EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK

The Contractor shall, before starting excavation work satisfy himself as to the accuracy of the
levels shown on the drawings or the directions given by the Engineer. Any discrepancies shall be
reported to the Engineer prior to proceeding with the works.
Excavation shall be carried out to the lines, levels, width, depth and grades and shown on the
drawings,directed by the Engineer or as appropriate to the works to be placed in the excavation.
Excavation shall be suitably trimmed and leveled before subsequent work is placed. In locations
where the excavated material is loose, the bottom 100mm layer shall be left un-excavated until
placing of concrete or masonry. This thickness shall be taken out just before the placement of
concrete or masonry work.
In the event of over excavation without the approval of the Engineer, such over excavated area
shall be filled with selected excavated or borrowed fill material approved by the Engineer and
finished compacted.
Class C-5 concrete shall be used instead of selected material if instructed by the Engineer. All
costs in connection with the fill of over excavation shall be borne by the Contractor.
Excess volume formed in excavation shall be filled with selected excavated or borrowed material
approved by the Engineer and compacted to the compaction standard requirements in the Fill
Section of the Specification.
Site Clearance
Removal of bushes & vegetation
Felling of Trees
Removal of termite hills
Removal of structures
Removal of top soil

Fill
Fill to excavations or to make up level shall be made in suitable material approved by the
Engineer and capable of being compacted.
Fill shall be placed in successive stages of not exceeding 200mm and watered and compacted to
approval by the Engineer.
The compaction achieved in filling shall be measured in accordance with the standard practice.
The In situ moisture content and density shall be compared with laboratory test results of
modified AASHO T147 performed on samples of the selected material.
The minimum relative compaction to be achieved in the compacted area shall be 95% maximum
dry density and the moisture content shall be within the range of 95% dry density. The moisture
content of the fill material shall be adjusted as necessary to achieve the required compaction.
Any material which after repeated compaction, does not fulfill the requirements, shall be
removed and replaced.

The final levels of fill shall be adjusted, graded and prepared to receive bedding to be laid on fill.
Fill shall be measured as equal to the net volume of void to be filled and shall be understood as
including the stockpiling and haulage of material from location of fill.
Testing
The Standards and Codes are annexed to this section of the Technical specification.

The practical, in the field problems include:

Soil too wet: must be aerated or mixed with dryer materials.

Soil to dry: must add water

Soil lifts for compaction too deep: lessen lift depth

Different types of soil: check if the proctor test (the test which measures the density of the soil
sample for other tests to be measured against) matches the type of soil encountered

The soils inspector holds-up the compaction operations to takes tests: try to create a team
environment and plan test taking for everyone’s advantage.

 The problems of incorrect final elevations and working beyond the specified contract limits are
more straight-forward. The excavation contractor certainly should be responsible for their own
work, the only real problem involves determining the mistake.

Quality Assurance
Standards
Comply with the following standards
 Density moisture test AASHO T147
Grading requirement for AASHO T11 & 27
Operators of equipment and men guiding labourers in earthwork shall be skilled workmen
thoroughly trained and experienced in the necessary crafts. Provide at least one person
thoroughly familiar with the specified requirements of the work in this Specification.

Submittal Construction Methods Quality Control activities may include, but not limited to, the
following:
Constantly refining and deepening construction program with the progress of the project
construction.
When selecting the construction program, some viable options of major projects should be
prepared, presenting main contradictions, advantages and disadvantages, so as to discussion
and comparison, then the best option will be selected.
Fully assessing the possible construction quality problems and treatment when developing
programs for the major projects, key parts and difficult projects, such as the new structure,
new materials, new technology, large-span, large cantilever, the tall structure parts, and so on;

Within a reasonable time, and in any case prior to excavation & haulage to site submit test
Certificates indicating compliance of the suitability of selected fill material for the intended fill
purpose.
In the instance of test not being carried out earlier, such tests shall be carried out by the
Contractor at frequencies and as directed by the Engineer.
If, sufficient support of the excavation is not being provided and the work is dangerous to
workmen, or property or to permanent work, the operation shall be suspended until sufficient
timbering or sheeting is provided as approved by the engineer.

Quality control of excavation and earth work

QUALITY ASSURANCE
The minimum acceptable qualities of materials and workmanship have been established in this
Technical specification by reference to accepted standards, codes or descriptions of required
performance. The Engineer has established requirements in each section for the advance
submittal of data for review and approval. Such required data shall be submitted and reviewed
and resubmitted as frequently as required until compliance with the specific requirements has
been obtained.
Each data for submittal shall be carefully reviewed and verified for its compliance with the
specific requirement of the submittals called for in each section of this Specification.

The approval by the Engineer of submittals is in no way considered as a guarantee or relief from
replacing, the materials supplied or work executed, if the materials and workmanship are found
defective by tests carried out there after. Such materials and workmanship found to be defective
shall be replaced at no cost to the Investor.
Is a process employed to ensure a certain level of quality in aexcavation and earth work.
Essentially, quality control involves the examination of aexcavation and earth work, or process
for certain minimum levels of quality.

Quality control involves monitoringexcavation and earth work results to determine if they
comply with relevant quality standards, and identifying ways to eliminate causes of
unsatisfactory results.

The basic goal of quality control is to ensure that theexcavation and earth work, or processes
provided meet specific requirements and are dependable, satisfactory, and fiscally sound
Concrete
Concrete for the works shall be the specified class obtained from the mix proportion as indicated
in the "Standard mixes for ordinary Structural Concrete" of this Specification or as established
by tests.
Concrete shall be capable of being placed without segregation. It shall when cured develop the
strength and appearance as required by the Specification.
Quality Assurance for conceret work
Comply with the following standards.
ES C. D5 201 General Requirement, Portland cement,
ES C. D8 490 Methods of Sampling and testing Portland cement, ESI
ES C. D3 201 Normal Concrete aggregate, ESI
ASTM C260 Air-entraining admixtures,
ASTM C494 Water-reducing, retarding and accelerating admixtures.
ASTM C94 Mixing water for concrete.
ASTM C330 Light weight aggregate for structural concrete
CONCRETE FORMWORK
DEFINITION
Formwork shall mean temporary support construction for in-situ concrete, designed and
constructed in timber or metal and capable of withstanding the live and dead loads imposed on it
and fully preventing leakage of concrete.
Quality Assurance
Generally comply with the requirement of qualification of workmen in the workmen section of
the General Requirements Section of this Specification.
In addition to these requirements, assign at least one person who is thoroughly familiar with the
specified requirements and capable of guiding the tradesmen in the selection of materials and
execution of the works of this section.
Reinforcing bars
Reinforcing barsare used in reinforced concrete and are one of the main parts of
R.C.C. structure. For that reason, quality of plain and deformed bars should be
Checkedspecially for yield, ultimate strength and elongation (ductility). The most
important test is the tensile strength test. But sometimes bending test is also done.
Tension test provides information on the strength and ductility of materials under
uniaxial tensile stresses. This information may be useful in comparisons of materials,
alloy development, quality control and design under certain circumstances. Bend test is
also a method for evaluating ductility but it cannot be considered as a quantitative
means of predicting service performance in bending operations. The severity of the
bend test is primarily a function of the angle of bend and inside diameter to which the
specimen is bent and of the cross-section of the specimen. are used in reinforced concrete and are
one of the main parts of R.C.C. structure. For that reason, quality of plain and deformed bars
should be checked specially for yield, ultimate strength and elongation (ductility). The most
important test is the tensile strength test. But sometimes bending test is also done. Tension test
provides information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses.
This information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control
and design under certain circumstances. Bend test is also a method for evaluating ductility but it
cannot be considered as a quantitative means of predicting service performance in bending
operations. The severity of the bend test is primarily a function of the angle of bend and inside
diameter to which the specimen is bent and of the cross-section of the specimen.
Test specimens
(a) Tension test 1) For round reinforcing bars, full size test specimens should be used. The total
length of the specimen shall be at least equal to the gauge length plus the length required for the
full use of the grips employed. The test specimen must be straight.
2) Orientation of test specimen for longitudinal test : The lengthwise axis of the specimen should
be parallel to the direction of the greatest extension of the steel during rolling or forging. The
stress applied to a longitudinal tension test specimen is in the direction of greatest extension. The
unit stress determination shall be based on the nominal bar cross-sectional area. (b) Bend test
The bend test specimen shall be the full section of the bar as rolled. Number of tests
(a) For bar size no. 10 to 35, inclusive, one tension test and one bend test shall be made of the
largest size rolled from each batch. If however, material from one batch differs by three or more
designation numbers, one tension and one bend test shall be made from both the highest and
lowest designation number of the deformed bars rolled.
(b) For bar sizes nos. 45 and 55, one tension test and one bend test shall be made of each size
rolled from each batch.TESTS
Tests to verify the grade and mechanical properties of the structural steel and welding of
fabricated steel shall be carried out if required by the Engineer.

Test samples shall be those randomly selected by the Engineer.

The specific requirements of testing as detailed in BS 4360 shall be followed, to the extent
determined by the Engineer.
Submittals
Prior to construction of formwork, submit details of materials, proposed construction methods
and formwork design calculations for the approval of the Enginee.

Elevators

Elevators travel vertically to carry passengers, equipments and freight from one level of the
building to another.
The type, size, number, speed and arrangement of elevators are determined by:

 Type of occupancy

 Total vertical distance of travel

 Round-trip time and speed desired.

Elevator Types

There are three main types of elevators commonly used gearless traction with a machine room
elevator , machine-room-less elevator, and hydraulic elevator; however, there are variations on
each type.

Hydraulic Elevators

Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the
elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston.  The elevator
descends as a valve releases the fluid from the piston. They are used for low-rise applications of
2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute.

Gearless Traction Elevators with Machine Room

Gear-less Traction Elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor.  Gear-less traction
elevators are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel
distance of around 2,000 feet so they are the only choice for high-rise applications.

Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators

Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine
room above the elevator shaft.  The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the
top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located
in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around
150 feet of the machine.

The most common problems with elevators & their repair solutions
1. Problem with worn sheaves

Worn sheaves can cause extra wear to the ropes and this can cause the sheaves to wear out even
more.

The repair solution for the worn sheaves:

In order to prevent the premature loss of the elevators hoist rope, you would need to either re-
grove the sheaves or have them replaced. First, you will want to check the groves to ensure that
there is a proper fit in between the sheaves and the rope. You can also use the tools that are
specifically made to help in checking to make sure that the sheaves are wearing evenly.

2. Power Failure Problem

It takes a huge amount of power to run commercial elevators. There can be damage to the motors
operation or even damage to the entire system when the voltage used for running the elevator is
upgraded, so if there is a history of motors problems you need a power quality survey performed.

The repair solution is an infrared inspection:

“Using infrared thermograph can measure any drastic temperature changes while being able to
identify potential spots for trouble prior to becoming a costly system failure. The common faults
like under or over voltage can easily be found using power quality surveys as well as fuses which
run hot, these can be detected using infrared imaging prior to motor failure.”

3.Failure To Open Elevator Door

Failures to open the elevator doors are a scary event, especially if the temperature in the elevator
compartment is warm and elderly persons are on board. Furthermore, open and close failures
where sensors fail to recognize legs or hands can cause the elevator door to close and pinch
hands, arms or legs. Normally, these elevator malfunctions don’t cause major injuries to their
passengers, but the experience, depending on the duration of time and severity of injuries can
lead to potential lawsuit for damages.
Repair solution is to have a your door sensors inspected or replaced:

If you have a defective alignment on the door sensors or they are no longer working, you should
get your elevator door sensors repaired. Furthermore, if the motor that opens and closes the door
is bad, you will need to get it repaired or replaced.

Bearing Malfunction of bearings or has a noisy bearing

Many of the motor failures will be due to bearings malfunctions. Bearings that are noisy is
usually due to the vibrations of the motor. The motors energy can be lowered by the variable
frequency drives, causing mode currents that will do damage to the elevator by making the
elevator vibrate and this could be dangerous, causing the bearings to wear more from the stray
currents.

The repair solution is the use of Inductive Absorbers:

Using Inductive Absorbers is a good solution for this. Cool BLUE can absorb its currents and
protect its system from breakdown at the same time. In addition, making sure the grounds are
still connected, and all lower issues are secure that have been caused from the electrical noises of
the ground, which can also cause the system to trip.

Elevator Installation procedure

Tower Hoisting

Use safe lifting practices such as a block and tackle or cable winch to move the tower in to
place.Move the Tower in front of the entrance. Hang the hoisting tool on the hoisting beam .The
hoisting tool should be moved close to the back wall for lifting. Wrap the lifting belts (1” wide x
48” long) on each side of top tower angle and hang on the lifting hook and raise the tower.

Tower Attachment
Position tower on tower wall according to the dimension “G” (surface of Guide Rail Tube
to surface of hoist way entrance wall) on the layout drawing. Check this dimension on
each floor and adjust the tower accordingly. If it is a through car, make this dimension
equal on both entrance sides.
Electrical Wiring
Step 1: Install the upper junction box in the cut-out on the hoist way wall. Set the
surface of the junction box to protrude 3/4” past the wall exterior and check the door of
the junction box opened freely.
Step 2: Upper Junction Box Connections
Manual Crank Installation
Install the manual crank on top of tower, refer to installation detail below. Mark
the manual crank hoist way position on the wall and drill a hole through
the wall.
Platform Installation
Step 1: Slide the platform into place and lower the guide frame into position using the
Manual crank.
Step 2: Level the deck
Manually crank the platform up so that you can access the bottom side of the platform.
Car Installation
The car has been pre-assembled and all wall panels will be marked with number tapes that were
cut prior to being disassembled and packaged.
Step 1. Assemble wall panels to Platform and Roof Frame matching corresponding
Number tapes. All bolts are to be finger tight only.
Step2. Place the four 2x4 pre-cut and marked studs vertically in the four corners of the
Carriage to set the car height. These studs will be packaged with the car panels. Note: it
is important to set the correct carriage height to ensure easy removal of the Control
Wall Pane for maintenance.
Step 3. Tighten car panel bolts beginning from the bottom taking care to line up the number
tapes.
COP Installation
Install the COP on control wall: connect the COP plug and attach COP plate through control
wall to guide frame by screws.
Door Interlock Installation
For Honeywell interlocks, there are LH and RH configurations. Check the door opening
direction before the installation.
Hall Call Installation
Make cut-out on landing side of drywall large enough to allow button and key
Switch to fit thru wall. Note: Hall Call installation height is typically 36” but can
Vary based on user preference.
Tower Safety Bolt Installation
Drill a hole Dia. 3/8” through the wall from inside hoist way based on the hole in the top
Back plate on both side of the tower. Insert the carriage bolt through the wall from
Outside wall and tighten the bolt by washer and nut.
Aluminum work
Aluminum is the second most used metal in building after steel. Because of it’s ductility,
aluminum can be formed into many shape and profiles. Aluminum wall cladding system are
commonly used for building exteriors, with large wall panels require fewer joints, resulting in
time efficient installation.

Quality control for aluminum work:

QC Inspection procedures are applied to all extruded aluminum profiles, upon notice from
Planning Department of the receipt of unloaded profiles.

EXTRUDED ALUMINIUM PROFILES: (Goods / Materials Received):

QC Inspection procedures are applied to all extruded aluminum profiles, upon notice from
Planning Department of the receipt of unloaded profiles.

Quality Check:

Visual Check (Quality):

This ensures acceptable limits of good surface finish. The following are checked in each and
every profile bar:
1. Scratches: scratches are not acceptable on all visible surfaces and are subject to rejection if
noted.

2. Marks & Die Lines: permanent marks caused by ropes, tapes, water stains are not
acceptable. Jigs marks are acceptable only when confined within the 50 mm waste cut at each
end of the profile; bar.

3. Mechanical Damage: dents and other deformities caused during handling, transport, etc. are
not acceptable and are subject to rejection.

Any defects noted by Quality Inspectors are clearly marked on subject profiles. Instrument
Check: Precision instruments are used to measure and / or check quality and specifications such
as anodic coating thickness and color range limits

QUALITY ASSURANCE CONTROL PROCEDURES .

1. Preliminary Inspection:

Quality inspectors are fully knowledgeable with the established standards, inspection procedures
and instruments conduct thorough checks of materials received with respect to their visual,
surface, physical and dimensional tolerances. A reference QC Manual for Preliminary Inspection
of Goods Received specifically covers aluminium extrusions, flat, stock sheets and panels. Once
all checks on materials nave been made and cleaned for usage, all significant surfaces of profiles
are then protected with low tac tapes.

Another important component of AL Taiseer’s quality assurance efforts is the regular inspection
of equipment for accuracy and precision. These are all properly recorded and signed by
Supervisors in section log books.

2. In-Process Inspection:

Each team is led by highly experienced charge hand(s). The various work stations are rigorously
inspected for on-going quality. During normal production runs, these work stations carry the
following responsibilities:
A.) Cutting / Machining Section – on completion of cutting and machining operations, materials
are derigged of any swarf, burrs or sharp edges. Machines, jigs and fixtures are checked at no
less than weekly intervals during use. Cut bars are checked for accuracy of dimensions and
meters.
All inspections are recorded in section logs and signed by the supervisor(s).

B.) Sub-assembly Section – proper set-up of hardware and accessories are ensured. Proper
operations of same are checked.

C.) Glazing Section – glasses to be used are checked for dimensional deviations, wave defects,
scratches, trapped dirt inside leaves of insulating glass units, etc. before glazing. Proper glazing
practices are observed to comply with the required glazing standards and code of practice.

D.) Final Assembly Section – ensures that individual components of a unit have been assembled

3. In-House Window/Door Testing:

An additional control in quality assurance, Al Taiseer has acquired a fully computerized test
bench capable of testing doors and windows for performance to exacting British, European
(DIN) and American Standards. On a periodic or random basis, windows or doors can be
selected from the production line and their exact performance tested and verified. Potential
problems are identified and resolved early in the manufacturing process.

4. Final Product Inspection:

All integrate and fully cooperate with management to ensure that no product leaves the works
fall below the criteria dictated by the required standards.

Pile foundation construction

Piles are structural elements that are typically driven into the ground to transfer structure loads to
soil or rock usually because shallow layers of soil are too weak to support the required loads
using a spread or mat type footing.
Pile Types
Geotechnical Pile Types
Geotechnical pile types consist of friction piles and end bearing piles.
Friction piles derive their bearing capacity primarily from skin friction between the sides of the
pile and the adjacent soil. Such piles are often referred to as displacement piles as they tend to
displace soil to the sides of the pile during driving thereby consolidating the soil around the pile
and increasing the skin friction.
End bearing piles derive their bearing primarily from soil or rock below the tip of the pile.
Quality control procedure for pile foundation

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
Electrical installation is where any machinery is used for the transmission of electricity from a
point of control to a point of consumption on any premises.
WHAT ELECTRICAL TESTS MUST BE CARRIED OUT?
The tests required are Of electrical installation
1) Continuity of bonding
2) Resistance of earth continuity conductor
3) Continuity of ring circuits (if applicable)
4) Earth loop impedance test: at main switch
5) Prospective short-circuit current at point of control (PSCC) for sub-distribution boards
6) Elevated voltage between incoming neutral and external earth (ground)
7) Earth resistance at electrode (if required)
8) Insulation resistance
9) Voltage at main distribution board with no load for each phase to neutral
10) Voltage at main distribution board with load for phase to neutral
11) Voltage at available load for eachPhase to neutral
12) Operation of earth leakage units
13) Operation of earth leakage test button
14) Polarity of points of consumption
15) Phase rotation at points of consumption for three-phase systems
16) All switching devices, make-and-break circuits
COMMON ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION PROBELEM

Insecure wiring

If the staples holding wiring in place are driven too tight the wire ,locking it into place on the
beam or stud ,serious damage can occur ,including breakdown of the wire itself . this may lead to
electrical fires and issues and issues with the lighting or appliances power through wiring .

WIRING SIZE ISSUES

Using the wrong type or size of wire can cause overheating as wire carrying current than it was
built to withstand .in most cases .the thicker the wire the more current it can safely carry.

IMPROPER WIRE LENGTH

In order to create a durable electrical connection wire must be stripped to reveal their metallic
.the length of wire that can legally be stripped is subject to code regulation and improper wire
stripping can cause nicks on metal that interrupt connection or cause short circuits.

UNPROTECTED WIRING

Wiring can become damaged if left uncover & exposed to harsh change weather or tampering
for this reason , a common problem for home owner in particular is an uncovered power box
located on the outside of your home.

CONNECTION

Tight electrical connection are a major factor in safe wiring jobs .loose connection can cause
arcing and overheating which can lead to fire and personal injury .an experienced electrician will
be able to choose a connector that fit the lines up the ends of each with the next helping you
avoid nicked bent or twisted connection.

REGULATIONS
All work carried out by the Contractor shall comply with the following Regulations:
The latest edition of the Regulations for the Electrical Equipment of Buildings issued by the
Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London WC2 and any special regulations or
requirements of the Ethiopian Electric light and Power Authority.

TEST CERTIFICATES
The Contractor shall be deemed to have examined test certificates for all plant, equipment and
materials provided under this Contract and to have satisfied himself that all component parts of
the Works are tested as suitable for erection and installation in the areas required for the works.

Copies of such certificates shall be presented to the Engineer as evidence.

TESTING OF COMPLETED INSTALLATION

Site testing of the general electrical installation shall be carried out on completion of the works,
on completion of sections of the works, or at any time as requested by the Engineer. This test
shall be witnessed and three copies of Test Certificates giving the results of the tests shall be
submitted.

The following tests shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of EELPA.
 Insulation resistance tests between phases and each phase to earth.
 Earth continuity tests on all circuits.
 Earth resistance of earth electrodes.
 Line and neutral earth loop impedances from selected positions on site.

Sanitation installation

"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine and feces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic
conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

Sanitation includes all four of these engineering infrastructure items (even though often only the
first one is strongly associated with the term "sanitation"): Excreta management systems,
wastewater management systems, solid waste management systems, drainage systems for
rainwater, also called storm water drainage

QUALITY ASSURANCE
Standards
Comply with the following Standards and any of the Standards as may be referred to in
this section.
Asbestos cement pipes BS 486
Ductile iron pipes BS 4772
Galvanized steel and pipe threads BS 1387 & BS 21
Pre-cast concrete pipes ESCD3.326
UPVC pipes for cold water services BS 3505
UPVC pipes for foul and surface BS 5481
Water drainage.
Serialized coating on iron or steel BS 4921
Vitreous China wash down W.C pans BS 5503
Flanges and bolting for pipes, BS 4504
Valves & fittings
Joints and fittings for use with BS 4346
UPVC pressure pipes.

QUALIFICATION OF WORKMEN: Generally comply with the requirements of

qualification of workmen in the General Requirements of this Specification.
In addition to these requirements assign at least one person who is thoroughly familiar with the
specified requirements and capable of guiding the tradesmen in the selection of material and
execution of the works of this section.

According to PAA: Submit manufacturers’ test certificates, with the consignment or as directed
for pipes and other plumbing and sanitary fixtures.
Testing for quality control
Various field tests on materials and works are required to be carried out by the contractor during
construction.