BF TAN —————————————— LS @ RPGR Tea PARE ALO APPR AIL OOF PATTI BT MIR Pik Phat IVETE LoATAT: i 96 NT DAMPAL PRC 996.2°%F0% fObject! ARH come BAe! HAM Lik PACE OX BOLI AL CUE chyD ALATA? AGT WERE: Phe AME RAG NIA AI AW TRAD PAE A MUA 2b 99 ae A TAN Direct object. Direct object with plural nouns: The direct objects sometimes do not follow the rule of the Ge’ez number system. In Ge’ez, the direct objects must change their last radical into the first , (fifth seventh ...orders based on the last radical of the word, but the following words violate the rules. PAP CP WEP AAPEF ONL EP WEE Bad > UGE kbd |: Wie Bhd > BV fable Lei bt ROPE fin changed) AAD AAR PAA WA: AME LCD AINE: > RADE °C ALY WUD LNW > NED: Mad &0 > Bi: ABN LYCD > AAP ACO: no “| LYE WPGTA > EP PPLEY : LAPAP OLE AY > REPAPOLE how Bird: 1h > how Bh? PO: Ail £1 > he POR 24 > ZibPA:: Direct speech DAGLPA homAirti- Active- passive - Pilih: >+ fide: Verb to be 1a is equal to mit Verb “to have" also as transitive verbs /AA/ (BO/ ALBO. 1 ALP as transitive from NMA ( verb form) = has,have or hadAAf Tae 172PA IAW > FARMAN: AFAR A Mi: Mhoos Ark Mr: Cite: Yale: OF Naw: HOF To give the negative of we add AA which is now preserved even in the Hebrew language. Suffixes are affixed to f or AA like &# or AAAThese being ( or AAMH# when provided with suffixes, although it has not yet given up its fundamental meaning, has usu- ally assumed quite peculiar significations. In particular, in as much as. the copula. "is" is already involved in A% it may signify ‘it is with him" or “he has some thing". It is @ great argument among Ethiopian scholars. Some follow the way # “it is with him“ means fé is considered as copula . . . In respecting this, the others accept PE "he has some thing" which means ## in such usage. This criti- cal difference has beeri found in studying documents GCTP and GPTP use (# as a@ Transitive verb while in GGMS C4 serves as a copula, Here are some examples-from the Gospel of St. Mathew. AUER DCE PAF ‘As whom has ten talent ’ To him with ten talent’ FPF GNI haw e CAN thom } What kind of reward you? ” What is réward-with you’ DogouhaveP Tt ‘AE TT Foxes have holes’ ‘Holes are with foxes’ FF PHF lit [What do we have? the’ ‘What ts with us ' Th AAP coe F ° WM AAP ona | ‘Where it has no little soil There is no little soil Aaa RAN Bowe Whee RAR Nar ‘Because the soil want's deep root’ | ‘Because there was not rot Wh Bis WA BUF ‘He who has ear’ He is with oar’ ' 173. Prt IAW EE 2 /AAD is often used before other verbs with its suffix for exam- ple h} ff "they fell to my share" 1 (Ado (It} can also be used as an action verb. When they tell that the subject owns or holds something, or the equivalent is an action verb ‘have’ as mentioned above, this action verb can be transitive in GGMS and intransitive in GIMS. In GGMS and GIMS, the verb ff /AAA is transitive because the verb transfers action to a direct object. In contrast to this, in GCTP and GPTP the action verb (1 / AAG is intransitive. Because the verb has no direct object. erad Sat Sb-wla -hCh Pan - 4 Rot - oF PI ~ FIN Ut — PPI AAT Torah — ten en. — Ml, Pt sha - 2 Ahh — Aw Ath -— OT oy — NIKE (Ant addr — 40 AVA — 40> BOUT A — hag PAM — mAMnS RPA PAN - PPA TS Poh Pat flap - 24 tere - ma amt — mit 174 foreak fast/ flunch/ ‘dinner’ supper/ ‘Food meal/ /dining hall/ fwho is food lodger/ Hfeeder iparty Invitation/ ‘papperles wat/ fsauce! foread, Injera/ foreads uo 7 /dish, plate/ fsoap/ foasin/ fatel fdrank/ was satiated/FF TAY OT amr - 2h /satisfied/ neCA ~ Aden Sorought near, presented, supplied/ AGAG? — A’'ed /took a mouth ful/ Adah - AA Tr ‘was thin, flavourles/ rel — amt Awas washed/ ARPAAD ~ ADE /prepared/ Ror — mé- icalted/ OAR — OAR ‘took Ou ~ Am , /gavel APRA - haw Mbrought/ Su - Aw there is, behold/ +a - hao ‘over took, passed’ aay — coin Hed! Attn — AdA-oON ‘poured water on/ PIN — mame /oasin/ O64 — th /spat/ tAAG — 114 /was caten/ PAAS — FPA Hood! LAAT, — LNA ALam sorry for/ 049, - Natt /regular customer hotel or restaurant) ATIAG - ANA Ned UL@ ~ ty /scattered/ WR - AN fournt/ RPA -— bm /was thirsty/ Rm ~ Rom /fasted/ ARI — Am ‘satiated / ARAL - APIA, /satisfactory/ ROT - POT Jsatiety/ Aa — ait / was satiated/ om — ret was hungry! 175PPK TR ————— ney Crh. - PAN (CA Pa eed Afamine/ PPA [Cee - art Anangu/ ZL. OZ ATER (Main Verb/ . $872 MAL! Past tense /perfective/ 2. AALS [Phd AT POPRAS Present and Future /imprefective/ Bare 8 born WIS AG POI WIR SP or: U. PbA - IRA - TA& - Past A. LbTA - LIAR - HAAL - Present and Future ch. RPA - £720 - Porn Command 2, LEA - RISA WIS - WIS /...t0 verbs! co PURU WET DL NAALT WILT PUNT ION ATeR AMADT PAT REN PUA IT CO APRIL NIER LEPGA: DLT ORME coud OR tméiet ATR LAOMA: LN AM ACHE LOLA: £16, Fh ACME (Root Verbs) Pah ACHP PP WTO ered? IC P92aR. AT NAIC PACA HR foto ARNE OAR WE PLLA RETO CLARA WF Sar: KALA PR ACAD TS 20-87 IT [Regular verbs/ Tar: PI ACHE «PY, OL «ills ATR ALT PrCaTO CONS PLLA BCE halfon: RaUTee Atma A Lt: LIT RHLA? PACA NGA ATH £29 WIR Nase. ATE heat APART PAE: Ant Ae PbRA RCE At1I1 Pronuncation/ 8. bea TAN TAN TWA Pa g ¢Ra TAN WAN AAA Pat «Ro LOASA £ oeh ed TH Tht fa a 270 * RW AS MAM MAN | PAA &. wah GM ASH Mi MAU’ 4a 176 =PVA TAD ST &. Ar PPA MM TAY ran %. Tan 4d TAN TW ra &. dao 0d Tan TAT Pad Bor pra thn Paa I twa Ah ah ahh Pad 18. ate Thu ah TAH PAA FIN AChiE PU LAT PA COD MIU RIT APAIL AIR LECT OF cRKG LAMAZ CHOP (UrOrAM AF «Oin Prt LEP Ca: PU ACAED AIT PUNTA eta 4807 Tent AnoPS Mahi? Bo0t “gout UAT TL QPAD AAD AV? GAIATS Pe MEF PINE yO: I> AVCTE [OL HALL WIL AG Pd AAOT LE? THe PRAIA RG Meds TH? LMA AT A LEMA? TT LODAAT NAIVE 1bAS™ FOR Ot: ORM Oe PRA WOH OLN FERAL oe: ; TRA Ot PRA ior: OLE PPAA LE ar i 116 Ct PA Oe: OL FRA LR YO: | PRA RELA LE PTO AAMie yar: #89L AFR (144 Past tens/* SANE [PAU-TE rough ft HIS POnUt WA ATOR 5. ta - 182A LOT - BIL LPTA - RILA PLAS heh - ILA & 8h - home LEED - LOMITA LELA - Loony FLALOY - YoonT? BR. deh gen SACK-L£9CH g£acn-£0cn AchiACh tone BR gvwrvim — LRTWLLTTA LLYRB-LRGIT RYUIRYUPE-PRIVE & wench 2°UCh-27CHA LOWCH-LICH WODIVCh TPN 17722th JAN 2 gnebhta L277 BirrAn LETILAEA KVL VER 2. FAD mae LE BONPA LE Lavl? PAPIPAPH com> £. fo0goe LEP LED LAP LAE PEP EP t B. bon fan LOL LE LAP LT APPR T TL twa-ha ENVA-LAA LNIA-L0 MLN AD - Vb TB. dd. LINC LU . BAMNC-L7e- MEUM - aos dp ALT AL WF The AULA PoPAA ATLL WF MAD FHT ALc LTA: LAP HI0-$9 (Regular! AT AIG FAM Sirregular verbs) WF eEe-Fary poohsa:: ras Present Past work worked go went WF pooh ROH AAT Or INTL NIRCAE COE BAGS Js RTP HERE LOAAT BA ME TH IA DIM CNADMA WE ALLAPH PID AGAR ARPES ALTE NAT 2 bra. PTA 00g (gah { Wr: 7 oo «Phin Neb-btn PPLAPO- Noopiie 10: AAT? AHAAL Ub «bo? OR WA AO MA? ANIL LiL «bod AAOMI:: . FPG 400 OP > AF oLIT MAAL Lik DPLPA: “WEN «oF OR «Uy AGRA: TAD «Dvd LICA IBEPA: 120 ThAALS MIL bergag yo: PhAKR RMN A: PHI tH CUC AIL ARIS ALMNIG ALPr ANIA AIR AICHOr ARRAS PPR RF ALA OREO WAALS Then LovAha: 178FEI IAW Verbs: Aspects, Infinitives, Gerundives, Imperatives and Subjunctives. The main verbs in Ge’ez are perfect and imperfect. Perfect is usually past or completed action. It includes past perfect, past con- tinuous, past participle with the relative pronoun H ( of). The imper- fect one is usually present, continuous and future action. One ex- ception is 24. The end of all perfect verbs is the Ist order while all imperfect verbs have in the end the 6th order. This is under the pro- noun ark (He). The other main verbs are subjunctive {with how! 4 or with out), imperative; infinitive and gerundive. The conjugation ofa verb or a stem is highly dependant on gender, number, pro- ” nouns, demonstratives, ---. . Type of verbs. in the Gospel of mbba Gerima, one can see the preservation of the sound laryngeals and pharyngeals than today. The preservation of sounds helps to identify the type of the verb(not of geminated).Some examples are as follows: The CGMS Type Now Wich{sabbatio} PeAaddesa] | aMh[sobbhia] ~The same Aids[sabaha | PHA Watals] | Atih[sabha}P Papeaiala} Ad Hossaha] PEAR aiala) Aird flossha] 70 digebra] type AAAfkall ha] Pad |gobra} “| Axhabennal type Wifhabenal PPAR stale] Derivation: Five possible derived forms are present in Ge’ez. Verbs, Prepositions — in Ge’ez, Amharic as weil as other Semitic languages can be traced back to earlier verbs, prepositions, —. The changes occurring based on the position of the consonant, vowel with in the root as well as its nature especially, verbs incorporating. As we have seen above a typical verb of conjugation is qatab. This 179PI PAY verb is.not affected by Gutturals/h, 4 .../ except in the causative form fwhich begins with 7a). The other verbs, called weak verbs tend to lose or alter their consonants depending on the position of semi vowels and the gutturals and vice versa. ; , Nouns, prepositions, verb to have... can also be affected with gutturals and semi vowels. Most Ge’ez words are derived and formed from the stem or the root of verbs. Imperative = MA Sound = bio Conjunction Independent ones : mazes Occurring only as prefix we occurring only as suffix: hi (common. in old time}. Adverbs in- clude particles, ‘interrogation, affirmation, or negation, and many others. Interrogative nu, Negative prefix - 74, infinitives - foho, Interjections (not so weil attested in the litrature) al, 7ah! (signs of sorrow) hawisa ! (signifies) so please!. Beta (greeting) @ and £ as Semi vowels. In Ge’ez language prepositions, nouris, adjectives, ‘verb to. have' are formed from the root and the stem. . fas a vowel is equal to (Ae, (Ai.. PIMA IAW @ and £ direct gainst the traditional rules F7A BourF (Character of verbs) in A and.v. Wand F - Khoa PA (repetition of words). It fol- lows its own type, but has sound change. The changes are ealied flo} in Ge’ez. nongeminated syllables - 4 - 0: U ~ rh - } push the infinitive to start in the 6th order ratherthan the 1st order. Eg. wd PLO AAR AAR, Sometimes, the gutterals influence thé perfect to begin with.the sith order rather than with the ist order. Example: Ma: JAS: TA @., They also show changes in the passive form (can serve as active) # an PNA F7UE (aad For the Loss, in the imperfect forms, RUA > and GHEY are good examples. DLHDF NENL DLAGAS? ft LARA [A Att FOAL Aloe HIUt 4209 DAP NAT AALL 1 WA THT Adverb., come first and then verb.a@ (w) and £ were used as vowels.The vowel was kept in writing examples are as followes 0A - [bo%b] - ‘He feasted’ a@vilr [wehabkuj- I gave’ MAD fobelfo] - ‘He (who) ate /have/ had eaten’ HFON {zea Sebbi:]- ‘the greatest (he)’ 7°@ [mois] - ‘He won’O, v and are Gutturals that are exposed in sound change are preserved ourtho graphically in some of the passages Direct object: 7°&d[mdra] APN omlaka] RIP (s’ggeyate] direct object AN {/abo].@ and £ as vowel are equal to u, o See ae art ag [rar a a i mdTPA AR ES Uf they come at last, they change the last radical in to the 6th order.Examples: Wh; 4£L0, SOO th; AG. "7 ACHP (Root (Model Verbs) UCHC 277 PUD ACAI IAT AAAE INF cowed Novi? PL Fo TF PHICMD PAOELE VCR PUN AT NAP TENT Pe Lo~nA Fo GPa BID AT ALY Teer TAO PLU MICH O0°Ahs- For Nev hr Newkorde I9C AAT ALI: Pha he AM CAA cow. PTE Oth Y Peper: Phodeh PI ACh LH Thee: ASTAIAT OP POCA F Or we-B AAT : & eth BR. rte &. 92h Z. twa &. #20 @& Ahovg, A. "ton #. Bou &.& ACA “2 (Tense and Nouns formation, including Adjectives) Nenad! TF AIL NAIL CLES WE PATH NES Or WING MTA BMPA a. rn ERP Tan TE PAA &. 8A FAP TAN TY ome £m TRH ASA TAH Te ean & ado, TRH AH Th Ter Ad %. ch E06 TH WW AE eA 4%, “ben 4h WH BE PAA - #. twa ASA ALA TAN AE Par &. $a0 ANd ThH Tee PAA - THOT PFI NIK MM The PL oo Hrd N-COT HAN AR AgeAE: B. beta ~~ ILA (past tense - 194.) / P42 NER) BETA -—- LIZA (future HAAR— PIP OLF Praesent Tense > PUT Uh) LPTA —— LISA WIL / WI ATER/ 182Pith TAN PHA [| bbAeE/ - ov 722/ to kill (infinitive) FO ATPR/ $A, — PIRA | ERA —-Adjective SPAR PIR (DIET | PRA OM Pd PIRNE | AD PRA ATS PASH — PIL | AA APE PRA TY PEA -—- PPIZA | PRA -- Adjective/ $20, THR. 1 OP? TI STA — OLE | Te HC! PPAR APSA / ARTE! NEA PAA NWET Ate ED ADT NIRPLOCA hE MIA Ants NEED coped APEAAE: AD Paty - A's TRA AD Atta —- he AIZAAL AT APPAH- AISA NIL WIL ADR AT APTA — ATLA f POH Abt @bAh — Neb 78AN Wd: Pb AL TRAM. Nit RePA NEE PIgNAY APE PETAR Te eat Ath PPA—- Nib FSA APE VELA PIER HIS Tn PEAY —- RAT Abt PPA, — TRE Thy PETA -- NIIEAAT NEE? brant —- IAF Te Fa FRA — NLA WS APY beta — PIRATE TY OS Why FRRA —- AVILA NERD PPP PIR NTS fe RYbOo dt Ahow 120% fo WARD PRA 18M UAL Rebom PER PLANE To! ober ett -- Ree 107 APhoo Feb PIR HILO! Bhhaw Lote — LISA! APhao btn —~ Tilo! Oboe LPtA — LIK WIS/OF DAE bh —- ILA Dita Leb — LILA) Ohh BETA -—-— LIRA Bat bah —- AF Ok LEFA — RIGA WI Rt PETA — PILATE Ok RETA —- BIA Lht PEA — PIRAWIF / A Dh? $n akte Ml Rbk AP TAK. PIRD 183PPI TAD. _———— re DED RETA mm RITA I DPF LAP — BIR WIS MA) DARE BETA — LIRA ll CMAP OE:- 0. PFW future) “AT. PAUD LIb( Present) ATH AIS OBIE CM NOLS 1 AMY AAFor: A. NIL ATSKS POH ATER NITE NIL OBIE ST bh PTA IAF COFFO-S PLE GE NERIL NFER (past). 1: PEA POLO TOF NL MLL! ath FEO IC 7 ADELA Or beth AAR ONL oMbPA PALA IA PAR OLR) ROCK L2e &. #20 -- roots LECH —- PPNIGA LR —- Loveys WIS LOL —- LoonTs FRO 1 PROP -— Yooiys PAN, —— LOOT PADLT = Soviet PANE — Pooh PAE -— Loonty | ti! Pa — PEF PA, —- hah 7%, PAN PIT ooh 2h oon PRAT —- Powis oT Md, Wat BM BARC Led RIG = Bure We LMG Bee WG MLCT -- onpe erp NE —— Pug. TCLS —— Pug, a TCL —- Fie Hh) ME —~ Prue. Me -—- we TNC —-- 2d INE — Wwe | ASELI PING -——- NE ed TING -— PYG AIL PLA POLL INF Cf? RAP SFan:: NIL MG POLL INE we! NET Rh ONE... TFore 184“43, TAY a a. hhood oor & feb -- deh PAPC —- SOKA LACH -~ LACHA PAPC Sore WI Lach — £ach HI PAPC --- LOF 29Ch ~- 24h AAPC / AAP CH —- Tor * ACh AChE ~~ avozh ANTI —- POH 16h, -- Zh ARSICS? —- S08 /ol Gé-hP> --- Pdr AATLT —- SOPF AATICLA --- POR fir! Rowe PPO AAMIS — OF¢ PUAPL —-- POLLED AAP -~ barr? en —-- NENT NEDEH = PL en --- Pbhah én, --- PLACA heh, -—-the-b Anh —- Neh> Whoed? PLovAte! APP! howto! Aoohie? AewenAs Paulie? SFart: AIR NN PRL WE? doom! AGP! wh... Paohhteh Sho &,. *hoo —ov LEI BAT RPLI? -— BHP WIL BLIP LT wR | WR H — angie WP, — Pion WLP LS —— Pav werLy — Phavy WEP Lr —- Paw Ml ern ge Pitan wgey, -—T.%, a0} — tov} Bory POLoviy TE h@ Poolhht-b For: %. (WA —- AA LNA — LAA RAHA ome BA WIR LNA —- BNA >A Deh) —oT WA PA MAPS — Lh MAT — LaF NYAS — Pe Mt AULA -— eRIA AYA, —— PLA AVA --- ANNA NUM PoLaolty THEE OWE UM! TOP Sar: 185B. B00 boo Lars —- LATTA RAI anne BABI? HIS Rag? a Babe” PEP] HRPH] —- OFT PPO, POLE PPP LY —— PLB PPOLP —-— PTET PPP LE —- POLF CO lhl bar --- PLE" PPO, —-- RL havip —- how Savy PLADA hd! PCH / Aa ONT... Tor Asan: Choc! Khoo! SoviTr! LohITF FPA Te NeRTE (| INL! NALA AT FRAE ARR EO Ther “ P PeLAae> ERA AMAT Or ATL FF ULE AL DLP APH PNA PRAT CONELA ALLA Book NIALL P07 hho IC AIL tO CHOOT RO, IAD OSE EE M1 wT AHRS CATO 7F (Irregular Verbs) PATTIE hAAL. He PAN wun / hav Loren! Lun Fun - - run nua | Fay BHA / Ravar Bhua LAVA fv Al Pn nA BAA RO / AAT BAA 2NA BNA che / at! Boh, LCAR 2CA/ SCHR wee | O2e/ Roe BR LRP LCLA Nah AS AA (Continuous)VIC comedy? PFFFAGr MARL You | PAR LRA Dive DW Looe Obk (APO 1 fev tar) 186 —FAY IO ATOR LAT PoLomAdn . o a PPA-PEAE thet FRNPLNPLE poo 92h “Lae £710 flea Wan ae. Fatt PM ACAET PAAPOT WAT HAL IRIN Am? Mabe: &. ange bemh 20 BRA APO Gem NAP INH CAT IPA ALN AT Ad Tor: gaa AMT ORA/eom] Gé-Nd -A2h Meh) AP Abo" [anf - ARICT PLP RL MASA CAP [APL NAMID - he MERI FF Orr: es he Rtn AteR E Se: Peer AIS yor: th - 18h B. kA -PIRA -To Kill AL bttet - 298A - To Kill EL Wd AG POH ATS yor: 5, VOT ADR Lh PACAP E £247 ASH AT ANd LAwA:: FEOELAT! OLE htAaome MeL) «bt Neral WA ATER ROWER: LG F207 AAA yor: IG. PU Ocche i 8. 1h PRIN Bw ences evAC Abt OLE o> WE TA vO: ATL DM PEC NAN ADM ERA AA G& Abbe AM TF Tho ANH T RT enRS OMITHe PIR ATI POV. ALP Pek APCA-APHAM QE>4ANT NoePEn Aeoce Aah y0rq:: 187TF TAU , WA WM RE RA ALOCRIP: ND. LEA ALON: ATLT NE ND ane ry BP i ae RAGASHE OAL 7) ALM: £8 LA. OTF R197 SAT AT UO GP GEOR: Pr OPW PME IW LD ALA LPR PVE LATTA ROTO - dh - 1 hemant AEG ON PAATO FTO £8 GP LOCKE LPR LAOMAT CATOWP LECRG Pav APE LIM on 8 Lh OLP MAH ATH HAART AA Lr PMEeT OA hottie And PRODAH LIP ANE RET ALECEP ALI" Li Aka Raw? eehha hdl LTD eco AA PRODIAE APTA HOR WANA ABT PPP Pr TAN LHD Play ECA ANd PRODAT 208 242A Mh MANA ATI 77 SCAAKI BE AIR me AND PROIAG . : oO APA £24 TA OM ANE Th He G AKA LBD Prliear PORE ELA MF PRODAE © MAN NC PLRCLOD PTLRCKAT ANE PAA ALPICET ALES OVWTIOARD. . AEA BABAR . © AAR HERAT HICK UP AEC THO? 2ECAAE - - hit: 00> F AITF ACHE OE LWT ONL OR Ed LAGrmPA: N20 AT NIGH LF PD ALECLP PRATORA wo any ee MHRA EP HARLRO EC ETH R38 + Mh MAD PAP ALIS Mhdt MANS ALMCAP TS HEI Md ANd ARIE: AdTMS 5 TAP ROW AEPTAMPEA TAO -i AAT + PREF CPO AAT FARR VAAAT: 188PITA TAN ————————————— ABTVLY ALGU AALRG I PRGU TREY WKS: A AND 1°LOA TOF MARA MOF PILE AG PMR T AMIS LAGAT P AAT APRA ihe HOOD Rheem AED CAPAD TLC UN TERT A LAGA: Pe PPL AT POOLGLY APT VO QL FHF mi WAT ROTH ACR INT ATR yarn OBES Ad Fy OLA RMLTE NRE AMON taKE PRCA oP EAT NOB FCN AONW AF LAL: PAE tegen Rwyyer -payek Laerk AAP OLD PILED TO: SCO PILI PUL POOR LIP Ors © PLAT AMILT COLT CO'F, MALLE ATI AT er ahha 0 AER CAP AAI) yore: OD ROOM ANAT Me EN VILLI LOLA PILING PARLE ATK Gres © AD MATE PLATT INLCIT AF LAO 6 Mbt LL7F TF LA: POD bom F WNT ASA PROD PAAr Ahewaal Alybdaran: eh AAtCHO: CAP? ACAPE AATCAP AB PVN PMLLT AMR SBEA PNA: FAPARNITATA Alt AAY 6 me OL ERA AT HAAR ALA LH PAO BOA MIA FLOIAE © PEAT CWOHA MAA LT PLO? Adem NR PRETAD Nba CE AE BRA MW TAA (AD ria I LAF sheared Adtin AG PCA IPA PREIAD NTR AAD NAY DAR IR WERT OF COAT FE ORMET 29:F PA: Maha Abt Bere CAAA WO AAT (etd Ae AIR APA MASA AAG BRA Ae CAH cere pact Nels 189PP IAW —————————— YT PLCAES PONELNT FO WUT POCA POCO POT LAT OIL HAW UT ADRS LNRAAT ORLA Pak AAT Nears NEF INEOS PM EFO NIL OTA 2A LIVIA ATE PEt PET OH: LL FR ATR OF AIR F LECAAL ACCA TD APPA VO RATEO PAEFO} Om PK LRA WM LETAD man maa me rt min ” WAL 4BR we LLM PAT OG FARA APEC FARA TD ETI: OTF RL DA SIRT LAAT MANA... RGR. PCOF OLFF MAPto co Cay AT PRN bh EK LP ray POF APE E CRO: Net Tees one. 040 Lee Area 120 PT ON HADALT CHIR ATER PR LKF : ALE AN PAOP TLE UA EP TNEPAT Sr OLY FAL #RT OL NAME AT IDE OLE Por NTER PrAE-TaT bres GEO: 2 NONE [hid ACL I HAAS [Phu LAA! WHR PoHd ay h Awilll & Abb Peer whos abt AT 8 AO Pit! AON - ALT Abt H.. ALATNN tha tat BAIAT AN, ft} AVRO ASA Re IATODL ATE Al lyou willl thr 7 iwewil) oh Ort LIP PME ELA AT RABY LP TH MT $f A 190Ph TAU - Pvt TA Oboe fe IATA! (They will! OFF 8A) AGADS [They will/ FONE WG PE LPF AA PN AO RP ATL Oki AIK WM AEE LONGA: PAA AbMbhoe PAA PAA. Metal OP fade: RRO nAAL aye AoORA oOMAV. «= AMR - NPM HIS APM Aye | HebRD You (will) come —-FI"RA [15 At: PooRn, You (will) come "KA, /74/ Avhom Pomp. You (will) come B"H [0 “REED PowRh You (will) come = FRA tah ‘14°K) We (will) come WA Ont £R) He (will} comets) LIPRD BMA bax She (will) come(s}) T9°RA OF) fom LorRh They (will) come | £°RI- ONT £7°%A They (will) come LPRA FTE FET WO - AON SFO ae: aloe @F ROP PRA Py MF ows PF A AGEO 04 Uh NICE PAT: RE P70 ACO NOM COLASD 8. 10g. - ¢4°12 NFR Ipast tense/ €. aharg- 0A AS NeeZr, /Present and Future/ E. @300 Avex - Infinitive §. WS AT Poni - /Jussive and subjetive/ 191PP TAN ST Wa - $4912 AYER /past tense - Wid - tee%m sat vA [hel wich I sat Arh Ne wich You sat AYt INE! wich, You sat NY bor (AGTH Cha You sat ATED IATTt! Ch? You sat an IRE CS We sat Ok (ACh Me He sat Bret (CAS Met She sat fom PICO ont. They sat OEY [nite Me They sat beooph howgh beeen, phew F Ty. poo thy bpoopy beam pean Pb roy berm. ART Af ATIMNYO AA: (Pronoun! HATA We borAaZ 1: MOAT ONICTO- FF -bo-AM her NERLO [Mite FTL LFOF a: sit-sat — Irregular verb /A,-m9@ oH 90%) A. Work - worked #é-Reguiar 7 30 ULC - Td. we ih POLE PULA AIR YO: TOAOT:. VIN PNG WE FEEPE WIS OLE TEOU Pe Porm kA TW WEY Tear ore, MATIAUFO 9 A2Or et WE eUAERGTL - Uh APS! MAILE WF 1 TD PTALE ANA NATO: CTU RIF AHAAL Lb MPL Bea: make - made work ~ worked Mle Ab ch wet l worked /made/ A}b wich wet You worked fmade/ Ar: mech med, You worked /made/ Arbo ache weer ir You worked /made/ ATE? mch> wer he You worked /made/ tat mer we We worked /made/ 192Ok THe. tat 10L Opoo aie PPT VMld- AP 2248 IME - TAN iady APACE Ay bh Ath h AY} n a art? ht Thy t Ok - Pat + DA Poo Ae (ASO OnE IAGO th, hs ALK ALGAALOP - PRL HELL ~ AAVAT BEAT My Or: ay AY net APbam avd ‘Tay + Oheb abt: @h-bom OEY deen 193 He worked /made/ we EF She worked /made/ wg. They worked /made/ we, They worked /made/ wd - worked wwe AVM ol Te ed ult ed Wht, ed Ful ed ? 7 y ed fe (ATOM ed bef ed AR RR I went Art hSh You Went ATE BLT, You Went AGHt RAT You Went atht RAPT You Went ae RLY We Went Ate WR He Went aa, LLF She. Went” Ait he. They Went Aik Th They WentDPA TAD DAP DH. VO AT ALA Lik VU ae PLAD BLA MTA PYIGAE ADAP AG OATS RIP CMAAA ERA A NOAFOr OR hdl AT ADFT OR Bd AATILPF MF PERT LAorMa ATE Aa tee Fre Paes hy Oe ART ADEE AEE NEbOOT APEEE Far Pe PoMeRE LRA PIL OF ALA GAOT LECASA: ALT AUT PREMIO 444 17 go? Went 2402 WAAG 2 APUG NATCT TALE NIM LIOPA: che Kho lat Aidt cde Ste> LA NE WH Ae PLA OAL NOAM tOOs KAT: ORPPANTO 77 PIS OAL FPIAT AAD FIN Ach ILE NET TONEY POLE WF PFO PAN Qeh - nent Ach /-blessed Ach /cht - *1e0tt To bless AL qéh I blessed AP Neh You blessed ATL ae You blessed NYbo Neher You blessed AVY acne You blessed Whi Néehy We blessed Onk ah He blessed Rbk Neh She blessed or} far ade They blessed OEY ach They blessed ~ MAP NE POALF ay Aen agRT Ay deh AH QENh ALW Web eh AYE Ahh, 12 AE AH M00! Arbo Aehhe agit A Pree achor nYE Aghhd ALW) WEES ache eqaHPt TAU ———————————————— nate be bt he ho mee 240A NETH Tete PIN PMA LRAT OE TR AE mee LA «im NA LIP ATA Fb ans Lona: hy Ay (Become - Be POLO MA (ULC! port: AY POD Aho I become a doctor. RYE RT nde you become a doctor. Ab: bth, how you become a doctor. thd Dy hee AN AIL OF Tere Apood . AnAy u* ant ach by ATA Poon. INF 14 ATER AO Ps SRoe: w, AA, - OOF - knew To know /knowing Ae. AA Od PATHE A for: Ay AA@Ch I knew owt. art AR@Ch You'knew OMe, RE ACh. You knew On>h- AV bom AReCho + You knew 00 FFT. Ave ARCHY You knew 002 FT Var AAOCY We knew ome he Adore, He knew One Bet ARIE She knew one ye OpFor AeOG They knew 0% OnE? Aaoe. They knew ome 4 A NTKW APH LA Mh WAET TAALE Pete ARE FAO AAIT WM cL» «hay 0: PLA YCHC AAA LL PP SPOF ABE AUD W4d 1 NTR NIRTAP AFOtOAD 2A APH PANT PEEP CO NALA ATE PLACA ASFA HAT ror: 195PA TAY, AY At aah I said Aye cats AAn You said Art Pha, Aart. You said AVbow Tht APE You said ArhD TA RAF You said tat ™m AAT We said ONE £0 AA He said Lh a AOF She said arp faro- LAA Ate ‘They said OP Pala Ate ‘They said FAT PLAT) WE OF RAALT OR WIL ADP FAK OLA Aerated 1] LER Lem LOLA LOMNTH LATE WI We PPA a Path PANE fof 1 RAAL we at How, Wa mor +200 De Roo ena 32 Bp JS! ee pt ys! Pa dod int tm PT z > A TLETITAN PI AarD HLTD MI ACAI mtr avorey AreRt Nd [4A°TL/ OL NANL PAE Ws Rh! HIST Tern AG FON RIK NR AR HFT NILE TPAD Aue? Roe PFT WARD MATEO OL ATER MARL ATER MUCUC AIT Ab: B WAAL RATT ATER en APPR PAU Present) AY PoORA Future ATER PUL ADT LRT Leas ARTI? DAICE vn ACAD OE ALIGT? NCCAA) RIS. PATICT Ph CAD PIR WHADER = Ad JACI! HARE “IAAR ona a enna LMA LMA TE § pac +976 LEIGD LAIC LEW WIZ £ opt PH Lema LPT) LPT WIS § ope Pt RP PO LOA! Lg WIR & wc PATON LL . ROW) LEW WL £ evpaog phony Lebaonn Lb oepiehooy WIS 4 Us he LRA QRS LIS WI 2 mntac Anenne. POAC SIATACIENAAG WOE: ANH AS AAT PEILT PAE PPE Camt boom? WRF Adan. ANTCTOr PHIG-L7 TF (Regular verbs! ht RCAC VFoms AAT” PU WF LEE ATE ATL Tie AcrAeh ATTPAGAT: TAA thee HAAS Pow we 2A AIPK th A BPS BPEL PE WIR mea PPR PTI PETE REGGE AIS eG oT et LPED LPULPS AIK eee yt Ph Pa Ler" LECT LOT WIE ong okt cam LOLFA LOLA LOLH WIS rae RP ther toon BRETA LRLWLNLT WIL ned ANTTIL, AME © PAPA LNENNE WIR WEA 197Pi TAM —————————————— FIAT “Wh CAD oO FIL m4 AAR POM WIR OD ATR so0pae LEDOL LATA LAP LEE NIL LAP PERO RPT pani on] eee Bee wR GO PHA RAL Lota LPPA PhAltktek aehinelW each £ach achincht AYR AL BRD LR RYE ILTDED ewchlerehl fewch rewen PHUCh/P Wht AWWA [ral PAA, ENA DLAINENT WMCIMEILING © LINC £206 me Mer knthtn LRT BR TF SVT VED » Pawlmne/ LF 25h TAPTAPr PELMUATNT LE Kh LEN HEMET RIAIZ PAICTOT CIN ACAI TAT been grt Me - Town TAL = POW f> Bk rr Loe} “yoo Beg? Re Phe PUTT WE AIT OL HAAL LAGI: LAP PLFOSO OR sors: ad Out HARES Pt a0 Lana} “we “o> LEA Re #80 PARC - * mA 200 : LPM . DAALI NOens. oo¢-nO7 E.R fet PPA ALROIS AB ANVAAT APTA. AILAATE APE AIL Abr. FATA PETATIOIMA APt-ANTA, AYE. Pavan, PPA PEA LA CONFER FAIR OTHE. TATE A PLAT AYEH FAK AGH TAAF TE PETA PILED 198PPI TAN Fa FAIS AT. ADIN WORD. NILA Wt LMI ACM - LATA LPPA- LIRA Bret. PIE REO. TIAAF Peta. PISAAE ORF LAR AIC - LATA LOT BIKA ONE LOTR RICA - LYE LTA LILAA Gon = +E - Le - oor Abe RYOge - Abia Adore. RéeI0 Te Reb POs? - bea teary. PEM Abt Poe, Lo aad PEON, PELE RY poe. Apr ow - FF Peoroo-. PHM Te AVE P07 - be OF PEO TENET tar Horse - NEAT F099 REED Ohh. Large - Bea LEDIM. LBD Ldht- brage - TAF too. beat @hfor. Lyon - BEE te Leora Lobo OFF 210-7 - £48 LEO LB E. mRh=com (LE - THE led AY- AURA NEOMAT Uwill/ come ATIG- AweAT Abb - Poonh. Foomat Youwill/ come pric. been AYE Foowh. Format, You/will/ come PIMC. Pod ran, Arbo . Poon hoomdF Try ou/will/ come PING POGAFETr AYE? Poogh. boom Youswill/ come PM POEAFN tab. FORD. NICPMAD Welwill/ come TUNG AWAD ORR. LUNA LoPMA Hefwill/ come/s/ LUC. LOCA Lak. PeRD. Poonat She/will/ come/s/ PMC. POET Oem . 20K -B-PMA — They/will/ come LING Ld ORF. LooRA. Loar. They Awill/ come LUG - Lorde & $2.0 = APPAT Rh - FRA Ae AERA NOOSA Ywill/ Praise Pat Sn Abb PHS FooMWTAN You fwill/ Praise Phe ene Nee Pe Sn AeA, — You /will/ Praise PRBS 199ROO PRL FH OAITAET You willl Praise AEM FELA- POMVIGAFT You /will/ Praise Thr F4Ste FONTGNT We /will/ Praise DAR. LEK LOMITA He /will/ Praise Bht. FESh FORNICATE She /will/ Praise Oto. LER PATA They will/ Praise PEI. BEA. Loans. They /will/ Praise Pubtiet WF AAT OL HALL LAOMA: LIP PLSOdo NA yor: Ms eh hare Pt $a0 L700} tA Lan L1G The FEL £426 PMA LT kta HARE? Noes oeene? &. AIR= WIR. Me A Ay ANTS Abe AADAAT. APPA. ATLA AT TATE Abt. TAMA Teta, PAN APE. PAT, WE. PAMAA, Teta. PALA Ato. PAT NTH. PAIAAE TH PPA. PLE Tah WI A. NTAPAAT PEbA- NANT Ont LAI ACh - LATA LOT LIZA - Pht. PIE ACO, TAPAAE Peta. PEAAF Presat Ph Sal lef (2820 Presi (Rte Reel [Rbk DAP. BAT ACE LAT RA LIE POF BIA ite ~ BA DAte LET BIA B.RIW. kde E - RD AY ARYTA » AEA TE Att . bart - tLcnT ATE ~ PAINE - PLELAT. AVEO . bY - PLCART 200 eeerel eens " WPED ber. LCA tet - FRYIG -~ NIRGNT Ohh - LAID - Lbod Lhe - PRY - F007 OREO LRYW - Poe OFT - BRYN - Lebdete £ ‘hen. Naa AY AMEE. ANAT Abt - Peg . trom +O OWE beeen. Pion eati, Abbe Pigow . PET. APED - bwge7 -. PAW PH Van - THLE — NWN The - LHL - LK Bat - bey - PMs Ohfom . Cwzom . Par. OF) - L207 - ginny. AAS: PCA YO CAA Naar $5 ME [Regular verbs! yaet: mF As : RR = ony Phahe PrerF Ar ARK. hOMATE heh TRH OAT. PACICT Or Att. Peony Poomay +R. NATUR Ate Atk. hood. Poway H.R INGAAS .. At Abhom - Poonh. . POMP F.. » + APT ATED - booRh -. FOMARR OR Ay » Fah - TK - Neem hah» AP... AT ONE - LKR - Lawma Budo» Lo A Lat - PRR . Poonay rr FF By fae _ LeORH. . amNY. La be» Besse te DAFT - LOK ~ » Ba oy » PPT LPE UCU NIAIR NIZ Mee BALA: 201DP TA PATI Ont PUNPAET ATER ATR MA For OR HAL Noraor PRATER PA POPE ATM SHA FUME WF NALA BNE PLPC om, HA AD A OTE U. Aversa, Peete ah. Tyre an, Barge 8. Pay ICS Lo Lb sPeRN HA ASC PLo* AY UV. BRUIT A PAYAL ch. BAYT RTT ow, PRY E 2o-RA BAW WN AAC MA A TH AON U. BURT A. LL ah 1407 oD, Bw Bare Ge A end AAO Uv. #7 A 2e0-7 Ah BPH oO OA The? GPRM AD — Oran VIE A OTE oh. LATE, BATH we, AY BOW 2ooRh RCRA nA AeH. ehh v. by A Lh ch. LG ao, Shore OP AES 1 Leo WER PMC WP DTaP A, Neo hh POP 90, Thee bn Pht Ans Pmt? 9 2: bh Ped 2 2 Arrr ae vo eh, Atha dk hh 22, the we They? tn a B. AP An TRAY OROF Oh WEE : “ U. F600 A ATECD ch. e099. hee Oba MR Oma AN : vw. UME A LING ch FTC, Te TB. POA RSP PRLD OF DA AL AP vu. thoy AP dh. Phare, 24, Drew i@, tom, @ aR v. OAS A FORA ch. DARD, POag 202TEU TAU Perfect-Imperfect (Future and Present) Perfect The GGMS and GIMS> GCTP and GPTP Imperfect (future and present) Badr l> FOr Perfect or Past- Gloss/Meaning "aya pra FUMES PPR “they/ will enlarge (like Amharic.) make great’ a LULLED “he ts guilty’ sth LAER LATE they will drink’ LAAD> LAG ‘they /he will ery’ “he will go’ ad. LAG IAT ‘he will pass” The imperfect forms like £300 (like Amharic.) seem to follow the regular rule . In this case, Ge'ez and Tigrigna share similar positions. Imperfect. Perfect. The Ge’ez imperfects vary from time to time. They were influenced by the third order during the formation from the perfect to the imperfect. The following words taken from the GGMS and GIMS could be sample examples. HPSNLF> HPFAR :: aolrar (is like Amharic, for the second radical is changed into the sixth or- der) > aothran ::,Cbhk > ALGAE: i> (Ta ype) > hilt, eta Hype) LOAFER like Amharic) > SOPCHUHETAhCO > +t Abe? PULILD > FILTER > HLGAPHOR: PAPE > TAPE: HEAPS > HEAIS :LERLPHere= & is not changed into the sixth order despite £ being present after it) > LOAELP:: PYerh > 4dr) / Juss/; LMLR > CANE :kADLG > SaLar ::/ perfective/. FIR DAP PAOT Th APATLY AhAALT MHI ATR 1°27" Tet AtebhhAe@-s FOP aT least vA PEAR O™ Adte ATER Paas how fb eal 5. hom PRA - ADACTT & hem 2b RA - RILL LAAT 203Pt IAW B. hee BALA - POTD ATLT LPATH AIL LATS hem prabal an neal hee POT APM [Yet 00 feo! APM [ACh] APE LOD HOaAl Adee 1é.09°h/ hem /hhoech! Aner (aed! AMA POT AA [RAGS arene! AA IY?! NAL Maen! nem pach! hee (noe Fh! Ae [NCH AM HAP WF MAL AT APO NOPD IAFL AA ATOR MAAL OAFOt 4. me f. WAG &. ad Epon &. tetsh 8 +700 Eww #. oR+ IIe 204FY TAD ST Mer Eh OARP AMLAAAE LNA OfAF AN A hap Att LID AR AULA LOATH ATE AAP AVE AAPUNE AA QA AAT OABO™ RO ALE fee AAT AREER LEAF R 299 FFO- AP AYE ARCH PAIT ends. tet ath Aaers PR RAE ANT + WOT AAD TA AG at FAA OR PPAN IR AT HO $Aa 1D Th PESIC TH Wet Wet AE MP PINT PA FIT lak PRE LINC AN. LALA PAE HOP ATL MAWIE - AaY IAW VIG Th PF PLOTATIA PUNT RTD NAW: TH TAM ERAN AON Ite A AOORAIC TL OW TEP OR NFPA TO Tete AO OTIC PH PNR HO GU RACH LETH AYE TAU AEST OREO AD he Mat TE AUD ATE PTAU RING LG AUPE SFO AE AF ALRATH? Prt TA NPE A LPT AAD Tat Fic BRAR AE Wht ATI Nib PD AAT RAS HAF Oh Ok HOME TUL AW: 000} one 4@- Nave FRovg, : ANH Go7% NLA SCARY ARE. NOT? ALIS MANAG FEOF Lae? ACL? LAD 2.10. HIS ANDER OLY POU AIF PIOFS ALP MHAAL AFOR MATAPY OLE APPR/ ANCHE OT TPF BABAR! HER ADR LF FOI AFR MLE NILLT PIUCP TIF AFOTIAL HILAR OLP? FOU AFER PAGHIVR HIS AFR “the. HISTO &. tba LITA. LILAILILA WIL €. Pea BARN —- LONTULONTE HIS fF. aah LACK. LACH LACH. WIRY /(£4a/ 205tA, TAH —— 8, 2.7% LR7F - LA lebra Whe) %. PAW LF Me - Lave wIk/ i 270 LLIB - BEG) Lhd WIL z twa PAA © BNA (BA HIS! &. owen L°Ch - LICH (LICH WIL @. the LMG. Le (LHe WERT i, “hen ROLE - LEP LEG WSS TR. Bao LAP - LEP [LBP WIS Nos. OAL Nae rout AY Arta AILA WIE APTA ATLA Att POA PISA HIS PTA TRA Art Tora, PILR WIS Pra, 7K8, AT ben VET PISA WIS Pa TRA Art ber » » PTA IRA Tay ata APIZA HIS PPD ATLA Ont RRA PARC WIR LEA BALA Lat TerA TILA WIL PETA TIA Oppo LOT LIK WI LER LR Le OEY bra LAL AIR LEA LARD WADE WNT NIT AYEOOT NEED OPT WIR PON ADS porn . HIS ATPR ATS (8) PAOD FH AT AIA PEA VASE Far LRIAE NILIEA IAPTAL AURA APTA AIRA (LP PAL hoo [tel ANDAR AL ALEK AIR ADR Tees AT Lb BaPAE hoo 71L7! LEC AIL MOLLE - hoe PETA MAAL ATER! LEE NIP IA IATATT WOT shee WALK? LEC AIA NIX - how VPA WIL ATR!. 49 ThA PRA - KOA HTL (In order to) Ph (in order to )Praise AY ALA AMIE HIS — AEN Aor t Att PEON. SOATE HIE RN AmnT? > Arh Tekh, SONTL AIR $20, hn, » NEO PES Fone WIL bk te RovnTe » APEY PER FOAT HIS Fk APN > thr PRN AFOID WIL WRN ATONTT > ht LELA LOVIN LS POmNTy » Lat TESA FOTW — FATH Pony > RPO LAL LATE WIR — LK PoPners. > ORFF LALA Lon HIS LEKA Ponts » FOR NAPE ATT AFRO NEED Os WIP TONE? ADS dos Te - vd. . WIL (in order to) torn ay AIC Awd WIS = AAC ALP (In order to )Do art PMC Boe wel IMG ree- > Art PME Pee We Ne Hd » AVEO PING Pe WIR BG 2 > ATED PME bore we Me Pe taht TING Nw HT PMC NI OV PMC Led HIS LMC Led » kak FMC Pw HIS PMC tere » ORM LNG LO WIE LMG Lee > OFF BNE Loe HIE LM LeG > woo . Tao we ron (In order to Jappoint Ab ROLE OAT HE NL AR Abr PLP Tor Wk Le The > 207FF TAM a eed Are Pee POL IS LL ROL » AY bom pepow. Blo. WIL vow Foo > ATED PLT Diem e127 Tow > th PLP ON HIS PL NE > THE LLP LTP Ik LLP Lie > Lab PLP Pie Ie Pee Pie > BFIm~ LY 0% Phom WES BHLow Pie a DRED L481 Lio WIS LET Lio » fownpae NIk bon (In order to )Stand Ay ner AEP NIE Age aar Art rar FOP WE ar ar lb Art FeY PEL Ie no, hh o> WYboe Aha Por We hom omy AVE DheheT » a7 $0, tat +47 ROP WIS 149° Arr > Ont Lager LAP HR Lag LEP» LAT ter TEP WIE Tae rar» Oboe — Ldraw- LeBow WIR Lom Lkom Ont ST Lom WIR Lay Lhe » "MIO MHI AT POM PLE PT EPH Prefix’ NPR HAAR Ay AT AL Th PorAPOT MALS LAPAE bth TOT UL PARTE MOL6 HAG: FL PTANE MAL AAG: PION ATER ACHAT AS WCET Moers CHET ttn PLA btteh wn g. 18h PEM PLOY eoNTy $2n achmch> oneh ach RII ona Flt RY EYRE met och sNChPWChY orn 208Firth 7 ram TAPIT APT aan a0 PEP eErt wer 4a PRP RE one AUA MLA ot ont Wie MCNer an peg PEA OLP Ht b - ILA hb PEA PLATE wg. My killing, rt PtAnbtieth 720 — Yourkilling ht Ptanethe th, moat, Your killing Vb = bhahom/dtraethee 20724F7% Your killing net btn bth? TRAP Your killing ht PEASE eb morgen) — Our killing Onn Petteldettet IZ His killing Baht: tal ett dD IR Her killing OREO — eo ibtdefom — oPTRATOr — Their killing . OEY Stile bt kD o7Z.ATO- Their killing PIO AER UCUC PRSPF OATS, RIALTO Tete PT NE RT Hood NPE PE AT AT Age T AD For: SRO OT ny PROP LMEE my thaok/praising oh Te nee +enhleenth Your thank/praising . eTeenITh » Ait oeoneeoth “TENTH, » Av bae Fein LOTh?d ORIG ET » AYP? FLON HEL Nt hor ePemh IT Tb » at PE Sits ONE? » 209* 9AM OVE PLA PLO ance ty » EM: PLOUEL ND ‘ eyoONTS » ah f-om PMO far] fob Rpf-ar ONG TO » ONEF PROD ALY ROE POISED > Ade F EP WT COA Budde! OW ATER Aa bta PILe AY tah “WAU Nt ran, wan, Ait hao Pehahe ILA Fu- ATH tant 14 Fu. Tah tat WAT Oh Petite 1kte Rat ot wea a) -fav- $thear Iho ORS Pthed LAG DU ATERT AIR HbA NPE ICU BFAAD DAL OP AOL A TAMAS < PO ACAIP HER SENN AFORE 95 AIMLZONA AF NACA ORF” PONE NOP Pea SF NUCNE FPOTAL ME LIP ACHR ALPE APE WNPFIR AF 0 WIL POM AIPAF OS PRLLOCR PEI PARMELI WFI> MLE AIPOCAI: EB. AILS WF AT IS OLE ton NPPRTO- AAI LD WE AT WIS ORF POW AIR FO Ader 97 POF For he AG ADRIAN WF AheT NPRAT OW CAA Uh Hk VLE Mompst NergRE.. AMEE ARE dor: 210FE zaY WaLmIEe AR AR OAT LA LATO Qora-dh AG MOL 2La4 NeeRore PAFOR SFO: CANE 7 144_ ne tent tor LOD WIL Loy IRR Rk HIS RIBS +EId LEIG WIR PEG ets UES VPS MELAT «Ro WI MELA AAD EY WF NACANt [Regular verbs! /78 WF! THIS AAR PIN RAIL WF NFS (Abr cAh For] VB. Pant Pot cctoT aot atet echt «hot Ont... PAPELYE O1F- ae ae shout 5. wag - OAL PAL - LOA WE LAL - 20-0 wee - OL LEK - ROCK WIR LEK ~ LOL E ofb - O24 LR LR 5, RAP - RAP LRA PRA & ai - ana ERTS LRIL ko peop - Wo we BOM Lito 2. nyo - nod. Lath . Pa B. OAR - WAL SAS LAX Breit - par Le 2ea> Lo nam - tht ARLT LA PNG IR. oun - am Pod ron TR, obo. 9 LI Lk If, Agaw PRM PE a. Aone Phy, LH, Rao Brom 2Rao Th pee Let, Lt IZ, paw Fur rut i. sae ria, ria, nes LTE re B. on ern Prd 20site an v. WAwh: RAP OPO HIS RRA A RTA PRE PILE Net PRA ILE LA BT OAL TH LUD mht PANE ba LAL AA ald WN PROIAT AIP VE LIL APA «Prt ALILE tat Mari natoy: A. MAO ato AT PERT MTR PENA LRAD NeLhAch 7 ry ED Wied 1 [Past tense/ MPC TAAL MAU WELT OILT Poe Lh AAT PMGAT PAA ot Ad RARZ WES POH een FA LAMA PAA tomy LEVGA LOVIT HIS Lohr y Pen sFaihd. PNG LUNE - hAsoOn FON AVA PEAT EPERS Sebdb Rebdvh Ra pea Pst L649 Ler PRO AND LAN (AA. LA tea OLMAHT! LES LOL Aho. HWA OCD LOL LOCH RGAE chy td LOMA GA (LE HUA -RQVAL AERA Ore IAPOE: VEL AT PMA AAEM AE © oy) ATI Stet LONP AD PLTAE MAL MS Of VEO: | Namsag WF MANRATO ARTR ON RI aoe Tee PAID LTD OR AIOKLY THO PHIGLFF 0oM_ NUFST AG AH OPI MANA APLLET ACHAT AAWaY LFA LAF ooont Ome 77 NLA CANNED PESTO LANGA: Rt PRE IPC OE LL APTN TPasive! 1 OU MHAAL OTS OEP ATA EF Patar AAI TF Pind (OA! he AAT AOA NAT 27 WIRING lactive/ thd RAMA ATAIL Li Prk ERAT ALIS NELERO ENFOT miro Oba AHI AWA 2F4aA va UAOr. Bc: BT RP Habs AFAR HOA EPR aor Ree eorint orn qacick ache ACH ATATLAD:: 212% - = | | 'FV IAW ch. PAPE WM PAA MOK OP C-HFT OAL=OAZ We Foun, nr ANe | AAS _ dLet me take / Att ag AR /Let you take / Att aa, - Ag, /Let you take/ AF Po- ne -- AR éLet you take/. ATED ne 4 Let you take/ tant me “me . /Letustake! ORE. ene ~ BAR JLet him takes “ent Fae Fae /Lether take / Drivhor- BM BAR éLet them take / ORES 2A 2g /Letihem, take WHE Wh AAR = OAL WIL Mnorder that | take/ TAun Pave AOA AT Lambe Anh) AMAL Pela PCL AG FE Alnor: + Command / subjunctive: The GGMS and GMS Meaning and Gloss (iar > AAP ~ | sell hi Tuss./ Imp. LER> LFRES BEL, ‘in order that he pays’ Juss. Amp. Wh > FA fier ‘Yo give’ Juss./ ling Wolk >or = Wi ‘give ' third person plu. [oar > one give us” PAC > LEC ‘in order that he cariesito bear’ Pity > Fle ‘Yyou invite them 10 enter in 10" A LYOP> AM LINP | He ordered that they give to her —L. . 213PEA Th —— EE Other Verbs . The GGMS and GIMS> The GCIP and GPIP [apa > [ar LN > LOMA Bata > The pronunciation of aha preserved The others that show changes of the forms of the Ge'ez words include LM A> ENE i dhGodeGs: Imp. 10th Pte It APH > APPA MAMA LUBA ANR AG: PONG: Air: Vad Ch Wie: Aili 2Y0P> All LYNP: 10 VAD? > Nhow vawP:; SubjJuss Imperfect ‘subj Juss Imperfect PAIS MOCR AG $2A Porn PUA L EADTAP SL PAP cl» FA PAF ches » hens. rhents re > thn - Peed vs. > Oe HD . PUD POH PS AAA - PACT? £6 GAR - PRCAD 16 >» PUA - PNG Te » » ch. PPA CHE Menu . EL rm ae irae ran Erm sah fesoh 70 adh ACeT = ehh op Witt ACW = AC An Ald ANd = AAD OF PAH OMAP = AGT VW Afi MPA = PREA 2OZE Cae > = ACPA YD LGA Wr = PUNE FH RON 2 = TN HD INTRA! Ahh A6et = FERC AE Ald eo = rp ap APA = OR> Lh Adi = PROP APA thd = HAZ Joona! Aréhy 092 = ADRAA OD AThAt = AbhAT Adlh ACU = Re oF oR UP TM. Rt 17 = PAT ap - ~ Rell OC = PAG ap Afi RIA = Pn OP PP et AAD = YEP AT Pr = ave e-2 = AA ODED 082 RD = POD ATTT 062° fee = PRAM PL ATT 216: PI FAY —————————— M6 : hee of, Ane oR, aay ah: AEE @nas Ah A+ OA" APE LT Are ATP AP LT OTL PFET PTE vie? EPRAA AO 9°40? 25th AAT ROD OLA PA? Ml EAR PH Vhe hh OE. Vil. HEROD PS AA Ob? AN... PAV PTE Ute? Wa? ACE Ad? Ahh wa 9 WA? , Abhat rand par on hhi. ie? AAR? SCRE eT : PRAT OAD PI sch fA? anit ACUT RM 97 Aelth 7 eean Rd ACUT Rl 00. PAC Ant PAN 2 OTT AE ort Ph? or ahh A344u' ute? AUEAAR APRA GORE AAT fay? ROD Sb BN, . aw Ph BATA a ai 255. PION NER ACAVT AG UCN Or [NOH orca sH ota PEA) bhi PDL to kil FRA ORBEROD "JemATs ... to praise adh ache omneh to bless Set RPELAP HE - mara to follow RYO RYT IPD - gai woh | tCh/vCh+ rch Faw FAPIPAPTE ommlh $0 teria EP ad PRP RPT ong twa ALAM Le TF AT rile. MCN aape gel 217FF Ve TAU Ft DLP Pht - MIRA Ay PEALE TE PILA My killing Art etahie-tieth 1A Your killing Add: bbanlbtieth. ogi, Your killing NP bt anhordbhietnes oD 7gA Fh Your killing ADPD bt ANT thie th? 712A F Te Your killing tad Shavettehs wey NF our killing Ort eb hldhtetk OTE Ne His killing, Bet | $bAlettet 712.4, Her killing DA POr bb heer Het hear manta Their killing OED bh de dete ht PALA EO ‘Their killing PION APPR UCUC FP LPF ANISH, NTAPTO Tete PINT OTR ATAT OMT AD GP Or:: PEMELOY AY PROPS OTE 2720, My thank/praising Abr +eOhle fier ony Th Your thank/praising Arh PROIF LOT, s1o0n TT, > hee + RAhomb LMP eM ET > APPT PEONUCLOMY — NITE > Fay F204 [FCAT ONT ED One PROVE LOE aoovirty Bayt: PEON RAS FONE. DEO thom jfow) [Rheem ANG TO ONG PEAT IT [PLOERF TOHIG Far Ate WF I MT SPANO LC date: & OW Ader Ab Phar 18? Uhaving killed, After | have fhad/ killed Nit eran 2cAh . ATL ban 1A Are étane 120 FT ATHY ¢-hant IAF 218 vege y . gana nS Seeni eS) taht Petar WAT Dat ah te Wa Baht: tA 1A OR pem beh hear AAD DAth © tibet akhar AN ATOR AIL PPA OPE CAT LAAs: har Or A Oe A TAmARA: Nhe WEP ED WE BORAT MAR AY MUTE MEP OAH ATER UCHE EDF TK PMS Pury Pamey ARES madd ay maRd AMEE The hd: MTG APP ED AIT OA ATER AE RW ATER PATONY amtha? BER! MARS AP ATE Prensa: AAPOR FTid ORR Wve eorFory Panty MUGS TE UGE MARR: OX 4448! Infinitive te. : Pa 1A HAAL PAU/OMRA, LET PALA Hae born LETA LALA WIRILILAD Ot Nie PEALE tet ONL A PATICT IO PTA CAA FAPR PAT NFO? NeehtA VION ATER ATS PAT LET Lorca: . tal ebhhet Te kill U. PARA = A. TRA = ota Killed sh. LIKAD = LETH Kills/Will kill 2, BILD = LPTA Let him kill 1, BIRD WIS = LPTA In order that he kills TRU TD Wad NDE Eee ANN AUT AT PoPRAOMD PL PAI” ‘tha (Chronology! BY AAA COD ALAbPs: Oh NIK MMO 790-09 ASPR AEA RETNA AIR Virb Og AGPR! A722 AT HAAR (row AF) TIC MAND ForPACt? PIRMPAA AT PRPS HIST ACA! MHS! Gehan! AN, HE AT Gh Wh APR APC ALLAN HEA MAW APPUCT TS 219PIM IAN ARTE Th Wh NER ANF oe NIL ATS CAN EA FP: PETIA fOr: TAR NIARID:: AAP AIT MATTIE coal UCC DOD NER = OU POLITE OF BGA: CO (Root! MF PPAR Tete meh PR AAA -PAe yO: TIC TH AGN, AEATEOT QWNALRG AF MRSEBO” LRA NEVE mF Uh AR AR PITIC AT -PAPAGe heer AT RAE POH Mh. PLOARVE Who PAD pO MIE ARTEL PRIR poco PFO PRAT vO AA YO BRAT OAD YDEP PeATOr cAnET AMA PATO RD AILISEO LIP ERAS T OS WIS Th PPA Lorde LPF Mm pe ra you NAMsAL Say MACK PPS OPAL FO NGM TO FAT YOE TE PEA FPO: Coy AGT PPSLCIO VEAPR AVE AV PLAN PMG PAD YO: Car [Root! Ah INTAN, PAA PHIL ATR | deta TRA ASAT! hAAZ ATOR SETA BIL ABDAL WICK LET RIN MBAR APPR LEGA, LISANIL WN NIK Pha ILS Wh ATER. Ptbet. PARA 2G bRA In teh. TAR. WC PRA AP tant TRE MLE PRA hy PPALY UF ULE PRA AP aaaer TAL fl PC FRR ba PEILA (DRA - “ bine baa etar PEIRAF LAT bie PRA PEA PHLA [RAY TINE PRA PbAt PER IAA it! ATERA ota WP . age brn WR. [PRE SWATAN/ WRIT AAN/D IAPOT VAL MCHC com, ACO NepPrh tet. PRA Ont PRES ABE Pie SAbACR fie FAD Tra eMC £F AA PHAN PETE MIC WILL AT APD ATAPAL 220P34 FAW ———————— Derivation : is the process of creating words by adding affixes (prefixes and suffixes) to existing words. Like many other languages, Ge’ez has a number of prefixes, infixes, and suffixes used in this way. A language with grammatical gender, like Ge’ez has the ad- ditional problem of assigning ioan words to a gender. Ge’ez, which has only two genders, traditionally called masculine and feminine solves two problem in the two simplest ‘ways: virtually ail loan words’ are simply assigned the masculine gender. Ge'éz words have been changing their meanings for centuries, and words are still changing their meaning today. Here should have “An example might be in the case of ‘metaphor’ hence, apply- ing a word to something it does-not ..." Metaphor: applying a word to something it does not literally denote in order to draw attention to a resemblance. G. Word formation. Again words have different forms in the deriva- tion, Examples UhO> Wal;; Ghd > AdtvAcAhd 48? kMAhao > AVE: O20 > 14é:: The other one that doesnot follow the present system of compounding is PHIL PpeN Wh wPLY > Pein this case, the word 2oP ht > Ftrém:: is changed to 2PPLA > Ptrétand the rule of the coumpounding sysiem of the present geez is violated, Instead of OUST Piel eh wPhA ihe new system ORAS) Piro hr @OP LL was applied . Nouns and Adverbs: HAL> VB: < ‘erying™ HON > FOR: ‘second" Sea ‘country’ | ‘another’ VAAL TUE A > the ‘much yield” Advk > Gavk: ‘neverthless’ Mas > MRAP ‘wise’ (PL.) WA > WALEEER: ELEL OAPI BP OF rSscholars* AAP > APP judge” QUEL) > TORRT ‘cover’ Wai > Wana, wupgat PAaza4:; ‘| day man’ 221i Others in noun formation AWPN > Alid:; Fis preserved. TLE > FUL PRAPF > WLALE:! CRNA, > CORA: Concerning Problems in morphological description, the rather neat chart presented above conceals a number of outstanding prob- lems in the analysis of Ge’ez morphology. So far, we have consid- ered some examples of Ge’ez in which the different morphemes are not easily identifiable as separate elements. Thus, the inflectional morpheme “-at” is added to 4v# and we get 409% what is the inflectional morpheme which makes the plural of the plural adi and of £¢# A related question concerns the inflection which makes £4. the past tense of £0A. Another question concems the derivation of an adjective like 7am, ° Similarities with Amharic: Ge'ez words have very similar features like Amharic, Examples: thaw ACOTP > R/Rt:: LAM > L7G / Lh is very close to the present Amharic SRVOTAS: DEP Ihe > not RA 1 1d> 1NEL Oilah&t:; Beginning & end of verb here and there? > TA: Pfr > 463: Pidd> 42 hhh théd: Var > BL sith) > sbfhaihhoe > wither » SoundPACKe wan97 > PACE BECO} ss PACK DOP > MICK DPheF :: Ait AEM FRU LISE: > (BITE: Wh ACN > I ACH soem hat OST > vom amt AFT: 1st ordered > Sth order (New rule} 6th order > Sth order (New rule)h.hen > L800: APP > WFF( not WIC type). f = at the end APR = They drank (to day) >47F = You shall drink TEATS > PANT: COWLE GhP > Fb 3: (You).Possessive AEP >ALom Nit Pham Fad :: , ADD TF OR $LC9 116-F'F OF OP TAL OL WN ATER AT BAN: R28. (10-0 Ado MAS NACHO Beta = Pha fohtet OI RA g. ean = $80 ROT VOnTt Fach = 4ch /acht+ onan 5, S10 = RIF ITE aay 222PI, TAH >» Lon Me . “Wwéeh . EA fon ow = Rg? [RPP MG CF + eNch cht tPA eet er [err 4 ane oop omen onary ogg TNAFOE: ff FOAL PION AIK ALE MANA LAFar? ePTAI POAT E POARPAL AteH LPP cbt) PAD FAT FON IPR NOS OLHLT RTE DI! Bh BNF hem BATES & bdr 2 Ot & £ht , 9. >for 1 OARS otar File te Ptah Phteth tah behteth, tahoe ttt thee Ptah? Pktetnt Pty dethehs Peta triste: biat thins Phayror- Phe tom thas Pehle ht TMP OT F208 (IPN Seon HCH APRA: 223 = OLA, [My Killing/ = @DIZAA = IZA, = LAF Th = POLAT TH = ” = PILET = PUR Le = 9K), = PqRA For = 12 AFO- PIPATTH READ Whe FIPA Pte FA ION AFORE 2 BAIL AA PARE AGPOH ADA AVS | AO} OLA ACTA Yor: [hav ACTH: PA bhet WOOL HSH NM ORR TLE HH ALA har /ORAPE ANA: Ahh OFA OFLA mah = . PENCE OME PAR, PAA Wk ME = fompre- vlan preg Ue F. ancien. PUA. COTA Patter FLT Dik. $f = ov1LAF Abb-tbleth = cI HT Abbe-ekAebh= ov 7LANT Nebae. ettethoe= IRAP ET REPL bttedh) = co2QAT Ts Dhy- PtAety = ow TRAPS 7 TOT Wie F meet hd Bit! Ohhomt hE Lab hook UAW? WO ATR Ford OC oot CP BFA: &. WR her APC = doreh AICS PrOOL! ALA= AIA : - PION ATER OBR TAP Tr Poekood far Poodtr'd LRA OR 4AMARH NoraMT Prada ALAN ALEC? rAd a 74 WIR akamefor bet Povandiiae aLZA AL. ANd ALCI Neb PLACA cre ATONE: TA AR Ado PPUCT FF RITE as PFARCIL POARR AT PAHAAL ASEH AAID-LD Oooh? MACH PAR ARYRED ANH ATOR IC AdebANds WiawAnsaw wh ATRY EINE Poa HLAP LFA PARR PMC = oom pt GONTDF 224