Unitised - System - Thermal Break American PDF

PROJECT ENGINEER
SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

DOCUMENT NO. REVISION
STR-CALC-548 0
TITLE Pages
UNITISED CURTAIN WALL 117
LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

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TITLE REVISION PAGES
UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 2 of 117
Table of Contents
1 Summary 3
2 Basic Data 4
2.1 Standards and References 4
2.2 Materials 5
2.3 Performance Criteria 5
2.4 Programs used for the structural analysis 5
3 Layout and Dimensions 6

3.1 Key Location: Wall Type 3 6
3.2 Façade Elevation: Wall Type 3 6
4 Design Narrative 7
4.1 Load Path 7
4.2 Coupled Mullion 8
4.3 Mullion Structural Systems 10
4.4 Critical Panel Evaluation 13
4.5 CW In-plane Performance 14
5 Loading 15
5.1 Dead Load, QD 15
5.2 Wind Load, QW 16
6 Section Properties – Structural System 1 17

6.1 Mullion Profiles 17
6.2 Stack Joint Transom Profiles 26
6.3 Transom – 1 Profile 34
6.5 Sword Profile 42
7 Section Properties – Structural System 2 43

7.1 Mullion Profiles 43
7.2 Stack Joint Transom Profiles 44
7.5 Sword Profile 56
8 Analysis & Code Check – Structural System 1 57

8.1 Mullion Check 57
8.2 Check Stack Joint – Header and Sill Transom 67
8.3 Transom – 1 (Type 1) 70
8.5 Check Stainless Steel Spandrel Panel 74
9 Analysis & Code Check – Structural System 2 77

9.1 Mullion Check 77
9.2 Check Stack Joint – Header and Sill Transom 87
9.5 Check Stainless Steel Spandrel Panel 94
10Joints & Connections 97

10.1 Mullion Shear Connectors 97
10.2 Header Transom Connection Check 103
10.3 Sill Transom Connection Check 105
10.4 Transom - 1 Connection Check 107
10.5 Transom - 2 (System – 1) Connection Check 109
10.6 Transom - 2 (System – 2) Connection Check 111
10.7 Sword Connection Check 113
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10.8 Back Pan Check 114
1 SUMMARY
This set of structural calculation covers only Wall Type 3 curtain wall system. This includes the typical units except
those located at the corners in which the structural calculations are submitted under a separate cover.
The results of the system analyses and all associated structural calculations in the succeeding sections of this report
are summarized as follows:
Table 1 Results Summary
Critical Section
Stress
Element Material Deflection Utilization Referenc
Utilization
e
Male Mullion 6063-T6 98 % 98 % Biaxial bending §8.1
Female Mullion 6063-T6 43 % 62 % Bending §8.1
Stack Joint - Header 6063-T6 65 % 38 % Biaxial bending §9.2.2
Stack Joint - Sill 6063-T6 35 % 38 % Bending §9.2.1
Transom 1 (Type1) 6063-T6 43 % 45 % Biaxial bending §8.3.1
Sword (Type 1) 6063-T6 8% - No bending (only §8.1.5
shear)
Sword (Type 2) 7022-T651 51 % - Biaxial bending §9.1
Thermal Break Polyamide 95 % - Shear §9.3.2
Connections - Screw ST4.8 A4-80 87 % - Shear §10.7.3

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2 BASIC DATA
2.1 Standards and References
2.1.1 Codes and Standards
Table 2.1-1 Codes and Standards
Nr. Code/Standard Title
1 ASTM F593 Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and Studs
2 ASTM 1300 Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
3 ADM 2005 The Aluminum Association Inc. "Aluminum Design Manual",
4 AAMA TIR-A8-04 Structural Performance of Composite Thermal Barrier Framing Systems
5 AAMA TIR-A9-1991 Metal Curtain Wall Fasteners
6 EN ISO 1478:1999 Tapping screw thread
7 ISO 3506-1:1997 Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners -Part 1: Bolts,
screws and studs
8 ISO 7049: 1983 Cross recessed pan head tapping screws
2.1.2 Document reference

Table 2.1-2 Project Specification by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM)
Nr. Document Title
1 SOM 05120 Section 05120 - Structural Steel - Part 1 - General
2 SOM 05310 Section 05310 - Steel deck - Part 1 - General
3 SOM 05460 Section 05460 - Strongback metal framing - Part 1 - General
4 SOM 08050 Section 08050 - Exterior wall - Part 1 - General
5 SOM 08800 Section 08800 - Glazing - Part 1 - General
6 SOM 08900 Section 08900 - Window wall - Part 1 - General
7 SOM 10210 Section 10210 - Wall louvers - Part 1 - General
2.1.3 Drawing reference

Table 2.1-4 Drawings by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM)
Nr. Drawing Nr. Title
1 AL-00-AR-502 Rev 009 Building enclosure wind pressure diagrams (addendum 051)
Table 2.1-5 Schmidlin Drawings

Nr. Drawing Nr. Title
1 SD-001 Wall type 1: SD-001 Rev 00
2 SD-102 Wall type 1-5: SD-102 Rev 00

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2.2 Materials
2.2.1 Material Properties
Table 2.2-1 Properties of Aluminum
Material Modulus Modulus Min. Tensile Yield Min. Tensile Reference
of Elasticity, of Elasticity for Strength, Ultimate
deflection, Strength,
E (N/mm2) E (N/mm2) Fty (N/mm2) Ftu (N/mm2)
Extrusion 69600 68900 170 205 ADM 2005 Table 3.3-
6063-T6 1M
Sheets 69600 68900 115 145 ADM 2005 Table 3.3-
5005-H14 1M
Sword - 1 69600 68900 170 205 ADM 2005 Table 3.3-
6063-T6 1M
Sword - 2 72000 72000 490 520 EN - AW7022
7022-T651
Table 2.2-2 Properties of Stainless Steel

Gr. 1.4404 193 000 193 000 170 485 ASTM A240
Table 2.2-3 Properties of Screws

1
A2/A4-70 - - 450 700
EN ISO 3506-1
(S31603) (ASTM A240)
1
Note: A4 austenitic steel is equivalent to S31603 (low carbon-316L) based on similar chemical properties in ASTM A240
and EN ISO 3506-1,
2.3 Performance Criteria
The deflection limits are based on the performance requirements stated in SOM 08900 Project Specification on
Window Wall.
Table 2.3-1 Deflection Limits [§1.3.B. Deflections, SOM 08900]
Criteria Member Glass Entire Assembly
Span ≤ 4800mm 1/175 of the clear span, or 19mm 25mm 38mm
Span > 4800mm 1/250 of the clear span, or 38mm 25mm 63mm
Parallel to wall plane 75% of the clearance - -
Table 2.3-2 Deflection Limits [Others]

Criteria Member
In-plane deflection 75% clearance
2.4 Programs used for the structural analysis

Table 2.4-1 Computer Software
Criteria Usage Description
MS Office Excel 2003 Checking profile Spreadsheet
AutoCAD 2004 Obtaining section properties Drafting
ANSYS 2004 Finite Element Analysis ANSYS (R) Release 9.OA1 UP20050128, ANSYS (R)
Mechanical Toolbar Release 9.OA1 UP20050128,
Copyright 2004 SAS IP, Inc.

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3 LAYOUT AND DIMENSIONS

The typical units of Wall Type 3, has a general height of 3.70m. For the width of the units, refer to Table 4.4-2 on
Critical Panel Evaluation.
3.1 Key Location: Wall Type 3
Wall Type 3 is located at levels 7, 8, 25, 33, 37, 52 & 63 indicated by ( ) mark.
Fig. 3.1-1 Wall Type 3 Key Location

3.2 Façade Elevation: Wall Type 3
Stack Jojnt Stack Jojnt

Header Transom Header Transom
Transom – 1 Transom – 1
(Type 1) (Type 2)
Mullion Mullion
Male & Female Male & Female
Transom – 2 Transom – 2
(Type 1) (Type 2)
Stack Joint Stack Joint
Sill Transom Sill Transom
(a) Structural System - 1 (b) Structural System - 2

Fig. 3.2-2 Wall Type 3 Layout

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4 DESIGN NARRATIVE
4.1 Load Path
4.1.1 Vertical Loads
Vertical loads, due to the weight of the curtain wall unit including all attachments, are transferred equally by the
vertical mullions on both sides of the CW unit. Each mullion has a bracket that is mated to another brackets that are
mounted on the floor slab of the base building.
Fig. 4.1-1 Dead Load Supports

4.1.2 Lateral Loads
Lateral load, due to wind load applied perpendicular to the face of the unit, is (1) transferred through the mullions
and to the brackets that are mounted on the floor slab of the base building (see Fig. 3). Part of the loads (2) are
transferred directly to the bracket and the other part goes through the sword and finally to the bracket on CW unit
below.
WI WIND
N
LO D LOAD
AD
Fig. 4.1-2 Wind Load Supports

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4.2 Coupled Mullion

The Mullions consist of a coupled pair of two distinct aluminum profiles which are so called male and female parts
(see Figure below). A continuous part of the male profile penetrates a continuous groove part of the female to serve
as shear connector in coupling them together in resisting bending due to lateral loads.
Fig. 4.2-1 Couple Mullion Profiles

(a) Deflection. Given the fact that with the shear connector the pair of mullion work together in bending about the
minor-axis, both parts will deflect along the major-axis,  at the same rate
δ MALE = δ FEMALE
(b) Bending Stiffness. Since both parts have equal deflection, the stiffness of both parts are responsible for the load
carrying capacity. Assuming that the longitudinal shear, due to friction of the shear connector contact with the
female groove, is negligible, the total stiffness, EI of the coupled mullion setup is given as:
EITOTAL = EI MALE + EI FEMALE
(c) Load Sharing. Each part of the mullion setup share a certain amount of the internal moment in proportion to
their stiffness:
 EI   EI 
M MALE = M TOTAL  MALE  M FEMALE = M TOTAL  FEMALE 
 EITOTAL   EITOTAL 
(d) Effective Section Modulus. The effective section properties of the mullion profile is predicted by adopting the
procedure outlined in AAMA TIR-A8-04: Structural Performance of Composite Thermal Barrier Framing Systems.

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(e) Determining the Design Value of Gc.

The procedure below outlines the determination of the design shear modulus (Gc) of the thermal barrier being
utilized as a medium for composite action between connected extrusion parts.
1. A test beam is performed to determine the elasticity constant (c) of the combined profile assembly.
The elasticity constant is determined as the unit deformation of the assembly under an applied longitudinal shear
force. This deformation is the combined effect of slippage and shear deformation of the thermal break material.
The test is performed under different temperature conditions of -20°C, +20°C and +80°C.
c = ∆F
∆l ⋅ l
where: c = elasticity constant in N/mm2

 = applied force in N
l = deformation in mm
l = length of the specimen in mm
Fig. 4.2-2 Shear Test Specimen
2. Test Results. Please refer to Appendix A for the complete test report.
Test Results
Temperature Shear Tensile strength Elasticity constant, c Factor of safety
strength for design strength1
-20°C 55.1 N/mm 28.9 N/mm 89 N/mm2 3.0
+20°C 50.4 N/mm - 69 N/mm2 3.0
+80°C 50.8 N/mm 61.3 N/mm 57 N/mm2 3.0
Note: 1 In checking the longitudinal shear (shear flow) in the thermal barrier, a factor of safety of 3.0 is considered
when calculated using a more precise FEM analysis. In cases where equation (28) of AAMA-TIR-A8-04 is used to
approximate the shear flow, a lower factor of safety is considered since the accuracy of this equation depends on
the degree of symmetry of the two faces being combined. In the case of the profiles used in the system, the two
faces are always very far from being symmetrical.
3. Design value Gc is calculated considering the relationship:
Gc = c ⋅ h
b () where: Gc = shear modulus of the core in N/mm2
h = height of the thermal break in mm.

b = total thickness of the thermal break in mm.
Design Value of Gc. For h = 27mm and b = 4mm

Temperature Elasticity Shear Modulus,
constant, c Gc
2
-20°C 89 N/mm 600.8 N/mm2
+20°C 69 N/mm2 465.8 N/mm2
+80°C 57 N/mm2 384.8 N/mm2
4. Predictions of effective moment of Inertia (I’e) are calculated for a range of Gc based on the shear test results.
The results are plotted on “predicted effective I” versus “span L” graph.
Upper bound @ -20°C Gc = 600.8 N/mm2
Lower bound @ +80°C Gc = 384.8 N/mm2
Using the conservative value from the test, the design value of Gc used in the analysis is when the thermal break is
softest @ elevated temperature of +80°C:
Gc = 384.8 N / mm2

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4.3 Mullion Structural Systems

The sword inside the mullion has to transfer the shear reaction force of the CW unit above to the unit below. But
sometimes an amount of bending moment is transferred between mullions after a certain amount of rotation at the
ends of the mullion during service condition. Effectively at that stage, the mullion is acting as a continuous beam
system. Due to the gap between the extrusion dimensions and the sword dimensions a certain slip (free slip angle )
occurs and therefore the continuous system may only occur after a certain rotation  at the beam ends.
q q
(a) Section (b) Structural System - 1 (c) Structural System - 2

Fig. 4.3-1 Mullion Structural Systems
Applying the above theory to optimize the use of the mullion profiles two systems of structural behavior are
resolved with the following objective:
The same male and female profile will be used throughout the entire job, and
Only the swords will vary, in length and the grade of material.
4.3.1 Structural System 1 (): Sword is shorter and used as a shear connector only.
That is, no contact between the sword and the aluminum extrusion during service conditions, making it incapable of
transferring moment between mullions above or below. Therefore, the mullions act as simple beams. This is applied
where there is little load on the mullions.
ρ , end rotation h SW
Sword (short)
gap/2 gap/2
q
L SW
L
M MAX δ MAX
EI'
Deflected Mullion
Mullion
α , free slip angle
Load Moment Deflection
Fig. 4.3-2 Structural System - 1

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4.3.2 Structural System 2 ( ≥ ): Sword is longer and is utilized to transfer moment.

That is, there is contact between the sword and the aluminum extrusion during service condition, allowing transfer
of bending moment between the mullion profiles. Therefore, the system acts as a continuous beam. This system is
used for cases where system 1 is not sufficient to cater the loads.
(a) Stage 1 (  ): The system is initially behaving as a simple beam.
That is, no contact between the sword and the aluminum extrusion, making it incapable of transferring moment
between mullion profiles.
(b) Stage 2 (  ): The system finally behaves as a continuous beam.
That is, there is contact between the sword and the aluminum extrusion, allowing transfer of bending moment
between the mullion profiles.
STAGE 1 (ρ<α): ρ , end rotation h SW

Simple Beam Sword (short)
gap/2 gap/2
q1
L SW
L
M1 δ1
EI'
Deflected Mullion
Mullion
α , free slip angle

Load Moment Deflection
STAGE 2(ρ<α): ρ , end rotation

Continuous Beam
M SW
Sword (longer)
Sword
q2
couple,SW
F
L
M2 w2
EI
Deflected Mullion
Sword couple,SW
F
Moment Deflection
Load Coupling forces
Fig. 4.3-3 Structural System - 2

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4.3.3 Structural System Layout

The figure below shows the locations where structural systems 1 and 2 are applied. Note that corner panels are not
included in this set of structural calculations but nevertheless have been indicated as system 2.
(3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES)
WING - A SYSTEM 2
WING - A
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 1

(ALL THE REST) (ALL THE REST) (ALL THE REST) (ALL THE REST)
WING - C WING - C
WING - B WING - B
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 1
(ALL THE REST) (ALL THE REST)
(3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (5 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES)
LEVEL 7&8 LEVEL 25

TIER 0 TIER 1
SYSTEM 2 SYSTEM 2
(3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES)
WING - A WING - A

WING - C WING - C
WING - B WING - B
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 1
(ALL THE REST) (ALL THE REST) SYSTEM 2
SYSTEM 2 SYSTEM 2 SYSTEM 2 (3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES)
(5 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES)
LEVEL 33 LEVEL 37
TIER 2 TIER 3
SYSTEM 2
WING - A SYSTEM 2
WING - A

WING - C WING - C
WING - B WING - B
SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM 2 (ALL THE REST) SYSTEM 2 SYSTEM 2 (ALL THE REST) SYSTEM 2
(3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (5 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (14 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES) (3 CW UNITS BOTH SIDES)
LEVEL 52 LEVEL 63
TIER 4 TIER 5
Fig. 4.3-4 Structural System Layout

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4.4 Critical Panel Evaluation

To evaluate the most critical panel two criteria are to be checked, the stress index and the deflection index. The
indices of each panel type are determined from the variable parameters in calculating the bending moment and
deflections. The criteria for this evaluation are summarized in the tables below.
The panel under the most critical circumstances will be the subject of the structural system analysis in the
succeeding sections of this report.
Table 4.4-1 Critical Panel Evaluation
Constant Critical
Member Analysis Variable Parameters System - 1 System - 2
Parameters Index
- Span (H) Uniform
- Tributary width (W)
Stress - Cross-sectional load W∙Qw = 4.83 KN/m
- Wind load, Qw
properties. Wing B (Zone C)
Mullion
- Span (H) Uniform QW = ±3.5 KPa
- Panel width (W) W∙Qw = 8.7 KN/m
Deflection - Cross-sectional load W = 1.385 m
- Wind load, Qw Qw∙W2 = 16.9 KN
properties.
Qw∙W4 = 63.7
- Tributary widths
Bending KN∙m2
(bu & bl) - Span (W) Qw∙W2 = 7.58 KN
Stress moment Wing B (Zone D)
- Cross-sectional - Wind load, Qw Qw∙W4 = 19.2
QW = ±4.5 KPa
properties KN∙m2
Transom W = 1.94 m
- Tributary widths Wing B (Zone C)
(bu & bl) - Span (W) Deflection QW = ±3.0 KPa
Deflection
- Cross-sectional - Wind load, Qw W = 1.59 m
properties
Table 4.4-2 Panel Parameters

2
Wind load, ±Qw [KN/m ] WING - A WING - B WING - C
Structural System System 1 System 2 System 1 System 2 System 1 System 2
1 1 1
Loading Zone A B C D A B C D A B C D
Level 7 & 8 (Tier 0) 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 4.5 4.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
Level 25 (Tier 1) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
Level 33 (Tier 2) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0
Level 37 (Tier 3) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
Level 52 (Tier 4) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
Level 63 (Tier 5) 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.5
Panel width (up to…), m W= 1.80 1.34 1.38 1.59 1.94 2.25 1.80 1.34 1.38 1.59 1.94 2.25 1.80 1.34 1.38 1.59 1.94 2.25
Mullion, Stress Index W∙Qw = - 4.02 4.14 4.77 6.79 - - 4.69 4.83 4.77 8.73 - - 4.69 4.83 4.77 8.73 -
Mullion, Deflection Index W∙Qw = - 4.02 4.14 4.77 6.79 - - 4.69 4.83 4.77 8.73 - - 4.69 4.83 4.77 8.73 -
Transom, Stress Index Qw∙W2 = - 5.39 5.71 7.58 13.2 - - 6.28 6.67 7.58 16.9 - - 6.28 6.67 7.58 16.9 -
Transom, Deflection Index Qw∙W4 = - 9.67 10.9 19.2 49.6 - - 11.3 12.7 19.2 63.7 - - 11.3 12.7 19.2 63.7 -
1
Note: Structural system 2 extends to the shaded cell in the table.
Fig. 4.4-1 Key Plan for Wind Load Distribution

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4.5 CW In-plane Performance

The in-plane behavior of the CW structural members is dealt due to the following situations:
(a) In-plane Wind load. Wind load applied to the protruding surface of the vertical fins produces torsion as well as
bending on the weak axis of the mullion profiles.
This wind load is calculated as per the 1997 UBC code as a parapet wall with pressure coefficient of 1.3 inward and
outward. See §5.2 on Wind loads.
Wind force Wind force on

normal protrusions
to CW unit
(fins)
Fig. 4.4-1 Wind Load on Fins
(b) Slab deflection. Due to slab deflection two loading scenarios occur on the system which are addressed in this set
of calculation:
• Where the slab has uneven deflection at the bracket locations of a given CW unit, the bracket that is located on
the lower point of the deflected slab will become a “dead bracket” which means it is carrying no weight because
the slab is hanging below. This results to a one-side supported unit wherein the other bracket carries the whole
weight and causes the CW unit to rotate due to the eccentric application of its weight (dead load). Couple force
is then produced to counteract the rotation. The couple is a set of horizontal forces acting on the “live bracket”
and on the sword.
• At the apex of the deflected slab, “live brackets” occur at the same point for two adjacent CW units. Thus, the
bracket mounted on the slab shall be designed to cater for this double loading.
Error! Objects cannot be created from editing field codes.
Fig. 4.4-2 Racking of CW Units

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5 LOADING
5.1 Dead Load, QD
Table 5.1-1 Weight of Structural System - 1, Total weight = 3.07 kN (313 kg.)
Refer. Specific Wt. Real constant 1 Unit Wt. Real constant 2 Total wt.
Element
 k1  = ∙ k1 k2 W = ∙k2
Aluminum Extrusion 0.53 kN
Male mullion §6.1.1(a) 27.0 kN/m3 A = 2414 mm2 0.06 kN/m L = 3.70m 0.24 kN
3 2
Female mullion §6.1.2(a) 27.0 kN/m A = 883 mm 0.02 kN/m L = 3.70m 0.09 kN
3 2
Header transom §6.2.1(a) 27.0 kN/m A = 946 mm 0.03 kN/m L = 1.39m 0.04 kN
3 2
Sill transom §6.2.2(a) 27.0 kN/m A = 1282 mm 0.03 kN/m L = 1.39m 0.05 kN
3 2
Transom 1 §6.3.1(a) 27.0 kN/m A = 1067 mm 0.03 kN/m L = 1.39m 0.04 kN
3 2
3 2
Sword §6.5.1 27.0 kN/m A = 2100 mm 0.06 kN/m L = 0.50m 0.03 kN
Upper spandrel panel 0.41 kN/m2 0.27 kN
Stainless Steel Sheet M14 78.0 kN/ m3 t = 1.5mm 0.12 kN/m2 A = 0.65 m2 0.08 kN
Steel Sheet M38 78.0 kN/m3 t = 1.5mm 0.12 kN/m2 A = 0.65 m2 0.08 kN
3 2 2
Insulation M9 0.7 kN/m t = 70mm 0.05 kN/m A = 0.65 m 0.03 kN
3 2 2
Steel Sheet M8 78.0 kN/m t = 1.5mm 0.12 kN/m A = 0.65 m 0.08 kN
Vision panel 0.45 kN/m2 1.77 kN
Glass GL-1.3 25.0 kN/m3 t = 18mm 0.45 kN/m2 A = 3.93 m2 1.77 kN
Lower Spandrel panel 0.45 kN/m2 0.24 kN
Glass GL-2.3 25.0 kN/m3 t = 18mm 0.45 kN/m2 A = 0.54 m2 0.24 kN
Accessories 0.05 kN/m2 0.26 kN
2
Thermal break, setting block, gaskets, sealant, screws, etc. approx.10%W A = 5.12 m 0.26 kN
Table 5.1-2 Weight of Structural System - 2, Total weight = 4.63 kN (472 kg.)
Refer. Specific Wt. Real constant 1 Unit Wt. Real constant 2 Total wt.
Element
 k1  = ∙ k1 k2 W = ∙k2
Aluminum Extrusion 0.76 kN
Male mullion §6.1.1(a) 27.0 kN/m3 A = 2414 mm2 0.06 kN/m L = 3.70m 0.24 kN
Female mullion §6.1.2(a) 27.0 kN/m3 A = 883 mm2 0.02 kN/m L = 3.70m 0.09 kN
3 2
Header transom §7.2.1(a) 27.0 kN/m A = 946 mm 0.03 kN/m L = 1.94m 0.05 kN
3 2
Sill transom §7.2.2(a) 27.0 kN/m A = 1282 mm 0.03 kN/m L = 1.94m 0.07 kN
3 2
3 2
3 2
Sword §7.5.2 27.0 kN/m A = 2100 mm 0.06 kN/m L = 1.42m 0.09 kN
Upper spandrel panel 0.41 kN/m2 0.37 kN
Stainless Steel Sheet M14 78.0 kN/ m3 t = 1.5mm 0.12 kN/m2 A = 0.91 m2 0.11 kN
Steel Sheet M38 78.0 kN/m3 t = 1.5mm 0.12 kN/m2 A = 0.91 m2 0.11 kN
3 2 2
Insulation M9 0.7 kN/m t = 70mm 0.05 kN/m A = 0.91 m 0.04 kN
3 2 2
Steel Sheet M8 78.0 kN/m t = 1.5mm 0.12 kN/m A = 0.91 m 0.11 kN
Vision panel 0.50 kN/m2 2.76 kN
Glass GL-1.3 25.0 kN/m3 t = 10 + 10mm 0.50 kN/m2 A = 5.51 m2 2.76 kN
Lower Spandrel panel 0.50 kN/m2 0.38 kN
Glass GL-2.3 25.0 kN/m3 t = 10 + 10mm 0.50 kN/m2 A = 0.76 m2 0.38 kN
Accessories 0.05 kN/m2 0.36 kN
Thermal break, setting block, gaskets, sealant, screws, etc. approx.10%W A = 7.18 m2 0.36 kN

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5.2 Wind Load, QW

Applied wind loads are in accordance to SOM Drawing Nr. AL-00-AR-502 “ Building Enclosure Wind Pressure
Diagrams (Addendum 057)”
5.2.1 Wind Load on Wall Elements.
A comprehensive summary of the wind load stated above is found on Table 4.4-2.
5.2.2 Wind loads on Vertical Fins.
The positive values from wind load zone `E´ on parapet walls are considered for the wind Loads on the vertical fins.
The negative values on parapet walls are not considered because this includes the trapped air at return corners
which does not happen on the vertical fins.
Table 5.2-4 Wind Load on Vertical Fins

Vertical Fin1
LOAD, KN/m2
Zone E
Level 7 & 8 +3.0
Level 25 +3.0
Level 33 +3.0
Level 37 +3.0
Level 52 +3.0
Level 63 +3.0
Note. 1Values for the parapet walls are conservatively adopted for the vertical fins.

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6 SECTION PROPERTIES – STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 1

6.1 Mullion Profiles
6.1.1 Male Mullion
(a) Cross-sectional Properties. The properties of the profile cross-section are calculated using ANSYS’ beam plot
section command.
Fig. 6.1-1 Section Properties

(b) Effective Section Modulus. The effective section properties of the mullion profile are predicted by adopting the
§7.5.5 of AAMA TIR-A8-04 defines the effective shear area, A as the sum of the areas of the web elements. In this
case, all elements that are oriented parallel to the shear direction are considered effective in resisting shear.
A1 = 266.5mm2
30.4
c.g.1
137
17.9
2 2
27
148.5
A2a = 623.7mm2
286
c.g.
DIAGONALLY ORIENTED
WEBS:
c.g.2 A2b = 674.1mm2
34.2 40.9
149
107.2
A2 = A2a+ A2bxcos(13deg.)
A2 = 1280.5mm2
13°
A = A1 + A2
A = 1547.0mm2
SECTION PROPERTIES SHEAR AREA DISTANCES
Fig. 6.1-2 Parameters in Determining the Effective Section Modulus

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• Effective Section Modulus Calculation – Male Mullion (System 1)

AAMA TIR-A8-04: Structural Performance of Composite Thermal Barrier Framing System
Clause Action Notes
Extrusion Parameters L= 3.70 m. Unsupported span of the member
E= 68950 Mpa Young's modulus of aluminum faces
Gc = 384.8 Mpa Design shear modulus of thermal break
w= 1.0 kN/m Considered uniform unit load
M = w∙L2/8 = 1.7 KN∙m Maximum bending moment due to unit load
A= 1547.0 m Shear area of aluminum
h= 286.0 mm Overall depth of extrusion
g= 17.9 mm Gap (clearance) between faces
Dc = 27.0 mm Maximum cavity depth
b= 4.0 mm Average width of thermal break core
a1 = 686.9 mm2 a2 = 1750.0 mm2 Cross sectional area
Io1 = 2.43E+05 mm4 Io2 = 6.29E+06 mm4 Moment of inertia
c11 = 30.4 mm c22 = 107.2 mm Extreme fiber dist. to c.g.of face
D = h - (c11+c22) = 148.4 mm Distance between centroidal axes of both faces
2 4
7.5.4(1) Ic = a1∙a2∙D /(a1+a2) = 1.09E+07 mm For the case where both faces are same material
7.5.4(2) Io = Io1+Io2 = 6.53E+06 mm4 Lower bound on stiffness I'e (no composite action)
7.5.4(3) I = Ic + Io = 1.74E+07 mm4 Upper bound on stiffness I'e (full composite action)
2
7.5.4(5) Composite Analysis Gp = I∙b∙D Gc/(Ic∙Dc) = 2.01E+06 N Geometric and core material parameter
7.5.4(6) c = G p/(E∙Io ) = 2
4.46E-06 /mm Buckilng formula slope for comp. in beam flanges
7.5.4(Table3) D0 = w∙E∙Io∙Ic/(Gp2∙I) = 0.07 mm Constant for the elastic curve formula
3
D1 = -w∙L∙Ic/(2Gp∙I)-wL /(24E∙I) = 0.00 Ditto
D2 = w∙Ic/(2Gp∙I) = 1.6E-07 /mm Ditto
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 2.6E-10 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -3.5E-14 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
r = (L/2)(c)0.5 = 3.91
7.5.4(Table5) F1 = -w∙Ic∙e /[c∙Gp∙I(er+e-r)] = -2.8E-05 mm
-r
Complementary constants
2r
F2 = F1∙e = -0.07 mm Ditto
0.5
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c) = 3.91 for x = L/2 = 1850 mm
5 4 3 p p
7.5.4(8) y =D5x +D4x +D3x +D2x2+D1x+D0+F1e +F2/e = 2.57 mm Calculated effective maximum deflection, D5 =0
3 2 p p
7.5.4(21) y'' =20D5x +12D4x +6D3x+2D2+c(F1e +F2/e ) = 1.72E-06 /mm
7.5.4(10) Ie = w∙L4/(76.8E∙y) = 1.38E+07 mm4 Effective moment of inertia w/o shear deformation
7.5.4(17) I'e = Ie/{ 1+[25.6Ie/(L2∙A)} = 1.36E+07 mm4 Effective moment of inertia considering shear def.
7.5.4(19) Se1 = M/[(M-E∙Io∙y'')/(a1∙D)+E∙c11∙y''] = 1.34E+05 mm3 Effective section modulus @ face 1
7.5.4(25a) Shear Flow Data y''' =6D3+c1.5(F1-F2) = 2.20E-09 /mm2
7.5.4(24) Vc/w = w∙L/2 -E∙Io∙y''' = 859.91 mm Shear resisted by thermal break per unif. unit load
7.5.4(28) Vc/(D∙w) = 5.79 Shear flow per uniform unit load, w
2.00E+07
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)
Moment of Inertia [mm4]
Ie for upper bound Gc

Ie for lower bound Gc
1.50E+07 I'e for upper bound Gc
1.36E+07 I'e for lower bound Gc
1.00E+07
Io (non-composite)
5.00E+06
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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(c) Allowable Stress Under Lateral Buckling

The moment of inertia about the minor axis (Iy) and the torsional constant (J) are conservatively calculated as the
sum of the individual properties of face 1 (Izz,1, J1) and face 2 (Izz,2,J2) profiles.
ADM 2005: Specification for Aluminum Structures - Allowable Stress Design
Clause Action Notes
Extrusion Parameters Lb1 = 2.84 m Unbraced length for face-1 under compression
Lb2 = 3.70 m Unbraced length for face-2 under compression
Iy = 6.4E+05 mm4 Moment of inertia of profile
J = 8.8E+05 mm4 Torsional constant of profile
Sc1 = 1.3E+05 mm3 Section modulus for face 1 under compression
3.3-1M Fcy = 170 Mpa 6063-T6 Alloy compressive yield strength
E = 69600 Mpa Young's Modulus
3.4-1 Buckling Analysis ny = 1.65 Factor of safety on yield strength
0.5
3.3-4 Bc = Fcy[1+(Fcy/15510) ] = 187.798 Buckling formula intercept for comp. in beam flanges
Dc = (Bc/10)(Bc/E)0.5 = 0.98 Buckilng formula slope for comp. in beam flanges
Cc = 0.41(Bc/Dc) = 78.93 Buckling formula intersection for comp. in beam flanges
2
3.4.14-4 S1 = [(Bc-Fcy)/1.6Dc] = 130.0 Lower bound slender limit
2
3.4.14-5 S2 = (Cc/1.6) = 2433.6 Upper bound slender limit
3.4.14 Face-1: S = Lb1∙Sc1/[0.5(Iy∙J)0.5] = 1009.9 Slenderness ratio for face-1 under compression
Criteria = S1 < S < S2 Intermediate beam-compression member
3.4.14-2 Fc1 = 1/ny∙(Bc-1.6Dc∙S0.5) = 83.75 Mpa Allowable compressive stress for LTB
3.4.14 Face-2: S = Lb2∙Sc2/[0.5(Iy∙J)0.5] = 1031.0 Slenderness ratio for face-2 under compression
(d) Allowable Stress Under Local Buckling
Element 2
c.g.
Element 3
Fig. 6.1-3 Elements Critical Under Local Buckling

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The governing allowable stress, under local buckling as calculated below, is summarized as follows:
ace 1, considering elements 1, & 2 c1 = 103.03MPa
ace 2, considering element 3 c2 = 131.0MPa
• Element 1
ADM 2005, §3.4.16: Uniform Compression in Elements of Beams - Flat Elements Supported on Both Edges
Clause Action Notes
b= 30.5 m Width of the flat element
t= 1.8 mm Thickness of the flat element
3.3-1M F cy = 170 Mpa 6063-T6 Alloy compressive yield strength
3.4-1 ny = 1.65 Factor of safety on yield strength
3.3-4 k1 = 0.35 Coefficient for determining slenderness limit
1/3
3.3-4 Bp = Fcy[1+(Fcy) /21.7] = 213.398 Buckling formula intercept for comp. in flat element
0.5
Dp = (Bp/10)(Bp/E) = 1.18 Buckilng formula slope for comp. in flat elements
3.4.16-4 S1 = (Bp-Fcy)/1.6Dp = 23.0 Lower bound slender limit
3.4.16-5 S2 = k1∙Bp/1.6Dp = 39.5 Upper bound slender limit
b/t = 16.9 Slenderness ratio
Criteria = b/t < S1 Short compression element
3.4.16-1 Fc = Fcy/ny = 103.03 Mpa Allowable compressive stress
• Element 2
ADM 2005, §3.4.18: Compression in Elements of Beams - Flat Elements Supported on Both Edges
Clause Action Notes
3.4.48 Cc = -135.2 mm Distance from N.A. to heavily compressed edge
Co = -89.4 mm Distance from N.A. to other edge
E= 69600 Mpa Young's Modulus
Co/Cc = 0.66
m = 1.15+Co/(2Cc) = 1.48 for -1 < Co/Cc < 1
1/3
3.3-4 Bbr = 1.3Fcy[1+(Fcy) /13.3] = 313.0 Buckling formula intercept for comp. in flat element
Dbr = (Bbr/20)(6Bbr/E)0.5 = 2.57 Buckilng formula slope for comp. in flat elements
3.4.18-4 S1 = (Bbr-1.3Fcy)/m∙Dbr = 24.2 Lower bound slender limit
3.4.18-5 S2 = k1∙Bbr/m∙Dbr = 41.1 Upper bound slender limit
h/t = 25.4 Slenderness ratio
Criteria = S1 < h/t < S2 Intermediate compression element
3.4.18-2 Fc = (1/ny)[Bbr-m∙Dbr(h/t)] = 131.02 Mpa Allowable compressive stress

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• Element 3
ADM 2005, §3.4.18: Compression in Elements of Beams - Flat Elements Supported on Both Edges
Clause Action Notes
3.4.48 Cc = -140.8 mm Distance from N.A. to heavily compressed edge
Co = -76.2 mm Distance from N.A. to other edge
3.4-1 n y = 1.65 Factor of safety on yield strength
Co/Cc = 0.54
m = 1.15+Co/(2Cc) = 1.42 for -1 < Co/Cc < 1
3.3-4 Bbr = 1.3Fcy[1+(Fcy)1/3/13.3] = 313.0 Buckling formula intercept for comp. in flat element
0.5
Dbr = (Bbr/20)(6Bbr/E) = 2.57 Buckilng formula slope for comp. in flat elements
3.4.18-4 S1 = (Bbr-1.3Fcy)/m∙D br = 25.2 Lower bound slender limit
3.4.18-5 S2 = k1∙Bbr/m∙Dbr = 42.9 Upper bound slender limit
h/t = 26.5 Slenderness ratio
Criteria = S1 < h/t < S2 Intermediate compression element
3.4.18-2 Fc = (1/ny)[Bbr-m∙Dbr(h/t)] = 131.02 Mpa Allowable compressive stress
6.1.2 Female Mullion

section command.
(b) Effective Section Modulus. The effective section properties of the mullion profile is predicted by adopting the

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c.g.1
c.g.
c.g.2

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• Effective Section Modulus Calculation – Female Mullion (System 1)

Clause Action Notes
2
M = w∙L /8 = 1.7 KN∙m Maximum bending moment due to unit load
2
a1 = 652.0 mm a2 = 294.9 mm2 Cross sectional area
Io1 = 2.37E+05 mm 4 Io2 = 3.84E+04 mm4 Moment of inertia
7.5.4(1) Ic = a1∙a2∙D2/(a1+a2) = 9.67E+05 mm4 For the case where both faces are same material
7.5.4(5) Composite Analysis Gp = I∙b∙D2Gc/(Ic∙Dc) = 3.49E+05 N Geometric and core material parameter
7.5.4(6) c = Gp/(E∙Io) = 1.84E-05 /mm2 Buckilng formula slope for comp. in beam flanges
D1 = -w∙L∙Ic/(2Gp∙I)-wL3/(24E∙I) = -0.03 Ditto
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 3.6E-09 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -4.9E-13 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
r = (L/2)(c)0.5 = 7.93
7.5.4(Table5) F1 = -w∙Ic∙e-r/[c∙Gp∙I(er+e-r)] = -1.6E-08 mm Complementary constants
F2 = F1∙e2r = -0.12 mm Ditto
0.5
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c) = 7.93 for x = L/2 = 1850 mm
7.5.4(8) y =D5x5+D4x4+D3x3+D2x2+D1x+D0+F1ep+F2/ep = 32.31 mm Calculated effective maximum deflection, D5 =0
7.5.4(21) y'' =20D5x3+12D4x2+6D3x+2D2+c(F1ep+F2/ep) = 2.22E-05 /mm
1.50E+06
Effective I Curve
Ie for upper
I (fully bound
composite)
Moment of Inertia
I'e
Gcfor upper bound
1.09E+06 Ie for lower bound
1.00E+06 Gc
Gcfor lower bound
[mm4]
I'e
Gc
5.00E+05
Io (non-composite)
0.00E+00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Span, L [m]

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sum of the individual properties of face 1 (Izz,1, J1) and face 2 (Izz,2,J2) profiles.
Clause Action Notes
Extrusion Parameters Lb = 2.84 m Unbraced length of the member for bending
0.5
2
2
3.4.14 Face-1: S = Lb∙Sc1/[0.5(Iy∙J)0.5] = 1601.4 Slenderness ratio for face-1 under compression
Element 1

ace 2, no element is critical under local buckling.

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• Element 1
ADM 2005, §3.4.15: Uniform Compression in Elements of Beams - Flat Elements Supported on One Edge
Clause Action Notes
1/3
Dp = (Bp/10)(Bp/E)0.5 = 1.18 Buckilng formula slope for comp. in flat elements
Criteria = S1 < b/t < S2 Intermediate compression element
3.4.15-2 Fc = (1/ny)[Bp-5.1Dp(b/t)] = 96.10 Mpa Allowable compressive stress

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6.2 Stack Joint Transom Profiles

6.2.1 Header Transom
(a) Cross-sectional Properties. The properties of the profile cross-section are calculated using ANSYS finite element
analysis.
A1 = 225.5mm2
A2 = 121.1mm2
FACE-2 FACE-1
c.g.2 c.g.
c.g.1
A = A1 + A2
A = 346.6mm2

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• Effective Section Modulus Calculation – Header Transom (System 1)

Clause Action Notes
2
2
3
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 1.8E-09 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -5.8E-13 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
r = (L/2)(c)0.5 = 4.56
-r
F2 = F1∙e2r = -0.10 mm Ditto
0.5
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c) = 4.56 for x = L/2 = 795 mm
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)
1.00E+06 Ie for upper bound Gc
I'e for upper bound Gc

I'e for lower bound Gc
5.38E+05
5.00E+05
Io (non-composite)
0.00E+00
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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sum of the individual properties of face 1 (Iyy,1, J1) and face 2 (Iyy,2,J2) profiles.
Clause Action Notes
3.3-4 Bc = Fcy[1+(Fcy/15510)0.5] = 187.798 Buckling formula intercept for comp. in beam flanges
3.4.14-4 S1 = [(Bc-Fcy)/1.6Dc] 2 = 130.0 Lower bound slender limit
3.4.14-5 S2 = (Cc/1.6)2 = 2433.6 Upper bound slender limit
c.g.
Element 2 Element 1
FACE-2 FACE-1

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• Element 1
Clause Action Notes
3.3-4 Bp = Fcy[1+(Fcy)1/3/21.7] = 213.4 Buckling formula intercept for comp. in flat element
3.4.16-2 Fc = (1/ny)[Bp-1.6D p(b/t)] = 88.15 Mpa Allowable compressive stress
• Element 2
Clause Action Notes
3.4-1 n y = 1.65 Factor of safety on yield strength
K2 = 2.27 Ditto
0.5
Criteria = S2 < b/t Slender compression element
0.5
3.4.15-3 Fc = k2/ny (Bp∙E) /(5.1b/t)= 34.77 Mpa Allowable compressive stress

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6.2.2 Sill Transom

section command.
A1 = 280.8mm2
37.3
A2 = 115.2mm2
2 x PZ
c.g.
c.g.1
FACE-2 c.g.2 FACE-1
A = A1 + A2
A = 396.0mm2

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• Effective Section Modulus Calculation – Sill Transom (System 1)

Clause Action Notes
2
2
c = Gp/(E∙Io) = 1.03E-05 /mm Buckilng formula slope for comp. in beam flanges
7.5.4(6)
3
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 1.5E-09 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -4.9E-13 /mm3 D5 = 0.00
r = (L/2)(c)0.5 = 2.56
7.5.4(Table5) F1 = -w∙Ic∙e /[c∙Gp∙I(er+e-r)] = -1.2E-03 mm Complementary constants
-r
F2 = F1∙e2r = -0.20 mm Ditto

7.5.4(8a) p = x(c)0.5 = 2.56 for x = L/2 = 795 mm
5 4 3 p p
1.50E+06
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)

1.00E+06 Ie for lower bound Gc

7.09E+05
5.00E+05
Io (non-composite)
0.00E+00
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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Clause Action Notes
3.4.14-4 S1 = [(Bc-Fcy)/1.6Dc]2 = 130.0 Lower bound slender limit
FACE-1
c.g.
FACE-2
Element 1


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• Element 1
Clause Action Notes
K2 = 2.27 Ditto
1/3
Criteria = S2 < b/t Slender compression element
0.5
3.4.15-3 Fc = k2/ny (Bp∙E) /(5.1b/t)= 69.94 Mpa Allowable compressive stress

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6.3 Transom – 1 Profile

6.3.1 Transom -1 (Type 1)
section command.
A1 = 242.2mm2
A2 = 154.7mm2
FACE-2 c.g.2 c.g.1 FACE-1 c.g.
A = A1 + A2
A = 396.9mm2

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• Effective Section Modulus Calculation – Transom – 1 (Type 1: System 1)

Clause Action Notes
2
D1 = -w∙L∙Ic/(2Gp∙I)-wL3/(24E∙I) = 0.00 Ditto
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 1.5E-09 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -4.7E-13 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
r = (L/2)(c)0.5 = 2.76
7.5.4(Table5) F1 = -w∙Ic∙e /[c∙Gp∙I(er+e-r)] = -8.2E-04 mm Complementary constants
-r
F2 = F1∙e2r = -0.21 mm Ditto

0.5
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c) = 2.76 for x = L/2 = 795 mm
5 4 3 p p
1.50E+06
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)

6.44E+05
5.00E+05
Io (non-composite)
0.00E+00
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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ADM 2005, §3.4.14: Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross Section - Tubular Shapes
Clause Action Notes
0.5
0.5
Dc = (Bc/10)(Bc/E) = 0.98 Buckilng formula slope for comp. in beam flanges
0.5
3.4.14 Face-1: S = Lb∙Sc1/[0.5(Iy∙J) ] = 90.7 Slenderness ratio for face-1 under compression
Criteria = S ≤ S1 Short beam-compression meber
3.4.14-1 Fc1 = Fcy/ny = 103.03 Mpa Allowable compressive stress for LTB
c.g.
Element 1


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• Element 1
Clause Action Notes
3.4.16-5 S2 = k ∙B
1 p /1.6D p = 39.5 Upper bound slender limit
3.4.16-2 Fc = (1/ny)[Bp-1.6Dp(b/t)] = 92.44 Mpa Allowable compressive stress

6.4.1 Transom – 2 (Type 1)
section command.

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A1 = 263.2mm2
A2 = 151.4mm2 27.1
2 x PDL
FACE-2 c.g.2 c.g.1 FACE-1 c.g.
A = A1 + A2
A = 414.6mm2

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• Effective Section Modulus Calculation – Transom 2 (Type 1: System 1)

Clause Action Notes
2
7.5.4(6) c = G p/(E∙Io ) = 1.36E-05 /mm Buckilng formula slope for comp. in beam flanges
3
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 1.6E-09 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -5.1E-13 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
r = (L/2)(c)0.5 = 2.94
-r
2r
F2 = F1∙e = -0.17 mm Ditto
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c)0.5 = 2.94 for x = L/2 = 795 mm
5 4 3 p p
1.50E+06
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)
1.00E+06 I'e for upper bound Gc
6.63E+05
5.00E+05
Io (non-composite)
0.00E+00
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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ADM 2005, §3.4.14: Compression in Beams, Extreme Fiber, Gross Section - Tubular Shapes
Clause Action Notes
c.g.
Element 1

ace 2 No element is critical under lateral buckling.

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• Element 1
Clause Action Notes
1/3
0.5
3.4.16-2 Fc = (1/n )[B
y p -1.6D p(b/t)] = 89.00 Mpa Allowable compressive stress

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6.5 Sword Profile
Fig. 6.5-1 Sword Length

6.5.1 Sword (Type-1)
(a) Cross-sectional Properties.
140
Fig. 6.5-2 Sword Cross-Section

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7 SECTION PROPERTIES – STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 2

7.1 Mullion Profiles
7.1.1 Male Mullion
Section properties of male mullion for Structural system 1 and 2 are the same.
Please refer to §6.1.1
7.1.2 Female Mullion
Section properties of female mullion for Structural system 1 and 2 are the same.
Please refer to §6.1.2

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7.2 Stack Joint Transom Profiles

7.2.1 Header Transom
(a) Cross-sectional Properties. The properties of the profile cross-section are calculated using ANSYS finite element
analysis.
A1 = 225.5mm2
A2 = 121.1mm2
FACE-2 FACE-1
c.g.2 c.g.
c.g.1
A = A1 + A2
A = 346.6mm2

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• Effective Section Modulus Calculation – Header Transom (System 2)

Clause Action Notes
2
2
4
Io1 = 9.41E+04 mm Io2 = 2.36E+04 mm4 Moment of inertia
2
7.5.4(6) c = Gp/(E∙Io) = 3.29E-05 /mm Buckilng formula slope for comp. in beam flanges
2

3
D1 = -w∙L∙Ic/(2Gp∙I)-wL /(24E∙I) = -0.01 Ditto
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 2.2E-09 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -5.8E-13 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
r = (L/2)(c)0.5 = 5.57
-r r -r
7.5.4(Table5) F1 = -w∙Ic∙e /[c∙Gp∙I(e +e )] = -1.5E-06 mm Complementary constants
2r
F2 = F1∙e = -0.10 mm Ditto
0.5
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c) = 5.57 for x = L/2 = 970 mm
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)


6.41E+05
5.00E+05
Io (non-composite)
0.00E+00
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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Clause Action Notes

The governing allowable stress, under local buckling as calculated in §6.2.1(d), is summarized as follows:

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7.2.2 Sill Transom

section command.
A1 = 280.8mm2
37.3
A2 = 115.2mm2
2 x PZ
c.g.
c.g.2 c.g.1
FACE-2 FACE-1
A = A1 + A2
A = 396.0mm2

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• Effective Section Modulus Calculation – Sill Transom (System 2)

Clause Action Notes
2
2
4
Io1 = 4.20E+05 mm Io2 = 1.20E+04 mm4 Moment of inertia
2
7.5.4(6) c = Gp/(E∙Io) = 1.03E-05 /mm Buckilng formula slope for comp. in beam flanges
2

3
D1 = -w∙L∙Ic/(2Gp∙I)-wL /(24E∙I) = -0.01 Ditto
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 1.9E-09 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -4.9E-13 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
0.5
r = (L/2)(c) = 3.12
-r r -r
7.5.4(Table5) F1 = -w∙Ic∙e /[c∙Gp∙I(e +e )] = -4.0E -04 mm Complementary constants
2r
F2 = F1∙e = -0.20 mm Ditto
0.5
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c) = 3.12 for x = L/2 = 970 mm
1.50E+06
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)
4]
Moment of Inertia [mm

1.00E+06 Ie for lower bound Gc
5.00E+05
Io (non-composite)
0.00E+00
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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Clause Action Notes
0.5
0.5
3.4.14 Face-2: S = Lb∙Sc2/[0.5(Iy∙J) ] = 270.4 Slenderness ratio for face-2 under compression
The governing allowable stress, under local buckling as calculated in §6.2.2(d), is summarized as follows:

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section command.
A1 = 342.1mm2
38.7
A2 = 161.0mm2 2 x PZ
c.g.2
c.g.
c.g.1
FACE-2 FACE-1
A = A1 + A2
A = 503.1mm2

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Clause Action Notes
2
2
D1 = -w∙L∙Ic/(2Gp∙I)-wL3/(24E∙I) = 0.00 Ditto
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 9.1E-10 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -2.3E-13 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
0.5
r = (L/2)(c) = 2.53
-r r -r
7.5.4(Table5) F1 = -w∙Ic∙e /[c∙Gp∙I(e +e )] = -1.8E-03 mm Complementary constants
F2 = F1∙e2r = -0.29 mm Ditto
0.5
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c) = 2.53 for x = L/2 = 970 mm
3.00E+06
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)
2.50E+06

Ie for
I'e for lower
upperbound
boundGc
Gc
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.31E+06
1.00E+06
Io (non-composite)
5.00E+05
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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Clause Action Notes
2

No element is critical under local buckling.

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section command.
A1 = 334.8mm2
A2 = 199.3mm2
43.4
2 x PZ
c.g.1 c.g.
c.g.2
FACE-2 FACE-1
A = A1 + A2
A = 534.1mm2

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Clause Action Notes
2
2
3
D3 = w∙L/(12E∙I) = 1.1E-09 /mm2 Ditto
D4 = -w/(24E∙I) = -2.8E-13 /mm3 D 5 = 0.00
0.5
r = (L/2)(c) = 2.73
7.5.4(Table5) F1 = -w∙Ic∙e-r/[c∙Gp∙I(er+e-r)] = -8.4E-04 mm Complementary constants
2r
F2 = F1∙e = -0.20 mm Ditto
7.5.4(8a) p = x(c)0.5 = 2.73 for x = L/2 = 970 mm
5 4 3 p p
2.50E+06
Effective I Curve
I (fully composite)

1.50E+06
1.30E+06
1.00E+06
Io (non-composite)
5.00E+05
Span, L [m]
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

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Clause Action Notes
0.5
2

No element is critical under local buckling.

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7.5 Sword Profile
Fig. 7.5-1 Sword Length

7.5.1 Sword (Type-2)
(a) Cross-sectional Properties.
140
Fig. 7.5-2 Sword Cross-Section

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8 ANALYSIS & CODE CHECK – STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 1

Refer to §4.3 for discussions on structural system 1.
• Summary of Section Properties for Structural System – 1
I'e Se1 Se2 (Vc/D)/w Fc1 Fc2 Local, Fc1 Local, Fc2
Section Properties
mm4 mm3 mm3 N/mm/N/mm Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
Reference (b) (c) (d)
Structural System - 1
Male Mullion §6.1.1 1.36E+07 1.34E+05 1.05E+05 5.75 83.8 83.4 103.0 131.0
Female Mullion §6.1.2 1.09E+06 2.23E+04 1.80E+04 18.17 76.0 80.3 96.1 -
Header Transom §6.2.1 5.38E+05 1.66E+04 1.61E+04 8.54 100.1 100.0 88.2 34.8
Sill Transom §6.2.2 7.09E+05 2.11E+04 2.02E+04 5.36 99.3 99.6 69.9 -
Transom - 1 §6.3.1 6.44E+05 1.91E+04 2.51E+04 6.09 103.0 103.0 92.4 -
Transom - 2 §6.4.1 6.63E+05 1.83E+04 2.25E+04 6.11 103.0 103.0 89.0 -
8.1 Mullion Check

The mullions are subjected to biaxial bending stresses due to (i) wind load normal to the plane of the unit, and (ii)
wind load parallel to the plane of the unit. The latter is being caused by the wind load on the protruding vertical fin
on the façade unit. For discussion on this modes of bending refer to §8.1.1
• Biaxial Bending Analysis of Mullion
ADM2005: Part I-A Specification for Aluminum Structures - Allowable Stress Design
Reference Action Notes
§8.1.2 Male Mullion Bending Stress ratio, fyy-,m/Fc1,m = 0.74 Major axis bending @ face 1 under wind suction
§8.1.3 Stress ratio, fyy+,m/Fc2,m = 0.95 Major axis bending @ face 2 under wind pressure
§8.1.4 Stress ratio, fzz1,m/Fc,m = 0.13 Minor axis bending @ face 1 under lateral wind load
Stress ratio, fzz2,m/Fc,m = 0.07 Minor axis bending @ face 2 under lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, f yy-,m/Fc1,m + 0.5∙fzz1,m/Fc,m = 0.81 100% Suction + 50% lateral wind: comp. on face 1
0.5∙f yy-,m/Fc1,m + fzz1,m/Fc,m = 0.54 50% Suction + 100% lateral wind: comp. on face 1
Biaxial bending, f yy+,m/Fc2,m + 0.5∙fzz2,m/Fc,m = 0.98 100% Pressure + 50% lateral wind: comp. on face 2
0.5∙fyy+,m/Fc2,m + fzz2,m/Fc,m = 0.54 50% Pressure + 100% lateral wind: comp. on face 3
Maximum stress ratio = 0.98 <1.00 O.K!
§8.1.2 Female Mullion Bending Stress ratio, fyy-,f/Fc1,f = 0.36 Major axis bending @ face 1 under wind suction
§8.1.3 Stress ratio, f yy+,f/Fc2,f = 0.43 Major axis bending @ face 2 under wind pressure
§8.1.4 Stress ratio, f zz1,f/Fc,f = 0 Minor axis bending @ face 1 under lateral wind load
Stress ratio, f zz2,f/Fc,f = 0 Minor axis bending @ face 2 under lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, f yy-,f/Fc1,f + 0.5∙f zz1,f/Fc,f = 0.36 100% Suction + 50% lateral wind: comp. on face 1
0.5∙fyy-,f/Fc1,f + f zz1,f/Fc,f = 0.22 50% Suction + 100% lateral wind: comp. on face 1
Biaxial bending, f yy+,f/Fc2,f + 0.5∙f zz2,f/Fc,f = 0.43 100% Pressure + 50% lateral wind: comp. on face 2
0.5∙f yy+,f/Fc2,f + f zz2,f/Fc,f = 0.22 50% Pressure + 100% lateral wind: comp. on face 3
§8.1.2 Sword Bending Stress ratio, f yy-,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0 Major axis bending under wind suction
§8.1.3 Stress ratio, f yy+,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0 Major axis bending under wind pressure
§8.1.4 Stress ratio, f zz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0 Minor axis bending under lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, f yy-,Sw/Fc,Sw + 0.5∙f zz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.00 Suction + 50% lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, 0.5∙f yy-,Sw/Fc,Sw + f zz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.00 50% Suction + lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, f yy+,Sw/Fc,Sw + 0.5∙f zz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.00 Pressure + 50% lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, 0.5∙f yy+,Sw/Fc,Sw + f zz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.00 50% Pressure + lateral wind load

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8.1.1 Superposition Under Biaxial Bending

The table above summarizes the biaxial bending analyses of the mullion in the succeeding sections as follows:
(i) Mullion Analysis under Wind Load Normal to Plane of the Unit
• mullion check under wind suction, refer to §81.2,
• mullion check under wind pressure, refer to §8.1.3,
bf bm
STACK JOINT - HEADER

WIND LOAD
TRIBUTARY AREA
ON FEMALE MULLION
TRANSOM - 1 WIND LOAD

TRIBUTARY AREA
ON MALE MULLION
FEMALE MULLION
MALE MULLION
WIND WIND
M yy,1
H M yy,1 δz,1
δz,1
LOAD LOAD
TRANSOM - 2
STACK JOINT - SILL
Mom - yy Def - z Mom - yy Def - z

W
ELEVATION WIND SUCTION SYSTEM - 1 WIND PRESSURE SYSTEM - 1
Fig. 8.1-1 Wind Load Normal to the Plane of the Unit
(ii) Mullion Analysis under Wind Load Parallel to Plane of the Unit
• mullion check under lateral wind load, refer to §8.1.4.
In checking the minor axis bending of the mullion, it is assumed that the upper spandrel panel is a rigid diaphragm in
the axis on mullion bending, this by virtue of the double skin 1.5mm infill metal sheets. With this assumption, the
mode of mullion bending is similar to a propped cantilever beam with the spandrel panel as its rigid support.
Fig. 8.1-2 Mullion under Lateral Wind Load on Vertical Fin

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8.1.2 Mullion Check for Wind Suction

§4.4 CW Unit Parameters H= 3.70 m Unsupported span of mullion
W= 1.39 m Tributary width for wind load
Wind load on wall element, Qz = -3.50 Kpa Suction normal to the plane of CW unit
§2.2.1 Mullion Alloying compressive yield strength, Fcy = 170 Mpa 6063-T6 E = 68900 Mpa
§6.1.1(b) Male Profile: Effective moment of Inertia, I'e,m = 1.36E+07 mm4 About y-y axis, composite male profile
Effective section modulus, Se1,m = 1.34E+05 mm3 About y-y axis, on face 1 (for wind suction)
§6.1.2(b) Female Profile: Effective moment of Inertia, I'e,f = 1.09E+06 mm4 About y-y axis, composite female profile
Effective section modulus, Se1,f = 2.23E+04 mm3 About y-y axis, on face 1 (for wind suction)
§2.2.1 Sword Alloying compressive yield strength, Fcy,Sw = 170 Mpa 6063-T6 ESw = 68900 Mpa
Sword length, LSw = 120 mm Portion of sword penetrating the mullion profile
Sword cross-section, dSw x t Sw = 140 x 15 mm
Sword slack on its depth, gapz = 2.0 mm Total gaps on each side of the sword
Bending Analysis Uniform load, qz = W∙Qz = -4.85 KN/m Parallel to the major axis of mullion
-1
§4.3 Slip angle, αyy = tan (gapz/LSw) = 0.0166682 rad Sword's freedom of rotation before it carries moment
§4.3.1 Stage 1: Initial load, qz,i = 24αyy∙E∙I'e/H3 = 7.99 KN/m Amount of load to produce rotation α @ mullion ends
Applied load for simple beam bending, qz,1 = 4.85 KN/m qzi > ¦qz¦ : Structural system 1 (Stage 2 is null)
Midspan moment, Myy,1 = qz,1∙H2/8 = 8.30 KN∙m Bending moment in the mullion assembly
- Stage 2: Net load, qz,2 = qz - qz,1 = 0.00 KN/m Balance load after undergoing rotation, α @ ends
2
Midspan moment, Myy,2 = qz,2∙H /24 = 0.00 KN∙m Bending moment in the mullion assembly
Support moment, Myy,Sw = qz,2∙H2/12 = 0.00 KN∙m Bending moment in the sword
Couple force on sword, Fz,Sw = Myy,Sw/LSw = 0.00 KN Developed couple on sword
Total midspan moment, Myy = Myy,1 + Myy,2 = 8.30 KN∙m Total bending moment in the mullion assembly
§4.2(c) Check Mullion Profile I'e = I'e,m + I'e,f = 1.5E+07 mm4 About y-y axis, composite profile
§4.2(d) Male Mullion: Moment, Myy,m = Myy∙(I'e,m/I'e) = 7.68 KN∙m Shared moment by male mullion
Bending stress, f yy,m = Myy,m/Se1,m = 61.9 Mpa Maximum bending stress
§6.1.1(c) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,m = 83.8 Mpa Under lateral buckling of beam section on face 1
§6.1.1(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,m = 103.0 Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 1
Stress ratio, f yy,m/Fc1,m = 0.74 <1.00 O.K!
§4.2(d) Female Mullion: Moment, M yy,f = M ∙(I'
yy e,f e /I' ) = 0.62 KN∙m Shared moment by male mullion
Bending stress, f yy,f = Myy,f/Se2,f = 27.6 Mpa Maximum bending stress
§6.1.2(c) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,f = 76.0 Mpa Under lateral buckling of beam section on face 1
§6.1.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, F c1,f = 96.1 Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 1
Stress ratio, f yy,f/Fc1,f = 0.36 <1.00 O.K!
Check Sword Syy,Sw = t Sw∙dSw2/6 = 4.9E+04 mm4 Section modulus
Bending: Bending stress, f yy,Sw = Myy,Sw/Syy,Sw = 0.0 Mpa Considering plastic modulus
3.4.13 Allowable stress, Fc,Sw = 1.3∙Fcy,Sw/ny = 133.9 Mpa Allowable compressive stress under bending
Stress ratio, f yy,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!
Shear: Shear on sword, Vz,Sw = qz∙H/2 = 8.97 KN Lateral shear force
Shear stress, f sz,Sw = Vz,Sw/(0.9dSw∙t Sw) = 4.7 Mpa
0.5
3.4.21 Allowable shear stress, Fs = Fty,Sw/[(3) ny] = 59.5 Mpa Fty = Fcy , n y = 1.65
Stress ratio, f sz,Sw/Fs = 0.08 <1.00 O.K!
4
§4.3.1 Check Deflection δz,1 = 5/384 qz,1∙H /E∙I'e = 11.69 mm Stage 1: simple beam deflection
4
- δz,2 = 1/384 qz,2∙H /E∙I'e = 0.00 mm Stage 2: continuous beam deflection
Total deflection, δz = dz,1 + dz,2 = 11.69 mm Calculated maximum deflection
§2.3 Allowable deflection, δallow = 19.00 mm Criteria: Span/175 or 19mm
Strain ratio, δz/δallow = 0.62 <1.00 O.K!
Shear Flow Check Parameters qz-,m = qz- ∙(I'e,m/I'e) = -4.49 KN/m Uniform load shared by the male mullion
qz-,f = qz- ∙(I'e,f/I'e) = -0.36 KN/m Uniform load shared by the female mullion

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8.1.3 Mullion Check for Wind Pressure

Wind load on wall element, Qz = 3.50 Kpa Pressure normal to the plane of CW unit
§2.2.1 Mullion Alloying compressive yield strength, F cy = 170 Mpa 6063-T6 E = 68900 Mpa
Effective section modulus, Se2,m = 1.05E+05 mm3 About y-y axis, on face 2 (for wind pressure)
Effective section modulus, Se2,f = 1.80E+04 mm3 About y-y axis, on face 2 (for wind pressure)
Sword cross section, dSw x t Sw = 140 x 15 mm
Bending Analysis Uniform load, qz = W∙Qz = 4.85 KN/m Parallel to the major axis of mullion
§4.3 Slip angle, αyy = tan-1(gapz/LSw) = 0.0166682 rad Sword's freedom of rotation before it carries moment
§4.3.1 Stage 1: Initial load, qz,i = 24αyy∙E∙I'e/H3 = 7.99 KN/m Amount of load to produce rotation α @ mullion ends
Applied load for simple beam bending, qz,1 = 4.85 KN/m qzi > ¦qz¦ : Structural system 1 (Stage 2 is null)
- Stage 2: Net load, qz,2 = qz - qz,1 = 0.00 KN/m Balance load after undergoing rotation, α @ ends
§4.2(d) Female Mullion: Moment, Myy,f = Myy∙(I'e,f/I'e) = 0.62 KN∙m Shared moment by male mullion
§6.1.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc2,f = - Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 2
0.5
Stress ratio, fsz,Sw/Fs = 0.08 <1.00 O.K!
§4.3.1 Check Deflection δz,1 = 5/384 qz,1∙H4/E∙I'e = 11.69 mm Stage 1: simple beam deflection
- δz,2 = 1/384 qz,2∙H4/E∙I'e = 0.00 mm Stage 2: continuous beam deflection
Shear Flow Check Parameters q z+,m = q ∙(I'
z+ e,m e /I' ) = 4.49 KN/m Uniform load shared by the male mullion
qz+,f = qz+∙(I'e,f/I'e) = 0.36 KN/m Uniform load shared by the female mullion

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8.1.4 Mullion Check for Lateral Wind Load
Element 1
- critical element under wind suction
c.g.
Element 4
- critical element under wind pressure
Fig. 8.1-4 Values of cy for Critical Elements under Biaxial Bending

§4.4 Unitized Parameters H= 3.70 m Height of the unitized panel
h= 3.23 m Height of the unsupported span in y axis
b= 0.19 m Width of vertical fin projection
Wind load on fin, Qy = 3.0 Kpa Normal to the axis of fin protrusion
§6.1.1(b) Male Profile: Effective moment of Inertia, Izz,m = 6.50E+05 mm4 About z-z axis, non-composite male profie
Dist. to c.g. of fiber considered, cy1,m = 35.1 mm Along y axis, on face 1
Sword depth, dSw x t Sw = 140 x 15 mm
Sword slack on its thickness, gapy = 2.0 mm Total gaps on each side of the sword
Bending Analysis Uniform load, qy = b∙Qy = 0.56 KN/m Parallel to the major axis of mullion
§4.3 Slip angle, αzz = tan-1(gapy/LSw) = 0.02 rad Sword's freedom of rotation before it carries moment
Stage 1: Initial load, qy,i = 48αzz∙E∙Izz,m/h3 = 1.06 KN/m Amount of load to produce rotation α @ mullion ends
Applied load for propped beam bending, qy,1 = 0.56 KN/m qzi > ¦qz¦ : Structural system 1 (Stage 2 is null)
Midspan moment, Mzz,1 = 3qy,1∙h(H/2)/8 + qy(H/2)2/2 = 0.30 KN∙m Bending moment in the male mullion
Stage 2: Net load, qy,2 = qy - qy,1 = 0.00 KN/m Balance load after undergoing rotation, α @ ends
Midspan moment, Mzz,2 = qy,2∙h2/24 = 0.00 KN∙m Bending moment in the male mullion
Support moment, Mzz,Sw = qy,2∙h2/12 = 0.00 KN∙m Bending moment in the sword
Couple force on sword, Fy,Sw = Mzz,Sw/LSw = 0.00 KN Developed couple on sword
Total midspan moment, Mzz = Mzz,1 + Mzz,2 = 0.30 KN∙m Total minor axis bending moment in the male mullion
Check Male Mullion Profile f zz1,m = Mzz/(Izz,m/cy1,m) = 16.0 Mpa Minor axis bending stress on critical elem @ face 1
3.4.12 Face 1: Allow. comp. stress, Fc = 1.17∙Fcy/ny = 120.5 Mpa Under bending about minor axis
Stress ratio, f zz1,m/Fc = 0.13 <1.00 O.K!
Face 2: f zz1,m = Mzz/(Izz,m/cy1,m) = 8.6 Mpa Minor axis bending stress on critical elem @ face 2
Allow. comp. stress, Fc = 1.17∙Fcy/ny = 120.5 Mpa Under bending about minor axis
Check Sword Section modulus, Szz,Sw = dSw∙t Sw2/6 = 5.25E+03 mm4
Bending: Bending stress, f zz,Sw = Mzz,Sw/Szz,Sw = 0.0 Mpa Considering plastic modulus
3.4.13 Allow. bending comp. Stress, Fc,Sw = 1.3∙Fcy,Sw/ny = 126.1 Mpa
Stress ratio, fzz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!
Shear: Shear on sword, Vy,Sw = qy∙H/2 = 1.04 KN Lateral shear force
Shear stress, f sy,Sw = Vy,Sw/(0.9dSw∙t Sw) = 0.5 Mpa
3.4.21 Allowable shear stress, Fs = Fty,Sw/[(3)0.5ny] = 56.0 Mpa Fty = Fcy, ny = 1.65
Stress ratio, f sy,Sw/Fs = 0.01 <1.00 O.K!
Check Deflection of Mullion δz,1 = qz,1/185 h4/E∙Izz.m = 7.36 mm Stage 1: propped cantilever beam deflection
δz,2 = 1/384 qz,2∙H4/E∙Izz,m = 0.00 mm Stage 2: continuous beam deflection
Total lateral deflection, δz = dz,1 + dz,2 = 7.36 mm Calculated maximum deflection
§2.3 Allowable lateral deflection, δallow = 7.50 mm Criteria: 75% of 10mm clearance

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8.1.5 Check Sword Under Slab Deflection.

Refer to §4.3 for discussions on slab deflection and in-plane performance of the curtain wall units.
W
Rh
Rv
Wt
H
W/2
Rh
Fig. 8.1-5 Reaction Forces under Deflected Slab
I. Claculated shear on sword in the preceeding section…
§8.1.2 Suction Wind on Mullion: Shear, Vz-,m = 8.30 kN Calculated maximum shear on male mullion
Shear, Vz-,f = 0.70 kN Calculated maximum shear on female mullion
§8.1.5 Total sword shear, Vz-,Sw = Vz-,m + Vz-,f = 9.00 kN Total major axis shear on sword under wind suction
§8.1.3 Pressure Wind on Mullion: Shear, Vz+,m = 8.30 kN Calculated maximum shear on male mullion
Shear, Vz+,f = 0.70 kN Calculated maximum shear on female mullion
§8.1.5 Total sword shear, Vz+,Sw = Vz+,m + Vz+,f = 9.00 kN Total major axis shear on sword under wind pressure
§8.1.4 Lateral Wind on Mullion: Sword shear, Vy,Sw = 1.41 kN Minor axis shear on sword under lateral wind
II. Shear on sword due to slab deflection…
§5.2 CW Unit Parameters: Width of unit, W = 1.39 m Clear span between dead load support brackets
Height of unit, H = 3.70 m Approx. vertical dist. bet. dead load bracket and sword joint
§5.1 Total weight of the unit, Wt = 3.07 kN Calculated weight of all components
3.3-1M Sword Parameters: Sword, Fty = 170 Mpa Shear yield strength
Depth, dSw = 140 mm Sword gross depth
Sword thickness, t Sw = 15 mm Sword gross thickness
§8.1.5 Reaction, Rh = Wt ∙(W/2H) = 0.6 kN Lateral reaction force due to one lamed bracket support
Sword shear, Vyδ,Sw = Rh = 0.6 kN Minor axis shear on sword due tor slab deflection
III. Combined shear on sword…
Suction wind + Lateral wind + Slab defleftion:
Shear, V = [Vz-,Sw2+(Vy,Sw+Vyδ,Sw)2)0.5 = 9.2 kN Combined major and minor axis shear in sword
Shear stress, f s = V/(0.9dSw∙t Sw) = 4.9 Mpa Total shear stress in sword
Allowable shear stress, Fs = Fty/1.732ny = 59.5 Mpa where n y = 1.65 for yield failure
Stress ratio = 0.08 <1.00 O.K!
Pressure wind + Lateral wind + Slab defleftion:
Note that the calculated shear in the mullion is equal to the shear in the sword:
Vz ,Sw = Vz ,m + Vz , f where: Vz,Sw = Max. shear on sword in the major axis
Vz,m = Max. shear on the male mullion in the major axis.

Vz,f = Max. shear on the female mullion in the major axis.
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8.1.6 Check Thermal Break Shear

(a) Check Longitudinal Shear in Male Mullion
• The FEM Model
Equation (28.a) of AAMA-TIR-A8-04 is an approximation for shear flow in a thermal barrier. The accuracy of this
equation depends on the degree of symmetry of the two faces being combined. In the case of the male mullion
profile, the two faces are very far from being symmetrical. Therefore a more precise FEM analysis is performed to
calculate the actual shear flow in the thermal barrier.
The assembly is modeled to include both faces of the male mullion profile as custom beam sections and the pair of
thermal break strips as shell elements. Stiff link elements at 100mm spacing along the entire span join both faces
with the edges of the thermal strips. Boundary conditions are defined at end spans and at intermediate points at
the location of the transoms. The amount of uniform wind load shared by the male mullion (with its female partner)
is applied as a point load on every node that are spaced 100mm along the whole span.
Link elements @ 100mm

on centre Lateral and torsional restraints by
the transoms on face-1
Face-1 Thermal break, 2 nos,
2mm thick
Link elements @ 100mm
on centre
Face-1 Face-2
Wind load: Hinge support on

4.5N/mmm face-2
Face-2
Roller support on Face-1 and face-2
face-2 are coupled
together at this
end
(a) Male mullion Cross-section (b) Male mullion - Boundary conditions

Fig. 8.1-6 Male mullion – Thermal break Model

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Clause Action Notes

Parameters L= 3.70 m Unsupported span of beam assembly
Beam Assembly: h= 27.00 mm Height of thermal break strip
b= 2.00 mm Thickness of thermal break strip
§8.1.2 qz = 4.50 kN/m Applied uniform wind load on the assembly
§6.2.1(b) Aluminium: EAl = 68900 Mpa Young's modulus of aluminium extrusion
µAl = 0.33 Poisson's ratio of aluminium extrusion
Thermal Break: EPm = 2000 Mpa Young's modulus of thermal break (polyamide)
µPm = 0.49 Poisson's ratio of thermal break (polyamide)
§4.2(f) Test shear strength, Qc = 50.40 N/mm Taken from shear test of thermal break assembly
Link element: ELk, ILk, ALk = 1.00E+09 Mpa Link element properties (very large number)
ANSYS FEM Analysis Results Notes
Check Shear Flow Shear stress, f v = 7.27 Mpa Result maximum shear stress in YZ plane
Max. shear flow, qc = f v∙b = 14.54 N/mm Calculated shear flow in the thermal break
Allowable shear flow, Q'c = Qc/F.S. = 16.80 N/mm Considerig a factor of safety, F.S. of 3.0

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• Analysis results - Shear stress Diagram
Fig. 8.1-7 Shear stress on YZ Plane
• Result verification – Deflection Diagram

The result of the analysis is verified by checking if the resulting deflection is close to the manually calculated
deflection in §8.1.2.
Manually calculated deflection in §8.1.2.: max = 11.78mm
ANSYS FEM model deflection = 11.73mm = max
Therefore, the result is reliable.
Fig. 8.1-8 Male mullion - Deflection

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(b) Check Longitudinal Shear in emale Mullion

Clause Action Notes
§6.1.2(b) Extrusion Parameters Vc/(D∙w) = 5.75 mm Shear flow per uniform unit load, w
§8.1.2 Suction Wind: qz- = -0.36 kN/m Applied uniform wind suctinon load
7.5.7(28) Shear stress, qc = qz- ∙Vc/(D∙w) = 2.1 N/mm Max. longitudinal shear through the thermal break
Design shear strength, Q'c = Qc/F.S. = 25.2 N/mm Considering a factor of safety, F.S. = 2.0
§8.1.3 Pressure Wind: qz+ = 0.36 kN Applied uniform wind pressure load

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8.2 Check Stack Joint – Header and Sill Transom

8.2.1 Check Header & Sill Transom under Wind Suction
§4.4 Unitized Parameters Unsupported span, W = 1.59 m W
§3.2 Upper panel height, hu = 0.39 m

Lower panel height, hl = 0.47 m TRANSOM - 2
2 Pz Pz 2 x Pz
Cross-sectional area of header profile, Ag,h = 946.4 mm Wind load
tributary area
a a
§6.2.1(a) Cross-sectional area of sill profile, Ag,s = 1282.1 mm2 e hu
SILL bu
§5.1 Weight of infill, if any, Qz = 0.00 Kpa
HEADER bl
Weight of glass above the transom, QDL = 0.45 Kpa
hl
§4.4 Wind load on wall element, Qy = -3.00 Kpa Equiv. rectangular
tributary width
Setting block location, a = 190 mm TRANSOM - 1

Weight of sheets
Wind load
§6.2.1(b) Eccentricity of setting block location, e = 37.3 mm tributary area WIND
Reference point for torsional deflection, r = 66.0 mm
FEMALE MULLION
MALE MULLION
LOAD
§2.2.1 Transom Alloying material = 6063-T6
Alloying compressive yield strength, Fcy = 170 Mpa H
§6.2.1(b) Header Transom: Effective moment of Inertia, I'e,h = 5.38E+05 mm4

Effective section modulus (face 1), Se1,h = 1.66E+04 mm3
§6.2.1(a) Moment of inertia, Iyy,h = 7.40E+05 mm4
TRANSOM - 2
§6.2.1(b) Dist. of top extreme fibre on face 1, cz1,h = 53.4 mm
4
§6.2.2(b) Sill Transom: Effective moment of inertia, I'e,s = 7.09E+05 mm
Effective section modulus (face 1), Se1,s = 2.11E+04 mm3 STACK JOINT - SILL
§6.2.2(c) Moment of inertia, Iyy,s = 9.90E+05 mm4

Torsional constant, Js = 8.20E+04 mm4 ELEVATION SECTION
§6.2.2(b) Dist. of top extreme fibre on face 1, cz1,s = 42.3 mm Pz e

z
Analysis Glass weight, Pz = QDL∙hu∙W/2 = 0.14 KN

qy r
Upper tributary width, bu = (hu/2)[1-hu/(2W)] = 0.17 m
c.g. y
Lower tributary width, bl = (hl/2)[1-hl/(2W)] = 0.20 m rotation
Moment, Mzz = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙W2/8 = -0.35 KN/m

Check Stack Joint Profiles I'e = I'e,h + I'e,s = 1.2E+06 mm4 About y-y axis, composite profile
Header Transom Myy,h = (1.25∙Ag,h∙γ)W2/8 = 0.01 kN-m Accessories assumed 25% add'l to transom weight
Dead Load: Bending stress, f yy,h = Myy,h/(Iyy,h/cz1,h) = 0.7 Mpa Maximum bending stress
3.4.12 Allow. bending comp. stress, Fc,h = 1.17∙Fcy/ny = 671.1 Mpa Under bending about weak axis
§4.2(d) Suction Wind: Moment, Mzz,h = Mzz∙(I'e,h/I'e) = -0.15 KN∙m Shared moment by header transom
Bending stress, f zz,h = Mzz,h/Se1,h = 9.1 Mpa Maximum bending stress on face 1
§6.2.1(c) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,h = 100.0 Mpa Under lateral buckling of beam section on face 1
§6.2.1(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,h = 88.2 Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 1
Dead Load + Suction Wind: f yy,h/Fc,h + fzz,h/Fc1,h = 0.10 <1.00 O.K!
Sill Transom Myy,s = Pz∙a + (1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+QDL∙hu)W2/8 = 0.04 kN-m Accessories assumed 25% add'l to transom weight
Dead Load: Bending stress, fyy,s = Myy,s/(Iyy,s/cz1,s) = 1.7 Mpa Maximum bending stress
3.4.12 Allow. bending comp. stress, Fc,s = 1.17∙Fcy/ny = 120.5 Mpa Under bending about weak axis
§4.2(d) Suction Wind: Moment, Mzz,s = Mzz∙(I'e,s/I'e) = -0.20 kN-m Shared moment by sill transom
Bending stress, fzz,s = Mzz,s/Se1,s = 9.5 Mpa Maximum bending stress on face 1
§6.2.2(c) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,s = 99.3 Mpa Under lateral buckling of beam section on face 1
§6.2.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,s = 69.9 Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 1
Dead Load + Suction Wind: fyy,s/Fc,s + f zz,s/Fc1,s = 0.15 <1.00 O.K!
4
Check Deflection δz,h= (5/384)(1.25∙Ag,h∙γ)W ]//E∙Iyy,h = 0.05 mm Deflection under dead load
§2.3 Header Transom Allowable deflection, δz,allow = 15.00 mm Criteria: 75% of 20mm clearance
Dead Load: Strain ratio, δz/δz,allow = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!
2 2 4
δz,s1= [(Pz∙a/24)(3W -4a )+(5/384)(1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+QDL∙hu)W ]//E∙Iyy,s = 0.17 mm Deflection under dead load
Sill Transom δz,2 = (Pz∙e)∙W∙r/(Js∙G) = 0.26 mm Add'l deflection due to torsion under eccentric load
Dead Load: δz = δz,1 + δz,2 = 0.43 mm Total deflection at the fibre closest to glass edge
§2.3 Allowable deflection, δz,allow = 3.00 mm Criteria: 75% of 4mm clearance
Strain ratio, δz/δz,allow = 0.14 <1.00 O.K!
4.3.3.4 Stack Joint Profiles δy = (5/384)∙Qy∙(bu+bl)W4/[E∙I'e] = 1.08 mm Calculated maximum deflection
§2.3 Suction Wind: Allowable deflection, δy,allow = 9.09 mm Criteria: Span/175 or 19mm
4.5.2.2 Strain Ratio, δy,max/δy,allow = 0.12 <1.00 O.K!
Shear Flow Check Parameters qy,h = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙(I'e,h/I'e) = -0.48 KN/m Uniform load shared by the header transom
qy,s = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙(I'e,s/I'e) = -0.63 KN/m Uniform load shared by the sill transom
End Connection Check Parameters Vy,h = qy,h∙W/2 = 0.4 kN Horizontal reaction force on header profile
Header Transom: Vz,h = (1.25∙Ag,s∙γ)W/2 = 0.0 kN Vertical reaction force due to dead load on header profile
Sill Trasnom: Vy,s = qy,s∙W/2 = 0.5 kN Horizontal reaction force on sill profile
Vz,h = Pz + (1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+Qz∙hu)W/2 = 0.2 kN Vertical reaction force due to dead load on sill profile

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8.2.2 Stack Joint – Header and Sill Transom (under Wind Pressure)
§4.4 Unitized Parameters W
Unsupported span, W = 1.59 m
Cross-sectional area of header profile, Ag,h = 946.4 mm2 Pz Pz Wind load 2 x Pz

tributary area
a a
§6.2.1(a) Cross-sectional area of sill profile, Ag,s = 1282.1 mm2 e hu
SILL bu
§5.1 Weight of infill, if any, Qz = 0.00 Kpa
HEADER bl
Weight of glass above the transom, QDL = 0.45 Kpa hl
Equiv. rectangular
§4.4 Wind load on wall element, Qy = 3.00 Kpa tributary width

Weight of sheets
Wind load
§6.2.1(b) Eccentricity of setting block location, e = 37.3 mm tributary area WIND
FEMALE MULLION
MALE MULLION
LOAD
Alloying compressive yield strength, Fcy = 170 Mpa H
4
Header Transom: Effective moment of Inertia, I'e,h = 5.38E+05 mm
3
Effective section modulus (face 2), Se2,h = 1.61E+04 mm
Moment of inertia, Iyy,h = 7.40E+05 mm4
TRANSOM - 2
Sill Transom: Effective moment of inertia, I'e,s = 7.09E+05 mm4
§6.2.1(a) Effective section modulus (face 2), Se2,s = 2.02E+04 mm3 STACK JOINT - SILL
§6.2.1(b) Moment of inertia, Iyy,s = 9.90E+05 mm4

§6.2.2(b) Torsional constant, Js = 8.20E+04 mm4 ELEVATION SECTION
Dist. of top extreme fibre on face 2, cz2,s = 42.3 mm
Pz e
z
§6.2.2(c) Glass weight, Pz = QDL∙hu∙W/2 = 0.14 KN

Upper tributary width, bu = (hu/2)[1-hu/(2W)] = 0.17 m qy r
c.g. y
§6.2.2(b) Lower tributary width, bl = (hl/2)[1-hl/(2W)] = 0.20 m rotation
2
Analysis Moment, Mzz = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙W /8 = 0.35 KN/m
4
I'e = I'e,h + I'e,s = 1.2E+06 mm About y-y axis, composite profile
Myy,h = (1.25∙Ag,h∙γ)W2/8 = 0.01 kN-m Accessories assumed 25% add'l to transom weight
Allow. bending comp. stress, Fc,h = 1.17∙Fcy/ny =
Check Stack Joint Profiles 671.1 Mpa Under bending about weak axis
Suction Wind:
Header Transom Moment, Mzz,h = Mzz∙(I'e,h/I'e) = 0.15 KN∙m Shared moment by header transom
3.4.12 Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc2,h = 100.2 Mpa Under lateral buckling of beam section on face 2
§4.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc2,h = 34.8 Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 2
Dead Load + Suction Wind: f yy,h/Fc,h + f zz,h/Fc2,h = 0.27 <1.00 O.K!
2
§6.2.1(c) Myy,s = Pz∙a + (1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+QDL∙hu)W /8 = 0.04 kN-m Accessories assumed 25% add'l to transom weight
§6.2.1(d) Dead Load: Bending stress, f yy,s = Myy,s/(Iyy,s/cz2,s) = 1.7 Mpa Maximum bending stress
Allow. bending comp. stress, Fc,s = 1.17∙Fcy/ny = 120.5 Mpa Under bending about weak axis
Suction Wind:
Sill Transom Moment, Mzz,s = Mzz∙(I'e,s/I'e) = 0.20 kN-m Shared moment by sill transom
Bending stress, f zz,s = Mzz,s/Se2,s = 9.9 Mpa Maximum bending stress on face 2
3.4.12 Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc2,s = 99.6 Mpa Under lateral buckling of beam section on face 2
§4.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc2,s = - Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 2
Dead Load + Suction Wind: fyy,s/Fc,s + f zz,s/Fc2,s = 0.11 <1.00 O.K!
4
§6.2.2(c) δz,h= (5/384)(1.25∙Ag,h∙γ)W ]//E∙Iyy,h = 0.05 mm Deflection under dead load
§6.2.2(d) Header Transom Allowable deflection, δz,allow = 15.00 mm Criteria: 75% of 20mm clearance
2 2 4
Check [(Pz∙a/24)(3W -4a )+(5/384)(1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+QDL∙hu)W ]//E∙Iyy,s =
= Deflection 0.17 mm Deflection under dead load
§2.3 Sill Transom δz,2 = (Pz∙e)∙W∙r/(Js∙G) = 0.26 mm Add'l deflection due to torsion under eccentric load
Allowable deflection, δz,allow = 3.00 mm Criteria: 75% of 4mm clearance
4
Stack Joint Profiles δy = (5/384)∙Qy∙(bu+bl)W /[E∙I'e] = 1.08 mm Calculated maximum deflection
Strain Ratio, δy,max/δy,allow = 0.12 <1.00 O.K!
4.3.3.4 qy,h = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙(I'e,h/I'e) = 0.48 KN/m Uniform load shared by the header transom
§2.3 qy,s = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙(I'e,s/I'e) = 0.63 KN/m Uniform load shared by the sill transom
4.5.2.2 Vy,h = qy,h∙W/2 = 0.4 kN Horizontal reaction force on header profile
Header
Shear Flow CheckTParameters
ransom: Vz,h = (1.25∙Ag,s∙γ)W/2 = 0.0 kN Vertical reaction force due to dead load on header profile
Vz,h = Pz + (1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+Qz∙hu)W/2 =
End Connection Check Parameters 0.2 kN Vertical reaction force due to dead load on sill profile

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(a) Check Longitudinal Shear in Header Transom

Clause Action Notes
(b) Check Longitudinal Shear in Sill Transom

Clause Action Notes
7.5.7(28) Shear stress, qc = q ∙V
z- c /(D∙w) = 4.5 N/mm Max. longitudinal shear through the thermal break
§8.2.2 Pressure Wind: q z+ = 0.63 kN Applied uniform wind pressure load

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8.3 Transom – 1 (Type 1)

8.3.1 Check Profile under Biaxial Bending
§4.4 Unitized Parameters Unsupported span, W = 1.59 m
§3.2 Upper panel height, hu = 0.47 m Weight of sheets
STACK JOINT - HEADER Weight of infill
Lower panel height, hl = 2.84 m qz (insulation) h
u
2 b
§6.3.1(a) Cross-sectional area of profile, Ag = 1067.3 mm u
TRANSOM - 1 b
§5.1 Weight of infill, if any, Qz = 0.46 Kpa l
FEMALE MULLION
Weight of glass above the transom, QDL = 0.00 Kpa Equiv. rectangular
MALE MULLION
tributary width
§4.4 Design wind suction, Qy- = -3.00 Kpa
Wind load WIND
Design wind pressure, Qy+ = 3.00 Kpa tributary area
hl H
Setting block location, a = 190 mm
LOAD
§6.3.1(b) Eccentricity of setting block location, e = 24.5 mm 2 x Pz
e
§2.2.1 Transom Alloying material = 6063-T6 TRANSOM - 2
Alloying compressive yield strength, Fcy = 170 Mpa

Modulus of Elasticity, E = 68900 Mpa STACK JOINT - SILL
Shear Modulus of alloy, G = 25900 Mpa
Unit weight of alloy, γ = 27 kN/m3
§6.3.1(b) Effective moment of inertia, I'e = 6.4E+05 mm4 ELEVATION SECTION
Effective section modulus (face 1), Se1 = 1.9E+04 mm3 z e

(face 2), Se2 = 2.5E+04 mm3
§6.3.1(c) Moment of inertia, Iyy = 6.4E+05 mm4 qy
r
Torsional constant, J = 5.3E+05 mm4 c.g. y
§6.3.1(b) Dist. from c.g. to extreme top fibre on face 1, cz1 = 34.6 mm rotation
Dist. from c.g. to extreme top fibre on face 2, cz2 = 34.6 mm
Analysis Glass weight, Pz = QDL∙hu∙W/2 = 0.00 KN Applied as pair loads of glass chair
Upper tributary width, bu = (hu/2)[1-hu/(2W)] = 0.20 m Width of the equivalent rectangular tributary area
Lower tributary width, bl = W/3 = 0.53 m Width of the equivalent rectangular tributary area
Uniform wind suction load, qy- = Qy- ∙(bu+bl) = -2.19 Also used for checking of thermal break shear flow
Uniform wind pressure load, qy+ = Qy+∙(bu+bl) = 2.19 Also used for checking of thermal break shear flow
Check Transom Myy = Pz∙a + (1.25∙Ag∙γ∙+Qz∙hu)W2/8 = 0.08 kN-m Accessories assumed 25% add'l to transom weight
Dead Load: Bending stress, f yy = Myy/(Iyy/cz) = 4.3 Mpa Maximum bending stress
3.4.12 Allow. bending comp. stress, Fc = 1.17∙Fcy/ny = 120.5 Mpa Under bending about weak axis
Suction Wind: Moment, Mzz- = qy- ∙W2/8 = -0.69 kN-m Bending moment about z-z axis
Bending stress, f zz- = Mzz- /Se1 = 36.2 Mpa Maximum bending stress
§6.3.1(c) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1 = 103.0 Mpa Under lateral buckling of beam section on face 1
§6.3.1(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1 = 92.4 Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 1
Pressure Wind: Moment, Mzz+ = qy+∙W2/8 = 0.69 kN-m Bending moment about z-z axis
Bending stress, f zz+ = Mzz+/Se2 = 27.6 Mpa Maximum bending stress
§6.3.1(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc2 = - Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 2
Dead Load + Suction Wind: f yy/Fc + f zz- /Fc1 = 0.43 <1.00 O.K!
Pressure Wind + Dead Load: f yy/Fc + f zz+/Fc2 = 0.30 <1.00 O.K!
2 2 4
δz,1= [(Pz∙a/24)(3W -4a )+(5/384)(1.25∙Ag∙γ∙+QDL∙hu)W ]//E∙Iyy = 0.48 mm Deflection under dead load
Check Deflection δz,2 = (Pz∙e)∙W∙r/(J∙G) = 0.00 mm Add'l deflection due to torsion under eccentric load
4
4.3.3.4 Suction Wind: δy- = (5/384)∙Qy- ∙(bu+bl)W /[E∙I'e] = -4.11 mm Maximum deflection under suction wind
4
Pressure Wind: δy+= (5/384)∙Qy+∙(bu+bl)W /[E∙I'e] = 4.11 mm Maximum deflection under pressure wind
§2.3 Allowable deflection, δy,allow = 9.09 mm Criteria: Span/175 or 19mm
End Connection Check Parameters Vy- = qy- ∙W/2 = 1.7 kN End shear under wind suction
Vy+ = qy+∙W/2 = 1.7 kN End shear under wind pressure
Vz = Pz + (1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+Qz∙hu)W/2 = 0.2 kN End shear under dead load

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(a) Check Longitudinal Shear in Transom – 1
Clause Action Notes

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§3.2 Upper panel height, hu = 2.84 m STACK JOINT - HEADER
Lower panel height, hl = 0.39 m

§6.4.1(a) Cross-sectional area of profile, Ag = 984.53 mm2
§5.1 Weight of infill, if any, Qz = 0.00 Kpa TRANSOM - 1
Weight of glass above the transom, QDL = 0.45 Kpa FEMALE MULLION
MALE MULLION

WIND
Design wind pressure, Qy+ = 3.00 Kpa
Wind load
h H
u
Setting block location, a = 190 mm tributary area
LOAD
§6.4.1(b) Eccentricity of setting block location, e = 27.1 mm Pz Pz 2xP
z
Reference point for torsional deflection, r = 56.8 mm a a e
§2.2.1 Transom Alloying material = 6063-T6 TRANSOM - 2 bu
Alloying compressive yield strength, Fcy = 170 Mpa bl

hl
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 68900 Mpa
STACK JOINT - SILL
Equivalent rectangular
Unit weight of alloy, γ = 27 kN/m3 tributary width

Effective section modulus (face 1), Se1 = 1.8E+04 mm3
z e
(face 2), Se2 = 2.3E+04 mm3
Torsional constant, J = 4.9E+05 mm4
r
c.g. y
§6.4.1(b) Dist. from c.g. to extreme top fibre on face 1, cz1 = 37.5 mm
rotation
Upper tributary width, bu = W/3 = 0.53 m Width of the equivalent rectangular tributary area
Lower tributary width, bl = (hl/2)[1-hl/(2W)] = 0.17 m Width of the equivalent rectangular tributary area
2 2 4
4
4

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(a) Check Longitudinal Shear in Transom – 2

Clause Action Notes

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8.5 Check Stainless Steel Spandrel Panel

8.5.1 Details
For structural system 1, the 1.5mm thick stainless steel spandrel panel is reinforced with a continuous bent
aluminum sheet bonded at the back of the sheet via structural silicone.
Fig. 8.5-1 Spandrel Panel Details
Where: K = 341.5mm
1.5mm thk
8.5.2 4mm Thick Aluminium Reinforcement sheet
The metal sheet and its reinforcement are considered as
non-composite or layered elements. Which means the
structural sealant bonding is not considered to transfer 4mm thk
shear between the metals. Therefore, every adjacent reinforce
nodes that are co-incident on the plane of the metal ment
sheet are coupled in the in-out direction (as shown
below).
In-out
Coupling
Fig. 8.5-2 Coupled Nodes

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8.5.3 Check Sheet for Full Wind Load

Shell Element Model with Boundary conditions
Perimeter
Restraint in
Z - dir.
Wind load: -
Coupled
Restraint in
Fig. 8.5-2 Spandrel Sheet – Applied Load & Boundary Conditions
(a) Calculations Summary

§5.2.1 Metal Sheet Parameters Width, W = 1385 mm Net dimension considering width of mullions
Height, h = 400 mm Net height considering grip of glazing bead
§5.2.1 Wind load, Q = -3.5 KN/m2 Design wind load in suction
§2.2.1 Alloy, Fty = 170 Mpa Tensile yield strength of Stainless steel S31203
ANSYS FEM Anlysis Results Notes
Check Stress VM =0.707[(Smin-Smin)2+Smax2+Smin2)0.5 = 112.30 Mpa Von mises stress results (from ANSYS FEM anlaysis)
3.4.13 Allowable stress, Fc = 1.3Fty/ny = 133.94 Mpa For rectangular solid plates
Stress ratio, VM/Fc = 0.84 <1.00 O.K!
Check Deflection δmax = 6.82 mm Maximum deflection (from ANSYS FEM analysis)
Allowable deflection, δallow = 8.00 mm Architectural requirement (span/60 = 400mm/80)

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(b) Analysis Results
(i.) Von Mises Stress Diagram
(ii.) Deflection Diagram

Fig. 8.5-3 Spandrel Sheet – Analysis Results
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9 ANALYSIS & CODE CHECK – STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 2
Refer to §4.3 for discussions on structural system 2.

• Summary of Section Properties for Structural System – 2
I'e Se1 Se2 (Vc/D)/w Fc1 Fc2 Local, Fc1 Local, Fc2
Section Properties 4 3 3
mm mm mm N/mm/N/mm Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
Reference (b) (c) (d)
Structural System - 2
Male Mullion §7.1.1 1.36E+07 1.34E+05 1.05E+05 5.75 83.8 83.4 103.0 131.0
Female Mullion §7.1.2 1.09E+06 2.23E+04 1.80E+04 18.17 76.0 80.3 96.1 -
Header Transom §7.2.1 6.41E+05 1.80E+04 1.68E+04 10.95 98.0 98.5 88.2 34.8
Sill Transom §7.2.2 8.33E+05 2.23E+04 1.99E+04 7.26 97.4 98.3 69.9 -
Transom - 1 §7.3.1 1.31E+06 5.10E+04 4.13E+04 6.24 101.4 101.7 - -
Transom - 2 §7.4.1 1.30E+06 4.96E+04 3.37E+04 5.81 100.4 102.7 - -
9.1 Mullion Check

The mullions are subjected to biaxial bending stresses due to (i) wind load normal to the plane of the unit, and (ii)
wind load parallel to the plane of the unit. The latter is being caused by the wind load on the protruding vertical fin
on the façade unit. For discussion on this modes of bending refer to §9.1.1
• Biaxial Bending Analysis of Mullion
§9.1.2 Male Mullion Bending Stress ratio, fyy-,m/Fc1,m = 0.61 Major axis bending @ face 1 under wind suction
§9.1.3 Stress ratio, fyy+,m/Fc1,m = 0.78 Major axis bending @ face 2 under wind pressure
§9.1.4 Stress ratio, f zz1,m/Fc,m = 0.20 Minor axis bending @ face 1 under lateral wind load
Stress ratio, f zz2,m/Fc,m = 0.11 Minor axis bending @ face 2 under lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, fyy-,m/Fc1,m + 0.5∙f zz1,m/Fc,m = 0.71 100% Suction + 50% lateral wind: comp. on face 1
0.5∙f yy-,m/Fc1,m + f zz1,m/Fc,m = 0.50 50% Suction + 100% lateral wind: comp. on face 1
Biaxial bending, fyy+,m/Fc2,m + 0.5∙f zz2,m/Fc,m = 0.84 100% Pressure + 50% lateral wind: comp. on face 2
0.5∙f yy+,m/Fc2,m + f zz2,m/Fc,m = 0.50 50% Pressure + 100% lateral wind: comp. on face 3
§9.1.2 Female Mullion Bending Stress ratio, fyy-,f/Fc1,f = 0.30 Major axis bending @ face 1 under wind suction
§9.1.3 Stress ratio, fyy+,f/Fc1,f = 0.35 Major axis bending @ face 2 under wind pressure
§9.1.4 Stress ratio, f zz1,f/Fc,f = 0 Minor axis bending @ face 1 under lateral wind load
Stress ratio, f zz2,f/Fc,f = 0 Minor axis bending @ face 2 under lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, fyy-,f/Fc1,f + 0.5∙f zz1,f/Fc,f = 0.30 100% Suction + 50% lateral wind: comp. on face 1
0.5∙fyy-,f/Fc1,f + f zz1,f/Fc,f = 0.18 50% Suction + 100% lateral wind: comp. on face 1
Biaxial bending, fyy+,f/Fc2,f + 0.5∙f zz2,f/Fc,f = 0.35 100% Pressure + 50% lateral wind: comp. on face 2
0.5∙fyy+,f/Fc2,f + f zz2,f/Fc,f = 0.18 50% Pressure + 100% lateral wind: comp. on face 3
§9.1.2 Sword Bending Stress ratio, f yy-,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.43 Major axis bending under wind suction
§9.1.3 Stress ratio, f yy+,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.43 Major axis bending under wind pressure
§9.1.4 Stress ratio, fzz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.15 Minor axis bending under lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, fyy-,Sw/Fc,Sw + 0.5∙fzz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.51 Suction + 50% lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, 0.5∙f yy-,Sw/Fc,Sw + fzz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.37 50% Suction + lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, fyy+,Sw/Fc,Sw + 0.5∙fzz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.51 Pressure + 50% lateral wind load
Biaxial bending, 0.5∙f yy+,Sw/Fc,Sw + fzz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.37 50% Pressure + lateral wind load

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9.1.1 Superposition Under Biaxial Bending

The table above summarizes the biaxial bending analyses of the mullion in the succeeding sections as follows:
(i) Mullion Analysis under Wind Load Normal to Plane of the Unit
• mullion check under wind suction, refer to §9.1.2,
• mullion check under wind pressure, refer to §9.1.3, and
bf bm Stage 1: Simple beam Stage 2: Continuous beam Stage 1: Simple beam Stage 2: Continuous beam
STACK JOINT - HEADER M yy,Sw M yy,Sw
TRANSOM - 1
FEMALE MULLION
MALE MULLION
M yy,1 Myy,2
H M yy,1 δz,1 Myy,2 δz,2
δz,1 δz,2
TRANSOM - 2
STACK JOINT - SILL M yy,Sw M yy,Sw

Mom - yy Def - z Mom - yy Def - z Mom - yy Def - z Mom - yy Def - z
W
ELEVATION WIND SUCTION: SYSTEM - 2 WIND PRESSURE: SYSTEM - 2
Fig. 9.1-1 Wind Load Normal to the Unit Plane

(ii) Mullion Analysis under Wind Load Parallel to Plane of the Unit
• mullion check under lateral wind load, refer to §9.1.4.
In checking the minor axis bending of the mullion, it is assumed that the upper spandrel panel is a rigid diaphragm in
the axis on mullion bending, this by virtue of the double skin 1.5mm infill metal sheets. With this assumption, the
mode of mullion bending is similar to a propped cantilever beam with the spandrel panel as its rigid support.
Fig. 9.1-2 Mullion under Lateral Wind Load on Vertical Fin

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9.1.2 Mullion Check for Wind Suction

Wind load on wall element, Qz = -4.50 Kpa Suction normal to the plane of CW unit
Effective section modulus, Se1,m = 1.34E+05 mm3 About y-y axis, on face 1 (for wind suction)
Effective section modulus, Se1,f = 2.23E+04 mm3 About y-y axis, on face 1 (for wind suction)
Sword cross-section, dSw x t Sw = 140 x 15 mm
Bending Analysis Uniform load, qz = W∙Q z = -8.73 KN/m Parallel to the major axis of mullion
§4.3.2(a) Stage 1: Initial load, qz,i = 24αyy∙E∙I'e/H3 = 1.60 KN/m Amount of load to produce rotation α @ mullion ends
Applied load for simple beam bending, qz,1 = 1.60 KN/m qzi < ¦qz¦ : Structural system 2
§4.3.2(b) Stage 2: Net load, q z,2 = qz - q z,1 = 7.13 KN/m Balance load after undergoing rotation, α @ ends
§7.1.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,f = 96.1 Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 1
3.4.21 Allowable shear stress, Fs = Fty,Sw/[(3)0.5ny] = 171.5 Mpa Fty = Fcy , n y = 1.65
4
§4.3.2(a) Check Deflection δz,1 = 5/384 qz,1∙H /E∙I'e = 3.85 mm Stage 1: simple beam deflection
4
§4.3.2(b) δz,2 = 1/384 qz,2∙H /E∙I'e = 3.44 mm Stage 2: continuous beam deflection
Shear Flow Check Parameters qz-,m = qz- ∙(I'e,m/I'e) = -8.08 KN/m Uniform load shared by the male mullion
qz-,f = qz- ∙(I'e,f/I'e) = -0.65 KN/m Uniform load shared by the female mullion

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9.1.3 Mullion Check for Wind Pressure

Wind load on wall element, Qz = 4.50 Kpa Pressure normal to the plane of CW unit
Effective section modulus, Se2,m = 1.05E+05 mm3 About y-y axis, on face 2 (for wind pressure)
Effective section modulus, Se2,f = 1.80E+04 mm3 About y-y axis, on face 2 (for wind pressure)
Sword cross section, dSw x t Sw = 140 x 15 mm
Bending Analysis Uniform load, qz = W∙Qz = 8.73 KN/m Parallel to the major axis of mullion
§4.3.2(a) Stage 1: Initial load, qz,i = 24αyy∙E∙I'e/H3 = 1.60 KN/m Amount of load to produce rotation α @ mullion ends
Applied load for simple beam bending, qz,1 = 1.60 KN/m qzi < ¦qz¦ : Structural system 2
2
Midspan moment, Myy,1 = qz,1∙H /8 = 2.74 KN∙m Bending moment in the mullion assembly
§4.3.2(b) Stage 2: Net load, qz,2 = qz - qz,1 = 7.13 KN/m Balance load after undergoing rotation, α @ ends
2
Support moment, Myy,Sw = qz,2∙H /12 = 8.14 KN∙m Bending moment in the sword
§7.1.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc2,f = - Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 2
0.5
4
§4.3.2(a) Check Deflection δz,1 = 5/384 q z,1∙H /E∙I' e = 3.85 mm Stage 1: simple beam deflection
4
§4.3.2(b) δz,2 = 1/384 qz,2∙H /E∙I'e = 3.44 mm Stage 2: continuous beam deflection
Shear Flow Check Parameters qz+,m = qz+∙(I'e,m/I'e) = 8.08 KN/m Uniform load shared by the male mullion
qz+,f = qz+∙(I'e,f/I'e) = 0.65 KN/m Uniform load shared by the female mullion

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9.1.4 Mullion Check for Lateral Wind Load
Element 1
- critical element under wind suction
c.g.
Element 4
- critical element under wind pressure
Fig. 9.2-4 Values of cy for Critical Elements under Biaxial Bending
§4.4 Unitized Parameters H= 3.70 m Height of the unitized panel
h= 3.23 m Height of the unsupported span in y axis
b= 0.19 m Width of vertical fin projection
Wind load on fin, Qy = 3.00 Kpa Normal to the axis of fin protrusion
§7.1.1(b) Male Profile: Effective moment of Inertia, Izz,m = 6.50E+05 mm4 About z-z axis, non-composite male profie
Sword depth, dSw x t Sw = 140 x 15 mm
Sword slack on its thickness, gapy = 2.0 mm Total gaps on each side of the sword
Bending Analysis Uniform load, qy = b∙Qy = 0.57 KN/m Parallel to the major axis of mullion
§4.3 Slip angle, αzz = tan-1(gapy/LSw) = 0.00 rad Sword's freedom of rotation before it carries moment
Stage 1: Initial load, qy,i = 48αzz∙E∙Izz,m/h3 = 0.21 KN/m Amount of load to produce rotation α @ mullion ends
Applied load for propped beam bending, qy,1 = 0.21 KN/m qzi < ¦qz¦ : Structural system 2
Midspan moment, Mzz,1 = 3qy,1∙h(H/2)/8 + qy(H/2)2/2 = 0.30 KN∙m Bending moment in the male mullion
Stage 2: Net load, qy,2 = qy - qy,1 = 0.36 KN/m Balance load after undergoing rotation, α @ ends
Midspan moment, Mzz,2 = qy,2∙h2/24 = 0.16 KN∙m Bending moment in the male mullion
Support moment, Mzz,Sw = qy,2∙h2/12 = 0.31 KN∙m Bending moment in the sword
Couple force on sword, Fy,Sw = Mzz,Sw/LSw = 0.52 KN Developed couple on sword
Total midspan moment, Mzz = Mzz,1 + Mzz,2 = 0.46 KN∙m Total minor axis bending moment in the male mullion
Check Male Mullion Profile f zz1,m = Mzz/(Izz,m/cy1,m) = 24.7 Mpa Minor axis bending stress on critical elem @ face 1
3.4.12 Face 1: Allow. comp. stress, Fc = 1.17∙Fcy/ny = 120.5 Mpa Under bending about minor axis
Face 2: f zz1,m = Mzz/(Izz,m/cy1,m) = 13.2 Mpa Minor axis bending stress on critical elem @ face 2
Allow. comp. stress, Fc = 1.17∙Fcy/ny = 120.5 Mpa Under bending about minor axis
Check Sword Section modulus, Szz,Sw = dSw∙t Sw2/6 = 5.25E+03 mm4
Bending: Bending stress, f zz,Sw = Mzz,Sw/Szz,Sw = 59.2 Mpa Considering plastic modulus
3.4.13 Allow. bending comp. Stress, Fc,Sw = 1.3∙Fcy,Sw/ny = 386.1 Mpa
Stress ratio, f zz,Sw/Fc,Sw = 0.15 <1.00 O.K!
Shear: Shear on sword, Vy,Sw = qy∙H/2 = 1.05 KN Lateral shear force
Shear stress, f sy,Sw = Vy,Sw/(0.9dSw∙t Sw) = 0.6 Mpa
3.4.21 Allowable shear stress, Fs = Fty,Sw/[(3)0.5ny] = 171.5 Mpa Fty = Fcy, ny = 1.65
Stress ratio, f sy,Sw/Fs = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!
Check Deflection of Mullion δz,1 = qz,1/185 h4/E∙Izz.m = 2.79 mm Stage 1: propped cantilever beam deflection
δz,2 = 1/384 qz,2∙H4/E∙Izz,m = 2.26 mm Stage 2: continuous beam deflection
Total lateral deflection, δz = dz,1 + dz,2 = 5.06 mm Calculated maximum deflection
§2.3 Allowable lateral deflection, δallow = 7.50 mm Criteria: 75% of 10mm clearance
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9.1.5 Check Sword Under Slab Deflection.

Refer to §4.3 for discussions on slab deflection and in-plane performance of the curtain wall units.
W
Rh
Rv
Wt
H
W/2
Rh
Fig. 9.1-5 Reaction Forces under Deflected Slab
I. Claculated shear on sword in the preceeding section…
§9.1.2 Suction Wind on Mullion: Shear, Vz-,m = 13.90 kN Calculated maximum shear on male mullion
Shear, Vz-,f = 2.30 kN Calculated maximum shear on female mullion
§9.1.5 Total sword shear, Vz-,Sw = Vz-,m + Vz-,f = 16.20 kN Total major axis shear on sword under wind suction
§9.1.3 Pressure Wind on Mullion: Shear, Vz+,m = 13.90 kN Calculated maximum shear on male mullion
Shear, Vz+,f = 2.30 kN Calculated maximum shear on female mullion
§9.1.5 Total sword shear, Vz+,Sw = Vz+,m + Vz+,f = 16.20 kN Total major axis shear on sword under wind pressure
§9.1.4 Lateral Wind on Mullion: Sword shear, Vy,Sw = 1.41 kN Minor axis shear on sword under lateral wind
II. Shear on sword due to slab deflection…
§5.2 CW Unit Parameters: Width of unit, W = 1.94 m Clear span between dead load support brackets
Height of unit, H = 3.70 m Approx. vertical dist. bet. dead load bracket and sword joint
§5.1 Total weight of the unit, Wt = 4.63 kN Calculated weight of all components
3.3-1M Sword Parameters: Sword, Fty = 490 Mpa Shear yield strength
Depth, dSw = 140 mm Sword gross depth
Sword thickness, t Sw = 15 mm Sword gross thickness
§9.1.5 Reaction, Rh = Wt ∙(W/2H) = 1.2 kN Lateral reaction force due to one lamed bracket support
Sword shear, Vyδ,Sw = Rh = 1.2 kN Minor axis shear on sword due tor slab deflection
III. Combined shear on sword…
Suction wind + Lateral wind + Slab defleftion:
Pressure wind + Lateral wind + Slab defleftion:
Note that the calculated shear in the mullion is equal to the shear in the sword:
Vz ,Sw = Vz ,m + Vz , f where: Vz,Sw = Max. shear on sword in the major axis
Vz,m = Max. shear on the male mullion in the major axis.

Vz,f = Max. shear on the female mullion in the major axis.
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(a) Check Thermal Break Longitudinal Shear in Male Mullion
• The FEM Model
Equation (28.a) of AAMA-TIR-A8-04 is an approximation for shear flow in a thermal barrier. The accuracy of this
equation depends on the degree of symmetry of the two faces being combined. In the case of the male mullion
profile, the two faces are very far from being symmetrical. Therefore a more precise FEM analysis is performed to
calculate the actual shear flow in the thermal barrier.
The assembly is modeled to include both faces of the male mullion profile as custom beam sections and the pair of
thermal break strips as shell elements. Stiff link elements at 100mm spacing along the entire span join both faces
with the edges of the thermal strips. Boundary conditions are defined at end spans and at intermediate points at
the location of the transoms. The amount of uniform wind load shared by the male mullion (with its female partner)
is applied as a point load on every node that are spaced 100mm along the whole span.
Lateral and torsional restraints by the

transoms on face 1
Face-1 Thermal break, 2 nos,
2mm thick Link elements @ 100mm on
centre
Link elements @ 100mm on
centre Face- Face- Sword
1 2
Face-2
Sword
Wind load:
8.1N/mmm Face-1 and face-2
Coupled joint in vertical are coupled
translation together at this
Sword end
Rigid constraint
Rigid constraint on sword
on sword
(a) Male mullion Cross-section (b) Male mullion Elevation - Boundary conditions
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Fig. 9.1-6 Male mullion – Thermal break Model
Clause Action Notes

Parameters L= 3.70 m Unsupported span of beam assembly
Beam Assembly: h= 27.00 mm Height of thermal break strip
b= 2.00 mm Thickness of thermal break strip
§9.1.2 qz = 8.08 kN/m Applied uniform wind load on the assembly
§2.2.1 Aluminium Extrusion: EAl = 68900 Mpa Young's modulus of aluminium extrusion
µAl = 0.33 Poisson's ratio of aluminium extrusion
Aluminium Sword: Eal,Sw = 72000 Mpa Young's modulus of sword (modified by inspection)
µAl,Sw = 0.33 Poisson's ratio of aluminium sword
Thermal Break: EPm = 2000 Mpa Young's modulus of thermal break (polyamide)
µPm = 0.49 Poisson's ratio of thermal break (polyamide)
Link element: ELk, ILk, ALk = 1.00E+09 Mpa Link element properties (very large number)
ANSYS FEM Analysis Results Notes
Check Shear Flow Shear stress, f v = 5.24 Mpa Result maximum shear stress in YZ plane
Max. shear flow, qc = f v∙b = 10.48 N/mm Calculated shear flow in the thermal break
Allowable shear flow, Q'c = Qc/F.S. = 16.80 N/mm Considerig a factor of safety, F.S. of 3.0
• Analysis Results - Shear Stress Diagram
Fig. 9.1-7 Shear stress on YZ Plane
• Investigate Shear Deformation

Check that the there is no shear deformation of the thermal break at the right end. Whereas maximum shear
deformation occurs at the far left end.

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(a) Longitudinal shear deformation
(a) Left end Maximum shear deformation (b) Right end Zero shear deformation
Fig. 9.1-8 Longitudinal Shear Deformation

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• Result verification – Deflection Diagram

The result of the analysis is verified by checking if the resulting deflection is close to the manually calculated
deflection in §8.1.2.
Manually calculated deflection in §9.1.2.: max = 7.29mm
ANSYS FEM model deflection = 9.37mm > max Therefore, the FEM analysis result is conservative.
Fig. 9.1-9 Male mullion - Deflection

(b) Check Thermal Break Shear on emale Mullion
Clause Action Notes

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9.2 Check Stack Joint – Header and Sill Transom

9.2.1 Check Header & Sill Transom under Wind Suction

Cross-sectional area of header profile, Ag,h = 946.4 mm 2 Pz Pz Wind load 2 x Pz

tributary area
a a
e hu
§7.2.1(a) Cross-sectional area of sill profile, Ag,s = 1282.1 mm2 bu
SILL
§5.1 Weight of infill, if any, Qz = 0.00 Kpa HEADER bl
Equiv. rectangular
§4.4 Wind load on wall element, Qy = -4.50 Kpa tributary width
Weight of sheets
Wind load
tributary area WIND
§7.2.1(b) Eccentricity of setting block location, e = 37 mm
FEMALE MULLION
MALE MULLION
LOAD
H
4
§7.2.1(b) Header Transom: Effective moment of Inertia, I'e,h = 4.66E+05 mm
§7.2.1(a) Moment of inertia, Iyy,h = 7.40E+05 mm4 TRANSOM - 2

§7.2.2(b) Sill Transom: Effective moment of inertia, I'e,s = 6.13E+05 mm4
STACK JOINT - SILL
Effective section modulus (face 1), Se1,s = 2.01E+04 mm3
§7.2.2(c) Moment of inertia, Iyy,s = 9.90E+05 mm4 ELEVATION SECTION
Torsional constant, Js = 8.20E+04 mm4
z
§7.2.2(b) Dist. of top extreme fibre on face 1, cz1,s = 42.3 mm Pz e
Analysis Glass weight, Pz = QDL∙hu∙W/2 = 0.17 KN qy r
Upper tributary width, bu = (hu/2)[1-hu/(2W)] = 0.18 m c.g. y
rotation
Lower tributary width, bl = (hl/2)[1-hl/(2W)] = 0.21 m
Moment, Mzz = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙W2/8 = -0.81 KN/m
§4.2(d) Suction Wind: Moment, Mzz,h = Mzz∙(I'e,h/I'e) = -0.35 KN∙m Shared moment by header transom
Dead Load + Suction Wind: fyy,h/Fc,h + fzz,h/Fc1,h = 0.26 <1.00 O.K!
Dead Load: Bending stress, f yy,s = Myy,s/(Iyy,s/cz1,s) = 2.3 Mpa Maximum bending stress
§4.2(d) Suction Wind: Moment, Mzz,s = Mzz∙(I'e,s/I'e) = -0.46 kN-m Shared moment by sill transom
§7.2.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc1,s = 69.9 Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 1
Dead Load + Suction Wind: f yy,s/Fc,s + f zz,s/Fc1,s = 0.35 <1.00 O.K!
4
Check Deflection δz,h= (5/384)(1.25∙Ag,h∙γ)W ]//E∙Iyy,h = 0.12 mm Deflection under dead load
δz,s1= [(Pz∙a/24)(3W2-4a2)+(5/384)(1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+QDL∙hu)W4]//E∙Iyy,s = 0.34 mm Deflection under dead load
4.3.3.4 Stack Joint Profiles δy = (5/384)∙Qy∙(bu+bl)W4/[E∙I'e] = 4.26 mm Calculated maximum deflection
Shear Flow Check Parameters qy,h = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙(I'e,h/I'e) = -0.74 KN/m Uniform load shared by the header transom
qy,s = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙(I'e,s/I'e) = -0.98 KN/m Uniform load shared by the sill transom

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9.2.2 Check Header & Sill Transom under Wind Pressure

§4.4 Unitized Parameters W
Unsupported span, W = 1.94 m
TRANSOM - 2
Pz Pz 2 x Pz
mm2
Wind load
Cross-sectional area of header profile, Ag,h = 946.4 tributary area
a a
e hu
§7.2.1(a) Cross-sectional area of sill profile, Ag,s = 1282.1 mm2 SILL bu
§5.1 Weight of infill, if any, Qz = 0.00 Kpa HEADER bl
Equiv. rectangular
§4.4 Wind load on wall element, Qy = 4.50 Kpa tributary width
Weight of sheets
TRANSOM - 1
Setting block location, a = 190 mm Wind load
tributary area WIND
§7.2.1(b) Eccentricity of setting block location, e = 47 mm
FEMALE MULLION
MALE MULLION
LOAD
H
§7.2.1(b) Header Transom: Effective moment of Inertia, I'e,h = 4.66E+05 mm4
§7.2.1(a) Moment of inertia, Iyy,h = 7.40E+05 mm4 TRANSOM - 2

§7.2.2(b) Sill Transom: Effective moment of inertia, I'e,s = 6.13E+05 mm4 Pz e
z
mm3
STACK JOINT - SILL
Effective section modulus (face 2), Se2,s = 2.04E+04
q r
§7.2.2(c) Moment of inertia, Iyy,s = 9.90E+05 mm4 y
ELEVATION SECTION
c.g. y
Torsional constant, Js = 8.20E+04 mm4 rotation
§7.2.2(b) Dist. of top extreme fibre on face 2, cz2,s = 42.3 mm

Moment, Mzz = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙W2/8 = 0.81 KN/m Suction normal to the plane of CW unit
§4.2(d) Suction Wind: Moment, Mzz,h = Mzz∙(I'e,h/I'e) = 0.35 KN∙m Shared moment by header transom
Dead Load + Suction Wind: f yy,h/Fc,h + fzz,h/Fc2,h = 0.65 <1.00 O.K!
Dead Load: Bending stress, f yy,s = Myy,s/(Iyy,s/cz2,s) = 2.3 Mpa Maximum bending stress
§4.2(d) Suction Wind: Moment, Mzz,s = Mzz∙(I'e,s/I'e) = 0.46 kN-m Shared moment by sill transom
§7.2.2(d) Allowable bending comp. stress, Fc2,s = - Mpa Under local buckling of beam elements on face 2
Dead Load + Suction Wind: f yy,s/Fc,s + f zz,s/Fc2,s = 0.25 <1.00 O.K!
Check Deflection δz,h= (5/384)(1.25∙Ag,h∙γ)W4]//E∙Iyy,h = 0.12 mm Deflection under dead load
2 2 4
δz,s1= [(Pz∙a/24)(3W -4a )+(5/384)(1.25∙Ag,s∙γ∙+QDL∙hu)W ]//E∙Iyy,s = 0.34 mm Deflection under dead load
4
4.3.3.4 Stack Joint Profiles δy = (5/384)∙Qy∙(bu+bl)W /[E∙I'e] = 4.26 mm Calculated maximum deflection
Shear Flow Check Parameters qy,h = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙(I'e,h/I'e) = 0.74 KN/m Uniform load shared by the header transom
qy,s = Qy∙(bu+bl)∙(I'e,s/I'e) = 0.98 KN/m Uniform load shared by the sill transom

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(a) Check Longitudinal Shear in Header Transom

Clause Action Notes
(b) Check Longitudinal Shear in Sill Transom

Clause Action Notes

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§3.2 Upper panel height, hu = 0.47 m Weight of sheets
STACK JOINT - HEADER Weight of infill
Lower panel height, hl = 2.84 m q (insulation) hu
z bu
b
§5.1 Weight of infill, if any, Qz = 0.46 Kpa FEMALETRANSOM
MULLION - 1 l
MALE MULLION
Weight of glass above the transom, QDL = 0.00 Kpa Equiv. rectangular
tributary width
Wind load WIND
Design wind pressure, Qy+ = 4.50 Kpa tributary area h
H
l
Setting block location, a = 190 mm LOAD
§7.3.1(b) Eccentricity of setting block location, e = 38.7 mm 2xP
z
e
§2.2.1 Transom Alloying material = 6063-T6 TRANSOM - 2

Modulus of Elasticity, E = 68900 Mpa STACK JOINT - SILL

Unit weight of alloy, γ = 27 kN/m3
Effective section modulus (face 1), Se1 = 5.1E+04 mm3 z e

(face 2), Se2 = 4.1E+04 mm3
Torsional constant, J = 9.9E+05 mm4 r c.g. y
§7.3.1(b) Dist. from c.g. to extreme top fibre on face 1, cz1 = 34.3 mm rotation
Lower tributary width, bl = W/3 = 0.65 m Width of the equivalent rectangular tributary area
2 2 4
4
4

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(a) Check Longitudinal Shear in Transom-1

Clause Action Notes

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W
STACK JOINT - HEADER
§5.1 Weight of infill, if any, Qz = 0.00 Kpa TRANSOM - 1
FEMALE MULLION
Weight of glass above the transom, QDL = 0.45 Kpa MALE MULLION

Design wind pressure, Qy+ = 4.50 Kpa WIND
h
Setting block location, a = 190 mm Wind load u H
§7.4.1(b) Eccentricity of setting block location, e = 43.4 mm P

tributary area
P
LOAD
2 xP
z z e
Reference point for torsional deflection, r = 72.3 mm a z a
§2.2.1 Transom Alloying material = 6063-T6 TRANSOM - 2 b u
Alloying compressive yield strength, Fcy = 170 Mpa b l
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 68900 Mpa h l
Shear Modulus of alloy, G = 25900 Mpa STACK JOINT - SILL
Unit weight of alloy, γ = 27 kN/m3 Equivalent rectangular
§7.4.1(b) Effective moment of inertia, I'e = 1.3E+06 mm4 tributary width
Effective section modulus (face 1), Se1 = 5.0E+04 mm3 ELEVATION SECTION
z e
(face 2), Se2 = 3.4E+04 mm3
§7.4.1(c) Moment of inertia, Iyy = 9.7E+05 mm4 q y r
Torsional constant, J = 9.4E+05 mm4 c.g.
y
§7.4.1(b) Dist. from c.g. to extreme top fibre on face 1, cz1 = 38.6 mm
rotation
Upper tributary width, bu = W/3 = 0.65 m Width of the equivalent rectangular tributary area
2 2 4
4
4

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(a) Check Longitudinal Shear in Transom-2

Clause Action Notes

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9.5 Check Stainless Steel Spandrel Panel

9.5.1 Details
For structural system 2, the 1.5mm thick stainless steel spandrel panel is reinforced with a continuous bent stainless
steel sheet bonded at the back of the sheet via structural silicone.
Fig. 9.5-1 Spandrel Panel Details
Where: K = 341.5mm
1.5mm thk
9.5.2 4mm Thick Stainless Steel Reinforcement sheet
The metal sheet and its reinforcement are considered as
non-composite or layered elements. Which means the
structural sealant bonding is not considered as to 4mm thk
transfer shear between the metals. Therefore, every reinforce
adjacent nodes that are co-incident on the plane of the ment
metal sheet are coupled in the in-out direction (as
shown below).
In-out
Coupling
Fig. 9.5-2 Coupled Nodes

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9.5.3 Check Sheet for Full Wind Load

Shell Element Model with Boundary conditions
Perimeter
Restraint in
Z - dir.
Wind load: -
Coupled
Restraint in
Fig. 9.5-2 Spandrel Sheet – Applied Load & Boundary Conditions
(a) Calculations Summary

Height, h = 400 mm Net height considering grip of glazing bead
§2.2.1 Alloy, Fty = 170 Mpa Tensile yield strength of Stainless steel S31203
3.4.13 Allowable stress, Fc = 1.3Fty/ny = 133.94 Mpa For rectangular solid plates
Allowable deflection, δallow = 8.00 mm Architectural requirement (span/60 = 400mm/80)

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(b) Analysis Results
(i.) Von Mises Stress Diagram
(ii.) Deflection Diagram

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Fig. 9.5-3 Spandrel Sheet – Analysis Results
10 JOINTS & CONNECTIONS

In all cases in this section, the most critical structural system-2 is checked for joint connections.
10.1 Mullion Shear Connectors
34 26.5
3
3
q∆−
q ∆±
qy-,m qy+,f
qy
Fig. 10.1-1 Male and Female Mullion Shear Connectors
Mullion Parameters Yield strength, Fcy = 170 Mpa 6063-T6 Aluminum alloy
Male Profile: Male leg length, lm = 34.0 mm From the toe of fillet to the farthest contact edge
Male leg thickness, t m = 3.0 mm Thickness at the toe of fillet
Female Profile: Female leg length, lf = 26.5 mm From the toe of fillet to the farthest contact edge
Female leg thickness, t f = 3.0 mm Thickness at the toe of fillet
3.4.13 Allowable compressive stress, Fc = 1.3Fcy/ny = 133.94 Mpa Bending for rectangular solid plates
3.4.21 Allowable shear stress, Fs = Fty/(1.732ny) = 59.49 Mpa Considering Fty is equal to Fcy
Loads Uniform wind suction load, qz- = -8.73 kN/m Total suction load carried by the mullion assembly
§9.1.2 Wind suction: Shared load by male mullion, qz-,m = -8.08 kN/m In proportion of male-to-total bending stiffness
Shared load by female mullion, qz-,f = -0.65 kN/m In proportion of female-to-total bending stiffness
Wind pressure: Uniform wind pressure load, qz+ = 8.73 kN/m Total suction load carried by the mullion assembly
§9.1.3 Shared load by male mullion, qz+,m = 8.08 kN/m In proportion of male-to-total bending stiffness
Shared load by female mullion, qz+,f = 0.65 kN/m In proportion of female-to-total bending stiffness
Check Male Shear Connetor
Wind suction: Max. load by male, qzmax-,m = 0.5∙qz- = -4.37 kN/m Assuming male and female have equal bending stiffness
Applied load, q∆-,m = qzmax-,m - qz-,m = 3.72 kN/m Uniform load on protrusion of male mullion
Bending moment, Mm- = q∆-,m∙(1mm)(lm) = 126.31 N∙mm Considering a typical 1mm strip
Bending stress, f b-,m = 6Mm- /[(1mm)t m2] = 84.21 Mpa Maximum compressive stress of extreme fiber
Shear stress, f s-,m = q∆-,m/t m = 1.24 Mpa
4.4 Stress ratio, f b-,m/Fc + (f s-,m/Fs)2 = 0.63 <1.00 O.K!
Wind pressure: Max. load by male, qzmax+,m = 0.5∙qz+ = 4.37 kN/m Assuming male and female have equal bending stiffness
Applied load, q∆+,m = qzmax+,m - qz+,m = -3.72 kN/m Uniform load on protrusion of male mullion
Bending moment, Mm+ = q∆+,m∙(1mm)(lm) = 126.31 N∙mm Considering a typical 1mm strip
Bending stress, f b+,m = 6Mm+/[(1mm)t m2] = 84.21 Mpa Maximum compressive stress of extreme fiber
Shear stress, f s+,m = q∆+m/t m = 5.72 Mpa
4.4 Stress ratio, f b+,m/Fc + (f s+,m/Fs)2 = 0.64 <1.00 O.K!
Check Male Shear Connetor
Wind suction: Max. load by male, qzmax-,f = 0.5∙qz- = -4.37 kN/m Assuming male and female have equal bending stiffness
Applied load, q∆-,f = qzmax-,f - qz-,f = -3.72 kN/m Uniform load on protrusion of male mullion
Bending moment, Mm- = q∆-,f∙(1mm)(lf) = 98.4475 N∙mm Considering a typical 1mm strip
Bending stress, f b-,f = 6Mf- /[(1mm)t f2] = 65.63 Mpa Maximum compressive stress of extreme fiber
Shear stress, f s-,f = q∆-,f/t f = 1.24 Mpa
4.4 Stress ratio, f b-,f/Fc + (f s-,f/Fs)2 = 0.49 <1.00 O.K!
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10.1.1 Glazing Bead Check
Stack joint - Header TRANSOM

GLAZING BEAD
Transom-1
bt
Female mullion
Male mullion
h Wind load
tributary area
MULLION
GLAZING BEAD
bm
Transom-2
Maximum tributary width

tributary width
Stack joint - Sill
Fig. 10.1-1 CW unit Elevation
3.0
16.9
23.2
1.6
33.0
2.2
22.3 3.0
MULLION TRANSOM
GLAZING BEAD GLAZING BEAD
MULLION GLAZING BEAD TRANSOM GLAZING BEAD
Fig. 10.2-2 Glazing Bead Types

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10.1.2 Check Glazing Bead on Transom

(a) Solid Model with Boundary conditions
Lateral
Lateral
Outward
Pressure
Fig. 10.2-3 Glazing Bead on Transom - Boundary Conditions (20mm long representation)

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(b) Calculations Summary

§4.4 Glass Prameters Glass width, W = 1.94 m Width of glass supported by the glazing bead
Glass height, h = 2.84 m Height of glass supported by the glazing bead
§4.4 Wind load, Q = -4.5 KN/m2 Design wind load in suction
3.3-1M Glazing Bead Parameters Alloy, Fcy = 170 Mpa Compressive yield strength of alloy
§10.1 Bearing width, w= 3.0 mm @ pressure point to gasket at the tip of glazing bead
Transom glazing bead, bt = W/2 = 0.97 m Maximum trbutary width
Pressure load, qt = bt ∙Q/w = 1.46 N/mm2 Applied @ the pressure point to gasket at tip of bead
Check Stress VM =0.707[Smin-Smin)2+Smax2+Smin2)0.5 = 116.94 Mpa Von mises stress results (from ANSYS FEM anlaysis)
3.4.13 Allowable stress, Fc = 1.3Fcy/ny = 133.94 Mpa For rectangular solid plates
Allowable deflection, δallow = 1.00 mm For gasket
(i.) Von Mises Stress Diagram (ii.) Deflection Diagram

Fig. 10.2-4 Glazing Bead on Transom - Analysis Results

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10.1.3 Check Glazing Bead on Mullion

(a) Solid Model with Boundary conditions
Lateral
Pressure
Outward
Lateral
Fig. 10.2-5 Glazing Bead on Mullion - Boundary Conditions (20mm long representation)

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§4.4 Glass Prameters Glass width, W = 1.94 m Width of glass supported by the glazing bead
Glass height, h = 2.84 m Height of glass supported by the glazing bead
§4.4 Wind load, Q = -4.5 KN/m2 Design wind load in suction
3.3-1M Glazing Bead Parameters Alloy, Fcy = 170 Mpa Compressive yield strength of alloy
§10.1 Bearing width, w= 3.0 mm @ pressure point to gasket at the tip of glazing bead
Mullion glazing bead, bm = W/2 = 0.97 m Maximum tributary width
Pressure load, qm = bm∙Q/w = 1.46 N/mm2 Applied @ the pressure point to gasket at tip of bead
Check Stress VM =0.707[Smin-Smin)2+Smax2+Smin2)0.5 = 70.98 Mpa Von mises stress results (from ANSYS FEM anlaysis)
Allowable deflection, δallow = 1.00 mm For gasket

Fig. 10.2-6 Glazing Bead on Mullion - Analysis Results

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10.2 Header Transom Connection Check

10.2.1 Connection Detail
Vy
3
6.4
43.3 22.6
f1
5
+Z
20.7
14.8
f3 f2 +Y
Vy
7.2
7.8 7.5
8
Fig. 10.3-1 Header Joint Connection
10.2.2 Analysis of Screw Group
Analysis of Group of Fasteners
§9.2.1 Applied Forces Horizontal shear force, Vy = 0.70 kN Under most critical wind load
Eccentricity of Vy, ez = 0.00 mm Eccentric application of wind load
§9.2.1 Vertical shear force, Vz = 0.00 kN Under dead load
Eccentricity of Vz, ey = 0.00 mm Eccentric location of setting block
Tension force, T = 0.00 kN Parallel to the axis of the fasteners
Eccentricity of T, ety = 0.00 mm Eccentric Application of the tension force
Total applied moment, M = Vy∙ez + Vz∙ey = 0.00 kNm Sum of the torsion and all effects of eccentricity
Number of fasteners, n = 3 nos. Fasteners in the group
Fastener Group Calculated: Shear Force Tension
Size A y z Qz Iy Iz Fv,y1 Fv,y2 Fv,y Fv,z1 Fv,z2 Fv,z Fv Ft
Fastener 2 3 4 4
mm mm mm mm mm mm kN kN kN kN kN kN kN kN
f1: ST4.8 18.322 22.6 14.8 414 4013 9358 0.23 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 -
f2: ST4.8 18.322 20.7 -7.2 379 950 7851 0.23 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 -
f3: ST4.2 13.592 -43.3 -7.5 589 765 25483 0.23 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 -
Σ = 1382 5728 42692 0.70 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.00
Definition of Annotations A = Shear area of individual fasteners
y, z = Coordinate location of individual fasteners from c.g. of fastener group
ey +z Q z = A∙¦y+e ty¦ = Statical moment of area about z-axis at center of T application
Iy = A∙z2 = Inertia about y-axis of individual fasteners

Vz f4
y 4 y
f1
1
Iz = A∙y2 = Inertia about z-axis of individual fasteners
V y ety
Fv,y1 = Vy/n = Shear force in y-axis of individual fastener due to shear force, V y
z z Fv,y2 = M∙(A∙z/ΣIy) = Shear force in y-axis of individual fastener due to moment, M
T
4 1
fasteners
c.g. Fv,y = Fv,y1 + Fv,y2 = Total shear force in y-axis of individual fastener
+y
ez
z 3 z 2 Fv,z1 = Vz/n = Shear force in z-axis of individual fastener due to shear force, Vz
Fv,z2 = M∙(A∙y/ΣIz) = Shear force in z-axisof individual fastener due to moment, M
f3 y 3
y f2
2
Fv,z = Fv,z1 + Fv,z2 = Total shear force in z-axis of individual fastener
Fv = (Fv,z12 + Fv,z22)0.5 = Total shear force in the individual fasteners
Ft = T(Qz/ΣQz) = Tension force in the individual fasteners

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10.2.3 Check Most Critical Screw

The most critical screw among the group is fastener f3.
AAMA TIR-A9-1991: Metal Curtain Wall Fasteners
Clause Action Notes
Applied Forces Applied Tension, Ft = 0.00 KN. Calculated tension force in the most critical screw
Applied Shear, Fv = 0.23 KN. Calculated shear force in the most critical screw
Connected Parts 1st connected part, Fu1 = 205 Mpa. 6063-T6 Aluminium
Thickness, t p1 = 3.0 mm. Standard round hole
Le1 = 6.4 mm. Dist. from centre of screw to the nearest free edge
2nd connected part, Fu2 = 205 Mpa. 6063-T6 Aluminium
Fy2 = 170 Mpa. Yield strength of connected material
LE = 20.7 mm. Length of fastener engagement
Number of shear plane(s), m = 1 plane(s)
Screw Parameters Screw size, db = #8 (ST4.2) Pan head screw A4-70 Stainless steel
(BS EN ISO 3506-1) Fy = 450 Mpa. Minimum tensile yield strength
(BS EN ISO 3506-1) Fu = 700 Mpa. Minimum ultimate tensile strength
9. Table 25 D= 4.16 mm. Nominal thread diameter
9. Table 25 K= 3.19 mm. Basic minor diameter
9. Table 25 Thread pitch, P = 1.41 mm. Giving a value of N = 18 threads per inch
9. Table 25 DSMIN = 3.99 mm. Minimum major diameter of external thread
9. Table 25 ENMAX = 3.76 mm. Maximum pitch diameter of internal thread
2
9. Table 25 A(S) = 0.7854(K)² = 7.99 mm Tensile stress area for spaced threads
9. Table 25 A(R) = 0.7854(K)² = 7.99 mm2 Thread root area for spaced threads
2
TSA(I) = π[DSMIN][(12.7/N)+0.57735(DSMIN-ENMAX)] = 6.45 mm Thread stripping area per thread, internal
§ 6. Check Tension Pt = 0.75Fy[A(S)] = 2.70 KN. Yielding failure allowable tension
Pt = 0.40Fu[A(S)] = 2.24 KN. Fracture failure governs allowable tension
Ft/Pt = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!
§ 6. Check Shear Pv = 0.75Fy[A(R)]/1.732 = 1.56 KN. Yielding failure allowable shear
Pv = 0.40Fu[A(R)]/1.732 = 1.29 KN. Fracture failure governs allowable shear
Fs/(m·Pv) = 0.18 <1.00 O.K!
2 2
Interaction, [Ft/Pt ] + [Fs/(m∙Pv)] = - - -
§ 7. Check Bearing Fb1 = (2/1.95)*Fu1/1.65 = 127.4 Mpa. Allowable bearing stress on 1st connected part
t p1'= 3.00 mm. Effective bearing thickness
Pb1 = Fb·D·t p1' = 1.6 KN. Allowable bearing capacity
Pb1/(m·Fs) = 0.14 <1.00 O.K!
Fb2 = (2/1.95)*Fu2/1.65 = 127.4 Mpa. Allowable bearing stress on 2nd connected part
Pb2 = Fb·D·t p2 = 1.4 KN. Allowable bearing capacity
Pb2/Fs = 0.16 <1.00 O.K!
§ 9. Check Pullout Fv = 0.4*Fsu = 52 Mpa. Fsu = Shear ultimate strength, see ADM Table 3.3-1M
Pp = [LE/25.4 - 1/N]·Fv·TSA(I)·N = 4.6 KN. Pullout strength on thread of 2nd connected part
Ft/Pp = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!

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10.3 Sill Transom Connection Check

+Z
f1
8.3
6.8
+Y
f3 X
15.2
Vy 49.7 23.9
5
31.8 25.8
f2
3
T
Vy 9.2
Fig. 10.4-1 Sill Joint Connection

Eccentricity of Vz, ey = -41.60 mm Eccentric location of setting block
Eccentricity of T, ety = -31.80 mm Eccentric Application of the tension force
Total applied moment, M = Vy∙ez + Vz∙ey = -0.01 kNm Sum of the torsion and all effects of eccentricity
Fastener
mm2 mm mm mm3 mm4 mm4 kN kN kN kN kN kN kN kN
f1: ST4.8 18.3 23.9 6.8 1021 847 10466 0.30 -0.17 0.13 0.07 -0.06 0.00 0.13 0.09
f2: ST4.8 18.3 25.8 -15.2 1055 4233 12196 0.30 0.39 0.69 0.07 -0.07 0.00 0.69 0.09
f3: ST4.2 13.6 -49.7 8.3 243 936 33573 0.30 -0.16 0.14 0.07 0.10 0.17 0.22 0.02
Σ = 2319 6017 56235 0.90 0.06 0.96 0.20 -0.03 0.17 1.03 0.20
ey +z Qz = A∙¦y+ety¦ = Statical moment of area about z-axis at center of T application
Vz f4
y 4 y 1
f1 Iz = A∙y2 = Inertia about z-axis of individual fasteners
V y ety
Fv,y1 = Vy/n = Shear force in y-axis of individual fastener due to shear force, Vy
T
4 1
fasteners
+y
ez
f3 y 3
y f2
2
Fv,z = Fv,z1 + Fv,z2 = Total shear force in z-axis of individual fastener

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Clause Action Notes
9. Table 25 A(S) = 0.7854(K)² = 9.79 mm2 Tensile stress area for spaced threads
2
Ft /Pt = 0.03 <1.00 O.K!
Fs/(m·Pv) = 0.44 <1.00 O.K!
Interaction, [Ft /Pt ]2 + [Fs/(m∙Pv)]2 = 0.19 <1.00 O.K!
Pb1/(m·Fs) = 0.37 <1.00 O.K!
Pb2/Fs = 0.43 <1.00 O.K!
Ft /Pp = 0.01 <1.00 O.K!
§ 12. Check Srew Engagement Torque, T = 6.0 N∙m. Applied tigthening torque on screw or bolt
f= 0.47 Coefficient of friction for steel on aluminium
R = D/2 = 2.42 mm. Major radius of screw thread
r = D/2-15.58/N = 1.44 mm. Minor radius of screw thread
rm = (R+r)/2 = 1.93 mm. Mean radius of screw thread
a = 2cos-1(r/R) = 106.72 ° Angle defining limits of screw engagement
2 2
Ae = R [π(a/180)-sin(a)] = 5.28 mm Total area of screw thread engagement
2
At = π(R2-r2) = 11.80 mm Thread area of fastener
Re = Ae/At = 0.45 Ratio of engagement and total thread area
sec(c) = { [24(R-r)]2+(8.5P)2} 0.5/[24(R-r)] = 1.15 Secant of 1/2 the angle between faces of a thread
SF =Re(T/rm)[P+2π∙rm∙f∙sec(c)]/[2π∙rm-P∙f∙sec(c)] = 1.01 kN Ultimate lateral frictional resistance of screw per thread
PS = SF(LE/P)/2.34 = 5.63 kN Allowable design lateral frictional resistance of crew
Ft /PS = 0.02 <1.00 O.K!

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10.4 Transom - 1 Connection Check

Vz 13
f1
5
5 3
35 35
30.3
f4 +Z
Vy
6.3
+Y
1.7
f3
34.7
f2
3
16.5
3
Fig. 10.5-1 Transom-2 End Connection

Eccentricity of Vy, ez = -2.30 mm Eccentric application of wind load
Fastener
mm2 mm mm mm 3
mm 4
mm 4
kN kN kN kN kN kN kN kN
f1: ST4.8 18.3 35.0 30.3 641 16822 22445 0.93 -0.17 0.75 0.08 -0.09 -0.01 0.75 -
f2: ST4.8 18.3 35.0 -34.7 641 22062 22445 0.93 0.20 1.12 0.08 -0.09 -0.01 1.12 -
f3: ST4.8 18.3 -35.0 6.3 641 727 22445 0.93 -0.04 0.89 0.08 0.09 0.16 0.90 -
f4: ST4.8 18.3 -35.0 -1.7 641 53 22445 0.93 0.01 0.93 0.08 0.09 0.16 0.95 -
Σ= 2565 39664 89780 3.70 0.00 3.70 0.30 0.00 0.30 3.73 0.00
Vz f4
y4 y1
Vy ety
z4 z Fv,y2 = M∙(A∙z/ΣIy) = Shear force in y-axis of individual fastener due to moment, M
T
1
fasteners
+y
ez
z3 z2 Fv,z1 = Vz/n = Shear force in z-axis of individual fastener due to shear force, Vz
f3 y3 y2 f2 Fv,z = Fv,z1 + Fv,z2 = Total shear force in z-axis of individual fastener

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Clause Action Notes
2
2
Ft/Pt = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!
Fs/(m·Pv) = 0.71 <1.00 O.K!
2 2
Pb1/(m·Fs) = 0.61 <1.00 O.K!
Pb2/Fs = 0.69 <1.00 O.K!
Ft/Pp = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!

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10.5 Transom - 2 (System – 1) Connection Check

35 35
Vz 13
5
f1
5
32.5
+Z
Vy f4
8.5
+Y
8.5
f3
32.5
3
f2
3
16.5

Fastener 2 3 4 4
f1: ST4.8 18.3 35.0 32.5 641 19353 22445 0.43 -0.19 0.24 0.25 -0.09 0.16 0.29 -
f2: ST4.8 18.3 35.0 -32.5 641 19353 22445 0.43 0.19 0.61 0.25 -0.09 0.16 0.63 -
f3: ST4.8 18.3 -35.0 -8.5 641 1324 22445 0.43 0.05 0.47 0.25 0.09 0.34 0.58 -
f4: ST4.8 18.3 -35.0 8.5 641 1324 22445 0.43 -0.05 0.38 0.25 0.09 0.34 0.51 -
Σ= 2565 41354 89780 1.70 0.00 1.70 1.00 0.00 1.00 2.01 0.00
Vz f4
y4 y1
Vy ety
Fv,y1 = Vy/n = Shear force in y-axis of individual fastener due to shear force, V y
z4 z Fv,y2 = M∙(A∙z/ΣIy) = Shear force in y-axis of individual fastener due to moment, M
T
1
fasteners
+y
ez
z3 z
2 Fv,z1 = Vz/n = Shear force in z-axis of individual fastener due to shear force, V z

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Clause Action Notes
2
2
Ft/Pt = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!
Fs/(m·Pv) = 0.40 <1.00 O.K!
2 2
Pb1/(m·Fs) = 0.34 <1.00 O.K!
Pb2/Fs = 0.39 <1.00 O.K!
Ft/Pp = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!

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10.6 Transom - 2 (System – 2) Connection Check

37.3 32.7
5
Vz 15.3
f1
5
34
+Z
Vy
0
+Y
3
f3
f4
31
20x20x2.5t (15mm long)
Aluminium Chair
Additional screw 28
3
f2
3
16.5

Fastener 2 3 4 4
f1: ST4.8 18.3 32.7 34.0 599 21181 19592 0.90 -0.51 0.39 0.33 -0.24 0.08 0.40 -
f2: ST4.8 18.3 32.7 -31.0 599 17608 19592 0.90 0.47 1.37 0.33 -0.24 0.08 1.37 -
f3: ST4.8 18.3 -37.3 0.0 683 0 25492 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.33 0.28 0.60 1.08 -
f4: ST4.8 18.3 -28.0 -3.0 513 165 14365 0.90 0.05 0.95 0.33 0.21 0.53 1.09 -
73 Σ = 2395 38954 79041 3.60 0.00 3.60 1.30 0.00 1.30 3.93 0.00
ey +z Q z = A∙¦y+e ty¦ = Statical moment of area about z-axis at center of T application

Vz f4
y 4 y
f1
1
Iz = A∙y2 = Inertia about z-axis of individual fasteners
V y ety
T
4 1
fasteners
+y
ez

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PROJECT NAME DATE


Clause Action Notes
2
2
Ft/Pt = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!
Fs/(m·Pv) = 0.87 <1.00 O.K!
2 2
Pb1/(m·Fs) = 0.74 <1.00 O.K!
Pb2/Fs = 0.85 <1.00 O.K!
Ft/Pp = 0.00 <1.00 O.K!

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10.7 Sword Connection Check

The sword is freely bearing on a stopper bolt
underneath.
10.7.2 Check Stopper Bolt

The stopper bolt carries only the weight of the sword.
Therefore it is designed for shear due to the weight of
the sword with a factor of safety of 2.
Fv = 2(0.09 KN ) → 0.2 KN
Weight of sword = 0.09KN see §5.1
Fig. 10.8-1 Sword Connection

Clause Action Notes
Screw Parameters Screw size, db = M8 Hexagonal head screw A4-70 Stainless steel
9. Table 4 D= 8 mm. Nominal thread diameter
9. Table 4 Thread pitch, P = 1.00 mm. Giving a value of N = 25.4 threads per 25mm
6. Eq. 1 A(S) = (π/4)[D-(24.75/N)]2 = 38.77 mm2 Tensile stress area
2 2
6. Eq. 2 A(R) = (π/4)[D-(31.16/N)] = 36.03 mm Thread root area
2
Fs/(m·Pv) = 0.03 <1.00 O.K!
Interaction, [Ft/Pt ]2 + [Fs/(m∙Pv)]2 = - - -
Pb1/(m·Fs) = 0.07 <1.00 O.K!

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10.8 Back Pan Check

10.8.1 Back Pan Details
Fig. 10.9-1 Back Pan Details
10.8.2 Check Back pan for Full Wind Load
(a) Shell Element Model with Boundary conditions
Wind suction
Hinge
Fixed rotation
Fig. 10.9-2 Back Pan – Applied Load & Boundary Conditions

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Height, h = 343.5 mm Net height considering depth of transoms
§2.2.1 Alloy, Fcy = 115 Mpa Compressive yield strength of 5005- H14 alloy sheet
Allowable deflection, δallow = 22.50 mm 75% of 30mm clearance

Fig. 10.9-3 Back Pan – Analysis Results

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(c) Reaction orces

NODE FY FZ
5 65.393 -97.95
13 -65.387 -97.95
118 14.731 -63.758
128 10.772 -229.9
138 11.145 -219.14
147 11.291 -218.88
157 11.788 -230.77
167 10.761 -229.85
177 14.728 -63.758
496 -14.728 -63.758
506 -10.761 -229.85
516 -11.788 -230.77
526 -11.291 -218.88
535 -11.145 -219.14
545 -10.772 -229.9
555 -14.731 -63.758
580 -65.393 -97.95
588 65.387 -97.95
TOTAL VALUES TOTAL VALUES
VALUE 3.85E-06 VALUE -2903.9
The shaded row indicates that this set of reaction forces is the most critical among all nodes in the table.

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(d) Check Screws

The most critical screw at Node 516 is considered with shear force, Fz = 0.23kN and tension force, Fy = 0.01kN.
Clause Action Notes
Connected Parts 1st connected part, Fu1 = 145 Mpa. 5005-H14 Aluminium
9. Table 4 Thread pitch, P = 1.60 mm. Giving a value of N = 15.9 threads per 25mm
6. Eq. 1 A(S) = (π/4)[D-(24.75/N)]2 = 5.31 mm2 Tensile stress area
2 2
6. Eq. 2 A(R) = (π/4)[D-(31.16/N)] = 3.79 mm Thread root area
2
Ft/Pt = 0.01 <1.00 O.K!
Fs/(m·Pv) = 0.33 <1.00 O.K!
Interaction, [Ft/Pt ]2 + [Fs/(m∙Pv)]2 = 0.11 <1.00 O.K!
Pb1/(m·Fs) = 0.41 <1.00 O.K!
Pb2/Fs = 0.16 <1.00 O.K!
Ft/Pp = 0.03 <1.00 O.K!

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PROJECT ENGINEER

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN WALL 117

LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 2 of 117

3 Layout and Dimensions 6

6 Section Properties – Structural System 1 17

7 Section Properties – Structural System 2 43

8 Analysis & Code Check – Structural System 1 57

9 Analysis & Code Check – Structural System 2 77

10Joints & Connections 97

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 3 of 117

10.8 Back Pan Check 114

LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 4 of 117

2.1.2 Document reference

2.1.3 Drawing reference

Table 2.1-5 Schmidlin Drawings

LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 5 of 117

Table 2.2-2 Properties of Stainless Steel

Table 2.2-3 Properties of Screws

Table 2.3-2 Deflection Limits [Others]

2.4 Programs used for the structural analysis

LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 6 of 117

3 LAYOUT AND DIMENSIONS

Fig. 3.1-1 Wall Type 3 Key Location

Stack Jojnt Stack Jojnt

(a) Structural System - 1 (b) Structural System - 2

LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 7 of 117

Fig. 4.1-1 Dead Load Supports

Fig. 4.1-2 Wind Load Supports

LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 8 of 117

4.2 Coupled Mullion

Fig. 4.2-1 Couple Mullion Profiles

EITOTAL = EI MALE + EI FEMALE

LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 9 of 117

(e) Determining the Design Value of Gc.

where: c = elasticity constant in N/mm2

h = height of the thermal break in mm.

Design Value of Gc. For h = 27mm and b = 4mm

LETTENWEG 118, 4123 ALLSCHWIL, SWITZERLAND

SAMPLE PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE EAST

UNITISED CURTAIN W ALL 10 of 117

4.3 Mullion Structural Systems

(a) Section (b) Structural System - 1 (c) Structural System - 2