards
PS 11 B 2: 225 A 21, 23, 28, 33, 34, 90,
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem “Letter to Gregory VII” 98
A 106, 110 PS 111–19 B 1: 62, 63, 137, 141, 142
Latvians Lhasa London
B 1: 16 A 166 A 39, 126, 152, 174, 216
La Verda Liao B 1: 52, 119, 152, 183, 2:
B 1: 126 A 169, 179 196, 256, 278, 328
La vita nuova Libya PS 41, 86, 88, 109, 119
B 1: 93 A 48, 68 London Bridge
PS 129 B 2: 248, 263, 323 B 2: 196

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources London Bridge 21

 Lord’s Sepulchre. See Holy Madonna and Child Manchuria
Sepulchre A 48, 54 A 169
Lord’s Supper Magna Carta Manchus
A 94 A 115, 131 A 134, 179
Lorenzo the Magnificent B 1: 108, 109, 112 “Mandate of Heaven”
A 218 Magyars A 172, 174
Lorraine A 42, 45, 96 PS 106, 155, 156
A 96 B 1: 171, 2: 274 Mandeville, Sir John
B 1: 148, 2: 247 Mahayana B 2: 221
Lothar A 162, 166 Mangu
B 2: 246 Mahmud II A 136, 137
Lotharingia A 82 B 2: 210
B 2: 246 Mahmud of Ghazni Mani
Lothario A 146 A 65
B 1: 178, 179 Maimonides, Moses. See Manichaeism
Louis VI (of France) Moses Maimonides A 65
B 1: 106 Maize B 1: 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 2:
Louis VII (of France) A 186, 187 340
A 109 Majapahit Manorialism
B 1: 105–07, 110, 116 A 156 A 20, 30
Louis IX (of France; St. Majuscule Mansa Musa
Louis) A 30, 36 A 205, 206
A 124 Malay Archipelago B 1: 10, 42, 2: 220,
Louis XI (of France) A 151, 155–58 229–34, 229 (ill.), 244,
B 2: 246 Malay Peninsula 246, 247
Louis the Pious A 155–58 PS 30
B 1: 66 Malaysia Manzi
Lucena A 152, 157 PS 35, 38
B 1: 35 B 2: 285, 301 Manzikert
Ludwig IV Maldive Islands A 59, 80, 99
B 1: 113, 118 B 1: 10 B 1: 44, 2: 275
Luo Guanzhong Mali PS 6, 142
PS 156 A 205–06, 207, 211 Marco Polo. See Polo, Marco
Luoyang B 1: 39, 42, 43, 45, 2: Margaret of Denmark
A 169 229–34, 244, 245, 303 B 1: 71, 71 (ill.)
PS 157, 158 PS 23, 29–31 Marienburg
Luther, Martin Malik Shah A 119
A 224 A 80 Markland
B 1: 52 B 1: 94 B 2: 217, 219
PS 128 Malindi Marrakech
Luxembourg A 209 B 1: 32, 35
B 1: 78, 2: 195, 246 Malkhatun Marranos
B 2: 276, 277 A 92
Malory, Sir Thomas Marriage
A 119 A 51, 59, 62, 65, 67, 100,
B 1: 80
M Malta
130
B 1: 5, 6, 40, 42, 55,
Maccabees A 117 70–72, 79, 86, 92, 100,
PS 124, 126 Maltese cross 105–08, 110, 111,
Machu Picchu A 117 130–32, 149, 171–74,
A 196 Mamluks 180, 187, 189, 2: 193,
Madeira A 75, 79, 81–82, 124, 136 200, 201, 258, 268, 277,
B 1: 155 B 2: 347 307, 315, 325, 366, 367

22 Lord’s Sepulchre A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Marseilles Mediterranean Michael VIII Palaeologus
PS 46, 47 A 15, 17, 41, 61, 106, 115, A 122
Martin IV (pope) 117, 201 Michael Psellus
B 1: 140 B 1: 154 B 2: 353
Martin V (pope) PS 28, 47, 63 Middle East
A 222 Mehmed the Conqueror A 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 25, 61, 63,
A 218 64, 74, 75, 80, 87, 92,
Mary
A 25, 48, 52, 54 Melaka 130, 133, 202, 205, 208
B 2: 309 A 156–58 B 1: 10, 13, 63, 94, 161,
PS 115 B 2: 301 163, 2: 213, 227, 229,
The Memoirs of Usamah 232, 233, 235, 238, 240,
Mary-worship
ibn Munqidh 254, 278, 279, 305, 314,
A 25
PS 15–22 321, 326
Masaccio Mendicant PS 16, 18, 20, 22, 27, 30,
A 220, 221 A 122, 123 41, 74, 75, 79, 142
Ma Sanpao. See Cheng Ho B 1: 124, 183 Middle English
Mathematicians and scien- Mercenary B 1: 119
tists A 214, 218 PS 151
B 2: 235–42 B 1: 101 “Middle Kingdom”
Matilda of Flanders Mérida A 37
B 2: 367 A 187, 188 Milan
Matilda of Tuscany Merlin B 1: 26
B 1: 148–50, 149 (ill.), 180 A 118 PS 58
PS 118 B 1: 80 Milvian Bridge
Maurice Merovech A 11
A 49 B 1: 78 Minamoto
B 1: 140, 141 Merovingian Age A 181, 182
Mauritania A 19–32, 33, 34, 38, 71 Minamoto Yoritomo
A 204 B 1: 61, 62, 78 A 182
B 1: 157 PS 99 Ming dynasty
PS 30 Merovingian art A 172–74, 209
A 30 B 1: 156, 2: 339, 340
Mauryan Empire
Mesoamerica PS 40, 156
A 141
A 185, 188, 197 Minuscule
B 2: 236
Mesopotamia A 36
Maya Empire
A 88, 115, 136, 138 Mishnah
A 6, 185–90, 192, 196,
B 2: 210 A 89
198, 199
Messiah B 2: 224, 226
B 2: 281, 282, 287
A 86, 87 Mishneh Torah
Mead B 2: 223, 225, 226, 228
Methodius
A 34, 45 Mississippi River
A 55, 56
Meadows of Gold B 1: 18, 42, 85–90, 85 A 204
B 1: 164 (ill.), 2: 292 Mitchell, Margaret
Mecca Mexica PS 160
A 6, 62, 64–67, 205 A 190 Moguls
B 2: 229–32, 238, 247, B 2: 252, 256 A 149
248, 258–63, 302, 303, Mexico Mohammed I Askia
308, 310, 326 A 6, 185, 186, 190, 192, A 206
Medici family 193 B 2: 243–49
A 218 B 2: 251–54 Moluccas
Medina Mexico City A 155
A 66 A 190, 193 Mombasa
B 2: 261–63 B 2: 252, 253 (ill.) A 209

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Mombasa 23

 Monasticism Moscow 202–04, 206, 208, 209,
A 20, 25, 45, 100 A 58, 99, 131, 135 219
Mongolia B 1: 21 B 1: 9, 11 (ill.), 16, 31, 49,
A 77, 139, 169 Moses Maimonides 50, 63, 97, 100, 101,
B 1: 17, 129, 134, 2: 215 A 89, 90 124, 126, 151, 154–56,
PS 33 B 1: 49, 2: 223–28, 223 158, 166, 175, 181, 182,
Mongols (ill.), 235 2: 213, 224, 227, 230,
A 1, 57, 80–82, 131, Mossi 232, 238, 244, 245, 247,
133–40, 154, 161, 166, A 211 257, 259–63, 275, 276,
171–73, 179, 183, 204, B 2: 245, 248 302, 303, 308, 310, 314,
214, 218 Mount Abu 317, 321–24, 326, 343,
B 1: 4, 10, 12, 13, 15–17, A 146 351, 352, 361
20, 21, 129, 131 (ill.) Mount Badon PS 2, 15, 16, 20–22, 24,
133–35, 2: 209–15, 221, A 118 41, 44, 78, 91, 118, 142,
276, 277, 298, 299, 339, B 1: 80 147
343, 344, 348 Mount Hira Muslim Spain
PS 3, 33, 34, 38, 39 B 2: 259 B 1: 34, 2: 303, 352
Monica Movable-type Mutapa
B 1: 24–26 A 162, 170, 225 A 209–10
PS 58 Mozambique Mysticism
Monks A 209, 210 A 63, 68, 163
A 20, 25–28, 30, 36, 39, Mu’awiya B 2: 305, 312
45, 71, 94, 100, 117, A 68
123, 166, 203 Mudanya
B 1: 6, 27, 48, 64, 138, B 2: 278
142, 162, 177–79, 2: Muhammad N
298, 311 A 6, 62, 64–68, 70, 73, 75 Nakatomi Kamatari
PS 47, 149 B 1: 32, 164, 2: 257–64, A 177
Monophysites 257 (ill.), 302, 306 B 2: 341
A 25 Muhammad Ghuri PS 108
B 2: 204, 205 A 147 Nan-chao
Monotheism Murad A 154. See also Thais
A 142 A 82, 83 Nancy (Battle of)
Monte Cassino Murad II B 2: 247
A 25–27 B 2: 275 Nanjing
B 1: 178, 179, 2: 350 Murasaki Shikibu A 173
Montezuma I A 181 B 2: 339
B 2: 251–56 B 1: 71, 74, 119, 2: Naples
Montezuma II 265–71 A 98
A 193, 194, 198 PS 66, 67, 71, 72 B 2: 266, 267, 350, 353
B 2: 251, 254, 255 Muromachi period Napoleon
Moors A 181, 183–84 PS 151
A 23, 31, 69, 70 B 1: 57 Nara period
B 1: 32, 155, 157 Musa, Mansa. See Mansa A 175, 178, 180
Moravia Musa B 1: 112
A 56 Muscovy Narses
B 1: 86, 88, 89 A 131, 219, 220 B 2: 203
Morocco Muslims Nasrid
A 69, 88, 205, 207 A 6, 31, 38, 42, 62, 66–69, A 69
B 1: 32, 36, 101, 126, 155, 72, 79, 88, 90, 94, 98, Nationalism
157, 158, 2: 220, 224, 102, 104, 106, 109, 110, A 214, 224
225, 246, 249 116, 119, 123, 124, 126, Native Americans
PS 2, 24, 30 139, 144, 145, 149, 157, B 2: 217, 219

24 Monasticism A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Navarre Nicholas IV (pope) North Sea
B 1: 100, 2: 315 B 1: 140, 2: 213 A 9, 28
Nazareth Nichomachean Ethics Norway
A 136 B 1: 34 A 39, 42
Nazi Germany Niebelungenlied B 1: 71, 2: 217, 218, 368
B 1: 21 A 45 Notre Dame
PS 50, 152 Nigeria B 1: 2, 3 (ill.), 5
Neo-Confucianism A 207, 211 Novgorod
A 170 B 2: 243, 248 A 41, 57, 58, 130, 219
Nepal Niger River B 1: 16, 18–20
A 166 A 205–07 Nubia
Nero B 1: 43, 2: 244, 248, 249 A 201
A 10 Nihon shoki Nur ad-Din
PS 94 B 2: 330, 332 B 2: 322, 323
Nestorian Christianity PS 109
A 25, 136, 168 Nika Revolt
B 2: 212, 213, 340 A 52
Nestorius B 2: 199, 201, 202, 205, O
A 25 206
Oaxaca
Netherlands Nile River
B 2: 253
B 1: 78, 2: 246, 247 A 68, 201
“Ocean Sea”
Neva B 2: 239, 263
PS 35, 36
B 1: 17, 21 Nimbus “Ockham’s Razor”
Nevsky, Alexander. See A 48, 52 A 220
Alexander Nevsky Nobutaka B 1: 117
Newfoundland B 2: 268 Odoacer
A 40 Norman Conquest A 18, 23
B 2: 219, 222 A 96, 98, 106 B 1: 53–55, 55 (ill.), 58
The New Life PS 133, 149, 151, 152 Odo of Metz
B 1: 93 Normandy A 35
New Testament A 39, 41–43, 95, 96 B 1: 64
A 20, 24 B 1: 115, 2: 365–68 Oghuz
B 1: 23, 124, 139, 2: 291 PS 133, 145, 146, 150–52 A 78, 79
PS 113, 125, 128 Normans Ogodai
Newton, Isaac A 41, 94–96, 98, 102, 103 A 134, 135
B 2: 236 B 1: 151, 2: 218, 324, 328, B 2: 210
New World 349, 365, 367, 368, 370 Old English
A 41, 115, 185, 186, 189, PS 7, 12, 133, 145–52 A 22
190, 197, 219 Norse mythology B 1: 41
B 2: 217, 222, 304 A 45 PS 151
New Zealand North Africa Old Silk Road
A 158 A 7, 9, 15, 17, 48, 69, 70, PS 74
PS 151 87, 88, 92 Old Testament
Nicaea B 1: 32, 36, 154, 155, 2: A 24, 63, 85, 86, 89, 222
A 12, 53, 104 202, 204, 220, 278, 292, B 2: 223, 224, 260, 291
B 1: 187 351 PS 113, 128
Nicene Creed PS 27, 28, 57, 58, 136, Oleg
A 12 140 A 57
Nicephorus Bryennius North America Olga
B 1: 166 A2 A 57
PS 6 B 2: 217, 218, 220, 222 B 1: 87
Nicholas III (pope) Northern Europe Olmec
PS 123 A 19, 34, 37 A 185–87, 189

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Olmec 25

 Oman Otto II (Holy Roman Emper- PS 2, 10, 12, 15–17, 44,
A 64 or) 91, 118
B 1: 164 B 1: 171, 172 Palladius
Omar Khayyám Otto III (Holy Roman Em- B 2: 291
A 68 peror) Pallava
B 1: 94, 2: 227, 235 A 96, 97 A 142
On Buildings B 1: 169, 171–72, 2: 353 B 1: 10
PS 135, 136 Ottoman Empire Pamir
Onin War A 78, 79, 83, 219 B 2: 299
A 183 B 2: 249, 273, 274, 275, PS 40
On Monarchy 277, 278, 279, 331, 344 Papal States
B 1: 94 Ottoman Turks A 34, 98
On the Art of Hunting with A 82–83, 218
Paradise
Hawks PS 12
A 81, 221
B 1: 175 Otto of Freising
B 1: 94, 95, 2: 305, 310
On the Harmony of Religion A 204
PS 121, 122
and Philosophy Otto the Great (Holy
Roman Emperor) Paris
B 1: 34 A 94–96, 112, 113, 126,
On the Merits of Sinners and A 45, 56, 93, 96
B 1: 66, 169–71, 171 (ill.) 152, 214, 216
Forgiveness B 1: 2, 3, 7, 70, 82, 82
B 1: 28 Ovid
(ill.), 116, 178, 2: 195,
On the Predestination of the PS 80
239, 350, 351
Saints Oxford University
PS 53, 55, 81–88
B 1: 29 A 18, 32, 46, 59, 75, 106
B 1: 103, 117, 119, 152, Parlement of Foules
On the Virtue of Believing B 1: 118
B 1: 27 159, 2: 222, 263, 319
PS 80, 119 Passover
Optics B 2: 224
B 2: 240 Oyo
A 211 Pataliputra
Order of Chivalry
B 2: 236
PS 87
Patay
Order of the Garter
B 2: 194
A 119
Ordóñez, García P Patriarch
A 48, 51, 52
B 1: 100, 101, 102 Pachacutec B 1: 86, 140, 186
Orestes A 195
A 18 Patricius
B 2: 281–87
Orkhan B 1: 24, 25, 2: 289
Pacific Ocean PS 58
A 82 A 176
B 2: 278 Patrick (St.)
Paekche
Orléans A 28
A 176, 179
A 217 B 2: 289–95, 289 (ill.)
Pakistan
B 2: 191, 192, 194 A 143, 145, 147 Paul IV
Ormuz B 1: 9–11, 2: 220 B 1: 186
B 2: 298, 301 PS 151 Paul (apostle)
Orsini family Palas PS 113
PS 123 A 145 B 2: 291
Osman I Palenque Paul of Aegina
A 82 A 188 B 2: 236
B 2: 273–79, 273 (ill.) Palestine “Pax Romana”
Ostrogoths A 48, 50, 85, 86, 88, 90, A7
A 13, 14, 23, 48, 90 102, 110, 115, 117, 214 Peace of Constance
B 2: 202, 203 B 1: 164, 166, 174, 181, 2: A 114
PS 93 224, 225, 315–17, 322 B 1: 173

26 Oman A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Peasant’s Crusade Philip the Good B 1: 18, 19, 21
B 2: 360 B 2: 246 Polo, Marco
Pedro II Philosophy A 81, 127, 128, 138, 156,
B 1: 174 A 63, 68, 72, 88–90, 146 158, 171, 174, 176
Pelagians B 1: 1, 32–34, 49, 53, B 1: 13, 2: 209, 212–15,
B 1: 28 57–59, 86, 2: 223, 226, 220, 221, 297–304, 297
Pepin III 227, 240, 268, 353 (ill.), 299 (ill.)
A 33, 53 PS 62 PS 1, 3, 33–41, 109
B 1: 62 Phoenicia Polynesia
PS 99 A 61 A 158
Père-Lachaise Physics Polytheism
B 1: 7 B 1: 31, 33 A 142
Persia. See also Iran Piast Ponte San Giovanni
A 49, 61–63, 68, 71, 72, A 99 B 1: 122
74, 78, 88, 136, 138 Picts Pony Express
B 1: 24, 36, 94, 134, 156, A 22 A 195
157, 164, 2: 202, 203, Pilgrimage Poor Knights of Christ
210, 213, 298, 301, 302, A 62, 63, 67, 102, 103, A 117
340, 345 205
Pope ... See under ruling
PS 28, 34, 38, 74 B 1: 126, 2: 213, 229, 230,
names, for example, In-
Peru 232, 246, 247, 261, 263,
nocent III, Gregory VII,
A 194, 197 302, 303, 310, 366
etc.
B 2: 282 PS 85
Porto Santo
Perugia Pillars of Islam
B 1: 155
B 1: 122 A 66
Portugal
Peter (apostle) Pisa
A 88, 92, 158, 211, 219,
A 10 A 115, 126, 222
225
PS 113, 115, 124 PS 128
B 1: 32, 153–56, 158, 2:
Peter of Morrone Pius II (pope)
303
B 1: 140 A 126
Post-Classic period
Peter the Great Pizarro, Francisco
A 190
B 1: 21 A 198
Predestination
Peter the Hermit Plague. See also Black Death
B 1: 28, 29
A 103, 109 A 48, 49, 91, 213–15, 221
B 2: 360, 362 B 1: 70, 139, 162, 2: 266, Prester John
361 A 136, 202, 204
Petrarch
PS 3, 43, 46, 47, 49, 141 B 2: 221
A 221, 222
B 1: 95, 2: 266, 267 Plantagenet Prince Henry the Navigator.
PS 128 B 1: 110 See Henry the Navigator
Philip I (of France) Plate armor. See also Armor Prince Shotoku. See Shotoku
B 2: 368 A 221, 223 Taishi
PS 12 Plato Princess’s Palace
Philip II Augustus (of B 1: 34, 54, 2: 353 PS 70
France) Poema de mio Cid Priscian
A 91, 114, 115, 116 B 1: 102, 103 B 1: 36
B 1: 181, 2: 314 Poetics Priyadarsika
Philip IV (of France) B 1: 34 B 2: 231
A 132 Poet’s Corner Procopius
B 1: 140, 183 B 1: 119 A 56
Philippa of Lancaster Poitiers B 2: 201, 206
B 1: 153 A 217 PS 131–33, 135–43
Philippines Poland Prokofiev, Sergei
A 155, 158, 172 A 56, 99, 112, 131, 135 B 1: 21

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Prokofiev, Sergei 27

 Prophet Muhammad. See
Muhammad
R PS 95, 97
Reincarnation
Protestant movement Rabban Bar Sauma. See Bar A 142, 144
B 1: 52 Sauma, Rabban B 2: 285
PS 50, 153 Rabia al-Adawiyya Remigius
Provence A 68 PS 95, 97, 98
A 108, 119 B 1: 97, 2: 305–12 Renaissance
Prussia Racism A 2–4, 35, 36, 213, 218,
A 96, 119 A 202, 209 220, 221
Pskov PS 75 B 1: 63, 96, 114
B 1: 16 Rajaraja I PS 28, 71, 81, 128, 129
Ptolemy B 1: 10 The Republic
B 2: 240 Rajendra A 211
Pudmini B 1: 10 Reynaud de Chatillon
A 149 Rajputs B 2: 326
Pulakeśin A 145 Rhazes. See Al-Razi
B 1: 10 Ralph of Vermandois
Rheims. See Reims
Pulakeśin II B 1: 106
Rhetoric
B 1: 10 Ramadan
B 1: 26, 34
Punjab A 67
Rhine
A 145 B 1: 11
A9
Purgatory Rambam. See Moses Mai-
B 1: 78
A 20, 29, 221 monides
PS 48
B 1: 91, 93, 95 Ramón Berenguer II
Richard I (of England; the
PS 121, 122 B 1: 101
Lion-Hearted)
Rashi
A 114, 117
A 89
B 1: 108, 111, 111 (ill.),
B 2: 353
116, 173, 2: 313–19,
Ravenna
313 (ill.), 321, 326
Q A 16, 35, 54
Richard I of Normandy
B 1: 55, 64, 2: 202
Qasim A 95
Raymond IV
A 145 PS 145
A 103
Quechua B 2: 325 Richard II (of England)
A 194 A 216
Raymond of Toulouse
B 2: 284 B 1: 118, 2: 361
B 1: 107
Queen of Sheba PS 13 Rienzi
A 202 Reconquista B 2: 361
Queen Tamara. See Tamara A 126, 219 Rienzo, Cola di
Quetzalcóatl B 1: 35, 37, 99 A 218
A 190, 192, 193 Records of Ancient Times B 2: 361
B 2: 252 A 180 The Ring
Quetzalcóatl Pyramid The Red Badge of Courage A 45
A 193 PS 160 B 2: 277
Quipu Red Sea Ripuarian Franks
A 197 A 65, 201–04 B 1: 78
Quraish B 2: 258 Ritual suicide
A 65, 66 Reformation A 181, 182
B 2: 258 A 2, 3, 220, 222, 224 B 2: 231
Quran. See Koran B 1: 52 Rivera, Diego
Qutb-ud-Din Aybak PS 50, 128 B 2: 255 (ill.)
A 147 Reims River Neva
B 1: 11 B 2: 191, 193, 194 B 1: 17

28 Prophet Muhammad A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

River Seine B 2: 318, 346 Runnymeade
A 94 Romanianus B 1: 109
B 2: 198 B 1: 25 Rurik
River Tiber Roman numerals A 57
A 11 A 13 Russia
Road of Long Study Roman Republic A 41, 49, 54, 57, 58, 78,
B 1: 73 A7 79, 83, 91, 99, 130, 131,
Robert I of Normandy B 1: 55 134–38, 142, 219
B 2: 365 Romans B 1: 15–19, 21, 42, 44, 85,
Robert de Baudricourt A 1, 7, 8, 10, 13–17, 87–89, 134, 2: 210, 218,
B 2: 193 21–23, 25, 35, 36, 45, 220, 278, 293, 302, 343,
Robert Guiscard 48, 85, 87, 90, 94, 162, 346, 352
A 98, 101 167, 195 PS 33
B 1: 151, 2: 324 B 1: 24, 29, 54, 55, 64, 65, Rusticana
PS 7, 12, 118 77, 78, 81, 114, 138, B 1: 55
Robin Hood 146, 151, 169, 189, 2: Rustichello
B 2: 313, 317 (ill.), 319 200 B 2: 302
Rockets PS 5, 13, 62, 63, 90, 100, PS 34
A 171 111, 113, 147
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar. See El Rome
Cid A 1–11, 13–18, 20, 22–25,
28–30, 33–35, 37, 42,
Roman Catholic Church. See
Catholic Church 45, 47, 51, 53, 59, 80,
S
Romance 90, 93, 98, 100–02, 108, Sabbatius
B 1: 72–74, 97 119, 126, 127, 130, 132, PS 138
Romance of the Rose 203, 206, 218, 219, Sadako
A 119 221–23 PS 66
B 1: 73 B 1: 23–26, 28, 29, 36, 40, Sagres
Romance of the Three King- 41, 54, 55, 64, 65, 77, B 1: 155, 158
doms 79, 82, 88, 89, 114, 115, Sahara Desert
A 163 124, 125, 137–40, 142, A 201
PS 132, 133, 155–61 146, 147, 150, 151, 161, B 1: 32, 2: 245
Romance of Troy 172, 178, 180, 182, 183, PS 3, 23
A 119 2: 202, 203, 207, 213, Sailendras
274, 289, 291, 292, 298, A 155
Roman Empire
324, 351–53, 357, 361 Saint-Denis
A 1, 3, 7–18, 19–21, 24,
PS 46, 50, 58, 62, 63, 90, B 1: 6
28, 35, 42, 47, 48, 50,
91, 94, 111, 117, 124, Saladin
53, 80, 96, 110, 112,
128, 143, 155 A 75, 115, 116
126, 130, 139, 142, 161,
219, 223 Romulus Augustulus B 2: 314, 316, 321–28,
B 1: 23, 24, 29, 33, 34, 36, A 18 321 (ill.), 327 (ill.)
53–55, 64–66, 77, 122, Roscelin de Compiègne Salah ud-Din Yusuf ibn
123, 137, 139, 140, 146, B 1: 2 Ayyub. See Saladin
169, 170, 172, 173, 185, Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Salians
189, 2: 199, 202, 203, PS 128 B 1: 78
231, 232, 318, 357, 359 Rouen Salic Law
PS 1, 3, 5, 46, 57, 58, 90, B 2: 197 B 1: 82
93, 100, 111, 132, 135, Rubáiyát Salisbury Castle
136, 140, 145, 153 B 1: 94, 2: 227 B 1: 111
Romanesque Rudolf I Samarkand
A 36, 111, 112 A 132 A 138, 139
Romania Rudolf B 2: 343–45, 347
A 13 B 1: 148–50 PS 74, 76

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Samarkand 29

 Samuel (of Bulgaria) Scandinavia Seppuku
A 59 A 39, 40 A 182
B 1: 43, 44 B 1: 71, 2: 217, 218, 293 Serbia
Samuel ha-Nagid Scholastica A 55, 56, 59, 82, 218
A 89 A 27 B 1: 18, 88, 2: 274, 275
B 2: 352 B 1: 179 “Seventeen-Article Consti-
Samurai Scholasticism tution”
A 180–84 A 109, 129 A 176
PS 65, 71 B 1: 117, 2: 349 B 2: 329, 331
Sanaska Science PS 103–10
B 2: 231 A 3, 47, 72, 75, 124, 127, Seventh Crusade
Sancho 130, 146, 170, 188, 189, A 124
B 1: 98–100 197, 198, 220 Seventh Ecumenical Council
San Damiano Scientists A 53
B 1: 123 B 1: 37, 2: 235–37, 240, B 1: 185, 187
Sanskrit 242 Shahrazad
A 142, 146 Scotists A 71
A 220 PS 54, 73–75, 77–80
Santa Claus
Scotland Shahriyar
B 2: 292, 293
A 22, 28, 39, 222 A 71
Santiago de Compostela
B 2: 196, 293 PS 54, 74–79
A 102
Shakespeare, William
San Vitale Scott, Sir Walter
A 217
A 35, 51, 54 B 2: 313
B 2: 269
B 1: 64, 2: 202–05 Scriptures
PS 121
PS 140, 142 A 29, 63, 86, 90, 176
Shang dynasty
Saphadin B 1: 49, 2: 220, 223, 352
A 161
B 2: 316 Scythians
Shang-tu
Saracens A 146
B 2: 215, 300
A 102 Sea of Marmara Sheherazade
B 2: 314 B 2: 277 PS 80
PS 79 Second Council of Nicaea Shi’ite Muslims
Sarashina A 53 A 62, 63, 68
PS 53, 54, 65–72 Second Crusade Shikibu, Murasaki. See
Sassanid Empire A 109–10 Murasaki Shikibu
A 64 B 1: 47, 50, 51, 107, 172, Shinto
Sassanids 2: 322, 326 A 176–78
A 88, 202 Secret History B 2: 329, 330
Satan A 56 PS 67, 68, 91, 103, 104
A 15, 40 B 2: 201 Shirkuh
B 1: 178, 2: 193, 275 PS 132, 135–43 B 2: 322, 323
PS 123 Seine Shlomo Yitzhaqi. See Rashi
Saudi Arabia A 94 Shomu
B 2: 302 B 2: 198 A 179
Saxons Seljuks Shotoku Taishi
A 22, 31, 34, 38, 95, 118 A 79–83, 102, 124, 136, A 176
B 1: 40, 41, 63, 80, 81, 146 B 2: 275, 329–33, 329
142 B 1: 39, 44, 94, 2: 275–77, (ill.), 341
PS 145, 146 322, 331 PS 89, 91, 103–10
Saxony Seoul Siberia
A 96, 114 A 179 A 166
B 1: 147, 170, 173 Sephardim Sicily
PS 112 A 86, 88, 90, 92 A 42, 49, 98, 214, 222

30 Samuel (of Bulgaria) A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

 B 1: 44, 138, 151, 173–75, Soissons B 1: 29, 31, 32, 34–36, 49,
2: 202, 218, 220, 315 B 1: 6, 78 63, 98, 101, 102, 124,
PS 12, 118, 141 PS 93–97 125, 142, 154, 174, 181,
Siddhartha Gautama Solomon 2: 203, 220, 224, 265,
A 143, 144, 155, 163 A 117, 130, 202 303, 315, 351, 352
B 2: 330 Songhai PS 24–26, 87, 93, 140, 147
PS 103, 105, 106 A 206–07, 211 Spanish Inquisition
Silesia B 2: 231, 233, 243–45, A 219
A 135 248, 249 Spontaneous generation
Silk Road PS 23, 30 A 40
B 2: 340 “A Song of Pure Happiness” Squire
PS 74 B 1: 4 A 108, 117
Silla Song of Roland Sri Lanka. See Ceylon
A 179 A 119 Srivijaya
Simeon Stylites B 1: 63 A 155, 157
B 1: 27, 179 PS 147, 148
Srong-brt-san-sgam-po
Simon Magus Song of Solomon A 166
PS 128 A 130
Ssu-ma Kuang
Simon of Brie Soninke A 170
B 1: 140 B 2: 244 B 1: 161, 164–66, 2: 338
Simony Sonni Ali Stalin, Josef
A 94, 99 A 206 B 1: 15, 21
B 1: 142, 181 B 2: 244, 245
Stamford Bridge
PS 117, 121–23, 126, 128 South Africa
B 2: 368
Sinbad PS 151
A 71 St. Andrew. See Andrew
South America
PS 54, 73, 75, 79, 80 A 158, 185 St. Anselm of Canterbury.
Sind B 2: 281 See Anselm of Canter-
A 145 bury
South China Sea
Singapore A 151 St. Augustine. See Augustine
A 157 Southeast Asia St. Bede the Venerable. See
Sixth Crusade A 75, 142, 151–59, 167 Venerable Bede
A 124, 126 B 1: 10, 14, 156, 2: 300, St. Benedict. See Benedict
B 1: 174, 175 301, 303 St. Columba. See Columba
Skanderbeg Southern Sung St. Cyril. See Cyril
A 83 A 169 St. Dominic. See Dominic
B 2: 275 B 2: 339 Stephen I (of Hungary)
“Skraelings” South Seas B 1: 19
A 41 A 158
Stephen (of England)
B 2: 220, 221 Southwest Asia B 1: 109
Slavs A 136, 137
Stephen Dusan
A 41, 47, 49, 54, 57, 60, B 2: 210
B 2: 275
78, 96, 99 Soviet Union
B 1: 86, 89 Steppes
A 139
A 133, 134
Slovakia B 1: 18, 21
B 1: 130
A 56 PS 79
Slovenia St. Francis of Assisi. See Fran-
Spain
A 56 cis of Assisi
A 17, 19, 23, 31, 34, 42,
Soga clan 48, 69, 70, 72, 75, 86, St. George. See George
A 176 88–90, 92, 102, 112, St. Gregory. See Gregory I
B 2: 331, 341 117, 119, 126, 158, 198, Stilicho
PS 103, 108 218, 219, 222, 225 A 16

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Stilicho 31

 St. Jerome. See Jerome Sung dynasty B 2: 335–42, 335 (ill.),
St. Louis. See Louis IX A 134, 169–71 357, 359, 372
St. Methodius. See Method- B 1: 164, 2: 210, 338, 339 Talas
ius Sunni Muslims A 168
Stoicism A 79 B 2: 342
B 1: 58 Superstition Tale of Genji
Stoker, Bram A 40, 71, 107 A 181
B 2: 346 B 2: 236 B 2: 265, 268–71
Story of My Misfortunes Suryavarman II PS 65–67, 71, 72
B 1: 7 A 152 Tale of the Rose
Story of the Water Margin B 2: 284 B 1: 73
PS 156, 161 Sutras Talmud
St. Patrick. See Patrick PS 68, 70 A 88, 89
St. Patrick’s Day Swabia B 2: 224, 226, 352, 353
B 2: 289, 292 B 1: 148, 170 Tamara
St. Paul. See Paul (apostle) PS 112, 116, 117 A 139
St. Peter. See Peter (apostle) Swahili Tamerlane
St. Petersburg A 208 A 83, 138–39, 148, 149,
B 1: 21 Sweden 220
Strasbourg A 39, 41, 42, 57 B 1: 10, 13, 97, 2: 278,
PS 43–50 B 1: 71 343–48, 343 (ill.)
St. Valentine. See Valentine Switzerland Tamils
A 19 B 1: 10
Sudan
B 2: 247 Tancred
A 201, 203–07, 211
Syagrius A 103, 106
Sufism
B 1: 78 B 2: 324, 325
A 68
Sylvester II (pope) T’ang dynasty
B 2: 305–07, 310, 312
B 1: 19, 172, 2: 353 A 163, 164–69, 177
Sui dynasty
Symmachus B 1: 4, 2: 220, 335, 336,
A 163–64
B 1: 54, 55 338, 341, 357, 360, 361,
B 2: 335, 357, 358, 363
Syria 374, 375
PS 161
A 48, 50, 61, 65, 72, 81, PS 67, 109
Suiko
88, 104, 106, 115, 117, Tangier
B 2: 331
136 B 1: 157, 2: 302
PS 104
B 1: 27, 36, 44, 140, 181,
Sultanate of Rum Tanzania
2: 204, 220, 258,
A 80 A 208, 209
321–24, 343, 347
Sumanguru Taoism
PS 12, 15, 16, 141
B 1: 42, 43 A 162, 165
Sumatra B 1: 4
A 155, 156 PS 156, 161
B 2: 301 Tao te Ching
Sumer T PS 157
A 61 Tagaste Tara
Summa contra gentiles B 1: 24–26, 30 B 2: 293, 294
B 2: 351 PS 58, 64 Targutai
Summa theologica Taiho B 1: 130
B 2: 349, 351–53 A 178, 181 Tatars
Sundiata Keita Taika Reforms A 135
A 205 B 2: 341 B 1: 130, 132
B 1: 39, 42–43, 43 (ill.), Taishi, Shotoku. See Shotoku Tauresium
45, 2: 230, 232 Taishi B 2: 200
Sun dynasty T’ai Tsung Tbilisi
PS 160 A 164, 165, 167, 168 A 139

32 St. Jerome A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Tebaldo Visconti. See Grego- B 1: 59, 163, 2: 351 Toghrul
ry X (pope) Theophano B 1: 131–33
Technology B 1: 171, 172 Toledo
A 2, 4, 38, 110, 111, 134, Third Crusade A 69
170, 194 A 114–17 B 1: 35, 36, 101
B 2: 240–42, 252, 337 B 1: 108, 111, 173, 2: 313, Tolstoy, Leo
Tegaza 315, 317, 321 B 2: 269
PS 26, 28 PS 21 Toltecs
Temmu Restoration Third Punic War A 190
A 183 PS 63 Tomislav
Templars Third Rome B 2: 274
A 117 A 219 Tonsure
B 1: 51 Thomas Aquinas A 94, 100
Temujin A 129 Topa
A 133 B 1: 117, 2: 349–55, 349 A 195
B 1: 129–31 (ill.) B 2: 286, 287
Tenchi Thor Torah
A 177, 178, 180 A 45 A 87
B 2: 341 Thorfinn B 2: 223, 225, 226, 228
PS 108, 109 B 2: 220 Tours
Tenochtitlán Thoros A 31, 38
A 190–92 B 2: 325 B 1: 77, 80
B 2: 252, 253 PS 89, 90, 93–95, 99, 101
Thorstein
Teotihuacán Trabzon
B 2: 220
A 185, 186, 190 B 2: 301
Thorvald
Terrorists Trade
B 2: 219, 220
B 2: 316 A 51, 64, 103, 126–29,
The Thousand and One
Teutonic Knights 144, 146, 157, 158, 172,
Nights
A 118, 130 202–04, 207–09, 211,
A 71
B 1: 15, 19 214
B 1: 103
Texcoco Tran dynasty
PS 53, 54, 73–80
A 190, 192 A 153
B 2: 252 Thuringia
Transubstantiation
B 1: 170, 174
Thailand A 101, 223
A 152, 154, 158 Tibet Transylvania
B 2: 285, 301 A 137, 165, 166, 169, 172 B 1: 19, 2: 346
B 2: 214, 300, 301, 303
Thais Travel
A 154, 155. See also Nan- Tibetan Buddhism A 103, 127, 171, 195, 214
chao A 166 B 1: 86, 116, 126, 2: 218,
Thar Desert Tikal 220, 286, 297, 301
A 142 A 187, 188 Travels of Ibn Battuta
Theobald Timbuktu B 2: 303
B 1: 116 A 206 The Treasure of the City of
Theodora B 2: 232, 243, 245, 248 Ladies
A 52, 54, 56 PS 2, 23–31 B 1: 74
B 2: 199–202, 202 (ill.), Timur Lenk. See Tamerlane PS 81–88
204–07 Tlacaelel Treaty of Verdun
PS 132, 136–42 B 2: 254 A 37
Theodoric Tlatelóco B 1: 66, 2: 246
A 23 A 192 Treaty of Winchester
B 1: 55, 56, 58, 58 (ill.) Toghril Beg B 1: 109
Theology A 79 Trebizond
A 86, 108 B 2: 275, 329, 331 A 122

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Trebizond 33

 PS 12 322, 324, 336, 340, 343, Untouchables
Trial by ordeal 344, 346, 359 A 144
A 20, 23 PS 1, 2, 6, 10, 12, 15, 16, Upon the Circumstances
Trigonometry 22, 142 Which Turn the Head of
A 63, 72 Tuscany Most Men from the Rep-
B 2: 237 B 1: 148–50, 180 utable Physician
Trinity PS 118 B 2: 238
A 108, 109 Twain, Mark Urban II (pope)
B 1: 2, 6, 2: 311 B 1: 80 A 101, 102, 104, 109
PS 98 Tyler, Wat B 1: 115, 151, 177, 180
Tripoli A 216 PS 6, 91, 118
A 106 B 2: 361, 362 Usamah ibn Munqidh
B 2: 325 PS 1, 2, 15–22
Tristan and Isolde Uthman
A 119 A 68
Trojan War U B 2: 263
Uxmal
B 1: 119 Uganda A 188
Troubadours A 208
A 119, 221 Uzbekistan
Uighurs A 138
Troylus and Criseyde A 164 B 2: 344, 345, 348
B 1: 119 Ujjain PS 74
Ts’ao Ts’ao B 2: 236
PS 160 Ukraine
Tu Fu A 13, 42, 57, 131, 146
A 168 B 1: 15
B 1: 4 Umar
V
Tughluqs A 68 Valdemar IV
A 148 Umayyad caliphate B 1: 71
Tunisia A 69, 70 Valencia
A 88 B 1: 32 B 1: 102
B 1: 24, 25 Umayyads Valens
PS 57 A 68–70, 89, 145 A 14
Turkey Unam Sanctum Valentine (St.)
A 47, 48, 55, 59, 61, 77, B 1: 141 B 2: 292
80, 83, 104, 122. See United States PS 43, 45–48
also Anatolia; Asia A 56, 64, 127, 201, 204, Valentine’s Day
Minor 215, 225 B 2: 292
B 1: 86, 134, 158, 166, B 2: 229, 231, 235, 251, PS 43, 45, 47, 48
174, 187, 2: 200, 206, 258, 332 Valhalla
220, 273, 279, 292, 302, PS 23, 50, 63, 75, 79, 89, A 45
322, 329, 331, 333, 343, 151, 160 Valkyries
345–47. See also Anato- United States Constitution A 45
lia; Asia Minor A 115 Valley of Mexico
PS 1, 12, 140, 141. See also PS 105 A 192
Anatolia United States Declaration of B 2: 253, 254
Turks Independence Valois
A 59, 75, 77–83, 91, 99, B 1: 109 A 217
102, 104, 106, 133, 138, University of Bologna Vandals
147, 157, 161, 164, 168, B 1: 69, 181 A 16–18, 23, 48
218 University of Cracow B 1: 29, 2: 202
B 1: 11, 16, 39, 44, 94, B 1: 19 PS 63, 136
158, 166, 181, 2: University of Paris Van Lang
273–76, 278, 279, 321, B 2: 239, 350, 351 A 151

34 Trial by ordeal A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies

Varangians Vlad Dracul 202, 203, 206, 232, 247,
A 41, 57 B 2: 346 248, 253, 274, 313, 359,
B 2: 218 Vladimir I (the Great) 361
Vatican A 58 PS 2, 10, 16, 22, 30, 63,
A 34, 36 B 1: 42, 87, 87 (ill.) 91, 118, 135
B 2: 298 Vladimir (Russian region) Way of Virtue
Venerable Bede A 99 PS 157
B 1: 41, 162–63, 162 (ill.), B 1: 16, 17, 20 Wei dynasty
167 Vladimir-Suzdal. See PS 160
Venice Vladimir (Russian re- Welf
A 83, 96, 99, 103, 122, gion) A 114
126, 127, 190, 203 Vlad Tepes B 1: 149, 180, 181
B 1: 69, 182, 2: 297, 298, B 1: 97, 2: 346 Wenceslas
301 Volga Bulgars B 1: 18
PS 34, 40, 83 B 1: 16
Wen Ti
Volga River
Victor III A 163, 164
A 14
B 1: 149 B 2: 335, 336, 338,
B 1: 17
Vienna 357–63
Volsung Saga
A 120, 131, 133, 135 PS 161
A 45
B 1: 17, 135, 2: 318 Wessex
Voltaire
PS 33 A 39
B 1: 169
Vietnam B 1: 40
Volta River
A 151–54, 158, 164, 169, A 211 West Africa
171 The Voyage and Travels of Sir A 207, 211
B 2: 214, 285, 301, 360 John Mandeville, Knight B 2: 229, 233, 244, 246,
Vijayanagar B 2: 221 247
A 148 Vulcan PS 24
Vikings A 24 Western Europe
A 28, 33, 34, 39–42, Vulgate A 1, 2, 4–6, 16, 17, 19, 21,
44–46, 57, 94 A 29 22, 24, 28, 33, 34, 42,
B 1: 71, 132, 2: 217, 218, 45, 50, 52, 53, 69, 71,
222, 365 72, 90, 121, 123, 126,
PS 7, 12, 145 130, 132, 135, 136, 180,
214, 222
Villas W B 1: 29, 31, 47, 50, 61, 63,
A 30
Wagner, Richard 64, 71, 72, 77, 92, 99,
Vinland
A 45 105, 126, 137, 139, 142,
A 40, 41
B 1: 80, 2: 361 145, 151, 158, 161, 167,
B 2: 219–21
Wales 169, 179, 183, 187, 2:
Viracocha 213, 235, 236, 293, 314,
A 118
A 195, 197 365
B 1: 80
B 2: 282 PS 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11,
Walter the Penniless. See
Virgil Gautier Sans Avoir 15–17, 20, 22, 44, 84,
B 1: 93 (ill.), 95, 95 (ill.) Wang An-shih 89, 90, 93, 94, 100, 111,
PS 121, 122, 127 A 169 112, 118, 129, 146
Virgin Mary. See Mary B 1: 165, 166, 2: 338 Western Roman Empire
Visigoths War and Peace A 3, 15–19, 21, 24, 48,
A 13–16, 22, 23, 30, 48, B 2: 269 110, 130, 142, 161
88 Wars B 1: 24, 33, 53, 55, 64, 77,
B 1: 28, 29, 82, 142 A 56, 99, 103, 107, 127, 137, 139, 169, 2: 199,
PS 62, 93 132, 206, 217, 218 231, 232, 359
The Vision of Christine B 1: 12, 13, 39, 43, 63, PS 1, 5, 57, 90, 93, 111,
PS 83 122, 126, 154, 188, 2: 135, 136, 140

PS=Middle Ages: Primary Sources Western Roman Empire 35

 West Frankish Empire
A 37, 93
X Yoritomo Minamoto. See Mi-
namoto Yoritomo
B 2: 246 Xanadu. See Shang-tu Yoruba
Westminster Abbey Xian A 211
B 1: 119 A 167 Yoshifusa Fujiwara. See Fuji-
White Guelphs B 2: 336 wara Yoshifusa
B 1: 92 PS 157, 158 Yoshimitsu
Why God Became Man A 183
B 1: 115 B 1: 57
William II (of England) Yüan dynasty
A 107 A 138, 154, 171–72
B 1: 115, 2: 369 Y B 2: 211, 215, 339
PS 118 Yucatán Peninsula
Yamato A 190
William X of Aquitaine A 175
Yung-lo
B 1: 105 B 2: 330
A 172, 173
William of Champeaux PS 103
B 1: 156, 157, 2: 339
B 1: 2 Yamatoe Yunnan
William of Malmesbury A 181 B 2: 300
B 1: 161 Yang Yuri
PS 131, 133, 145–53 B 2: 372 B 1: 16, 17, 184
William of Ockham Yang Chien. See Wen Ti
A 220 Yangchow
B 1: 113, 117–18 B 2: 301
William Rufus. See William
II (of England)
Yang Kuei-fei
A 168
Z
William the Conqueror B 1: 4, 188, 2: 342, 360 Zambezi
A 95, 107 Yang Ti A 209
B 1: 109, 114, 161, 2: A 164 Zanj
365–70, 365 (ill.) B 2: 336, 359, 360 A 209
PS 133, 146, 150, 152, Yangtze River PS 75
153 B 2: 301 Zanzibar
William Wallace Yaqut A 209
B 2: 196, 196 (ill.) B 2: 220, 221, 235 B 1: 164
Witan Zapotec
Yaroslav II
B 1: 40, 2: 367 A 189
B 1: 17
B 2: 253
Wodehouse, P. G. Yaroslav the Wise
Zaragoza
B 2: 269 A 58
B 1: 101
World War I Yathrib Zen Buddhism
B 2: 274 B 2: 261 A 170, 183
World War II Yellow River Zeno
A 183 A 164 A 18
B 1: 18, 2: 274 B 2: 300, 358 Zhang Daoling
PS 151 Yellow Turbans PS 157
Worms PS 156, 160 Zhang Jue
B 1: 115, 149, 151 Yemen PS 157, 159, 160
Wotan A 64, 88, 144, 172, 202 Zimbabwe
A 45 Yesugei A 172, 208, 209–10
Wu Ze-tian B 1: 130 Zofingen
A 168 Yiddish PS 46, 47
B 2: 341, 371–75 A 86, 90 Zoroastrianism
Wycliffe, John Yi Song-gye A 62, 63, 168
A 223 B 2: 360 B 2: 340

36 West Frankish Empire A=Middle Ages: Almanac B=Middle Ages: Biographies