CHAPTER

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Numbers in Nature
and the World
Section 1.1 Patterns
Terms of a Sequence
An ordered list of numbers such as 5, 14, 27, 44, 65, ...
is called a sequence. The numbers in a sequence that are
separated by commas are the terms of the sequence.

In the above sequence, 5 is the first term, 14 is the second

term, 27 is the third term, 44 is the fourth term, and 65 is
the fifth term.

The three dots “...” indicate that the sequence continues

beyond 65, which is the last written term. It is customary to
use the subscript notation an to designate the nth term of a
sequence.
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Terms of a Sequence
We often construct a difference table, which shows the
differences between successive terms of the sequence.
The following table is a difference table for the sequence
2, 5, 8, 11, 14, ...

Each of the numbers in row (1) of the table is the difference

between the two closest numbers just above it (upper right
number minus upper left number). The differences in row
(1) are called the first differences of the sequence.
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Terms of a Sequence
In this case, the first differences are all the same.

Thus, if we use the above difference table to predict the

next number in the sequence, we predict that 14 + 3 = 17 is
the next term of the sequence.

This prediction might be wrong; however, the pattern

shown by the first differences seems to indicate that each
successive term is 3 larger than the preceding term.

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Terms of a Sequence
The following table is a difference table for the sequence
5, 14, 27, 44, 65, ...

In this table, the first differences are not all the same. In
such a situation it is often helpful to compute the successive
differences of the first differences. These are shown in row
(2).
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Terms of a Sequence
These differences of the first differences are called the
second differences.

The differences of the second differences are called the

third differences.

To predict the next term of a sequence, we often look for a

pattern in a row of differences.

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Example 1 – Predict the Next Term of a Sequence

Use a difference table to predict the next term in the

sequence.
2, 7, 24, 59, 118, 207, ...

Solution:
Construct a difference table as shown below.

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Example 1 – Solution cont’d

The third differences, shown in blue in row (3), are all the
same constant, 6. Extending row (3) so that it includes an
additional 6 enables us to predict that the next second
difference will be 36.

Adding 36 to the first difference 89 gives us the next first

difference, 125. Adding 125 to the sixth term 207 yields
332.

Using the method of extending the difference table, we

predict that 332 is the next term in the sequence.

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Seatwork

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The Fibonacci Sequence

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The Fibonacci Sequence
Here is a statement of Fibonacci’s rabbit problem.

At the beginning of a month, you are given a pair of

newborn rabbits. After a month the rabbits have produced
no offspring; however, every month thereafter, the pair of
rabbits produces another pair of rabbits.

The offspring reproduce in exactly the same manner. If

none of the rabbits dies, how many pairs of rabbits will
there be at the start of each succeeding month?

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The Fibonacci Sequence
The solution of this problem is a sequence of numbers that
we now call the Fibonacci sequence.

The following figure shows the numbers of pairs of rabbits

on the first day of each of the first six months.

The larger rabbits represent mature rabbits that produce

another pair of rabbits each month.

The numbers in the blue region—1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8—are the

first six terms of the Fibonacci sequence.

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The Fibonacci Sequence

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Leonardo Fibonacci
•Was born in the 12th century, studied a sequence of numbers with a
different type of rule for determining the next number in a sequence.

•He began the sequence with 0,1, ... and then calculated each successive
number from the sum of the previous two.

•This sequence of numbers is called the Fibonacci Numbers or Fibonacci

Sequence.

•The Fibonacci numbers are interesting in that they occur throughout both
nature and art.

•Especially of interest is what occurs when we look at the ratios of

successive numbers.

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The Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci discovered that the number of pairs of rabbits for
any month after the first two months can be determined by
adding the numbers of pairs of rabbits in each of the two
previous months.

For instance, the number of pairs of rabbits at the start of

the sixth month is 3 + 5 = 8.

A recursive definition for a sequence is one in which each

successive term of the sequence is defined by using some
of the preceding terms.

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The Fibonacci Sequence
If we use the mathematical notation Fn to represent the nth
Fibonacci number, then the numbers in the Fibonacci
sequence are given by the following recursive definition.

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Example 3 – Find a Fibonacci Number
Use the definition of Fibonacci numbers to find the seventh
and eighth Fibonacci numbers.

Solution:
The first six Fibonacci numbers are 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8. The
seventh Fibonacci number is the sum of the two previous
Fibonacci numbers.

Thus,
F7 = F6 + F5

=8+5
= 13
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Example 3 – Solution cont’d

The eighth Fibonacci number is

F8 = F7 + F6
= 13 + 8

= 21

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