Avagadro's hypothesis and universal gas constant

Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure,

Equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of
molecules.
V/n = K where V; gas volume. N substance quantity for gas,
K gas constant so;
P1.V1 /T1.n1 = P2.V2/T2.n2 = constant. P.V gas pressure
and temperature.

Gas System Analysis

Integrated monitoring device for a variety of applications including ,
emission , process and air quality for measurement of gas percentage in
flow stream like NH3 , CO , CO2 , H2S , CH4 , NO , NO2 , O3 , O2 , SO2 ,
Also for monitoring stack and flue gas emission , greenhouse gases , fuel
cell analysis, combustion efficiency, engine testing , for example Non-
Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) or Ultra Violet Differential optical
absorption spectroscopy (UV-DOAS) , or Tunable Diode Laser (TDL).

Gas flow through porous media

Gas flow in porous media such as wellbore representing high velocity
gas flow in porous media. An analysis of pressure Lost during flow
through conducts of alternating cross section refers to energy loss in flow
.

To using available data , the best correlation is sought to permit the

calculation high velocity flow based on permeability , porosity ,character
of the rock .

Darcy law can be used for porous media because of the complexity of
pore geometries in a porous medium ,compressibility of gas is larger than
liquid so gas flow differs from liquid , flow also pressure dependent
effective permeability for gas is larger .

The latter effect , named by klinkenberg may have significant impact on

gas behavior , especially in low permeability media ,
A generally applicable procedure has been developed for accurate
evaluation of the analytical solutions which use a linearized diffusivity
for transient gas flow .

A laboratory is used to determine klinkenberg parameters .

The method allows one to analyze data from both transient and steady
states in various flow geometries .

Klinkenberg correction
Laminar flow of gas means the fluid travels smoothly or in regular path ,
in contrast to turbulent flow , in which the gas undergoes irregular
fluctuations and mixing .

Klinkenberg effect is especially important in low permeable rocks , it is

necessary due to gas slippage effect.
Klinkenberg demonstrated that the permeability of porous media to gases
is a linear function of the reciprocal pressure . Gas permeability is
determined by the eq.
Kg = Cq1 μgP1/a G{(P1)2 - (p2)2 }
Where:

Kg = Gas permeability, q1 = Flow rate , P1 = Injection pressure, μg = Gas

velocity, internal radius of tip seal, G geometric factor, C constant, P2
a atmospheric pressure.