Hescom, Belagavi

Chapter: 1

ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

1.1 History of Hescom:

First of all, the era of electricity is started as KEB (Karnataka Electricity

Board) where it is managing all three wings of power system which are Generation,
Transmission and Distribution. Later the government of Karnataka as part of reforms in power
sector has unbundled the transmission and distribution activities in the state of Karnataka. As a
result, the HESCOM limited was incorporated on 30/04/2002 under the companies act ,1956(No.
1 of 1956) and the company started operation w .e .f. 01/06/2002 .The company came into
existence with a geographical jurisdiction of 7 districts comprising of Dharwad , Belagavi,
Gadag,Haveri ,Uttar kannada ,Bagalkot & Vijaypur with an objective to carry on the
business of distribution and supply of electricity more efficiently and economically. The
Company is operating from Hubballi City and covering the areas where the agricultural
consumption is comparatively on higher side . The company has withstood the initial transitional
problems and achieved its objective of improving efficiency and better consumer services. The
company today is functioning as a commercial entity in pursuance of power sector reforms
undertaken by government of Karnataka.

The year 2002-03 was the first year of operation of the company .Hubballi
Electricity supply company Ltd., (HESCOM) is a Distribution License under Section 14 of
Electricity Act, 2003. HESCOM is responsible for purchase of power, distribution and retail
supply of electricity to its consumers and also providing infrastructure for open Access,
Wheeling and Banking. In its area of operation which includes seven districts of the state.

HESCOM is a company registered under the companies Act, 1956 , incorporated

on 30th April 2002. HESCOM commenced its operation on 1 st June 2002. The O&M divisions of
HESCOM are further divided into seventy eight subdivisions. These subdivisions are further
divided into 246 O&M section offices. Section offices are the base level offices looking into
the operation and maintenance of the distribution system in order to provide reliable and
quality power supply to the HESCOM’s consumers.

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The company is presently operating through 2 zones ,7 circles and 24 O&M divisions with an
area of 54,513 sq.Kms & population of over 1.66 Crs.

1.2 Vision and Mission of Hescom

Vision:
1)100% Rural Electrification

2) Reduce T&D Losses gradually to below 15%

3) 100% Metering at all levels right from feeder end to consumer installations

4) Elimination of Low Voltage Pockets by reorganizing the existing feeders consequent to

establishment of new Sub-stations by HESCOM and KPTCL.

5) Reduction in interruption

6) Power Supply on Demand

7) Eliminate commercial losses by increased vigilance activities

8) Application of Information Technology in more and more activities

9) Increasing business efficiency by reducing AT & C Losses.

Mission:
The mission of the Hescom is to ensure reliable quality power to its customers at competitive
prices. Hescom is committed to achieve this mission through:
1)Encouraging best practices in distribution.

2) Ensuring high order maintenance of all its technical facilities.

3) Emphasizing the best standards in customer services.

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Chapter: 2

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

2.1 O&M DIVISION :

Operation and maintenance is the department which plays the major role in the
HESCOM. This division takes care the entire hardware components of the distribution
system. Their aim is always to ensure the less losses in the distribution system. If in
case any fault occurs in any of the feeder, the very first job is to remove the healthy
part from the faulty part. Supervise that no one should steal the power.

Hescom is vested with the duty of distribution of power to consumers. In this process, the
following supplemental duties are incidental to main function :

 Distribution of Power to consumers at the rates approved by KERC Tariff Regulations.

 Supply at specified voltage and frequency.
 Maintenance of 11 kV lines, distribution of transformers and equipments to ensure
reliable and quality power supply.
 Augmentation of infrastructure to meet the demand.
 Ensuring safety of Human and animal life by taking suitable actions to minimize risk of
accidents.
 Perspective planning of activities in relation to demand and supply of Power.

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2.2 MAINTENANCE WORK CARRIED OUT IN SUBSTATION

Different types of maintenance being done on equipment are:

i) Breakdown maintenance

ii) Preventive maintenance

iii) Condition based monitoring

iv) Reliability centered maintenance

i. Breakdown Maintenance

As the name implies the maintenance is carried out when the equipment fails. This type of
maintenance may be appropriate for low value items. However for costly substation
equipments, it is not desirable to wait till the breakdown of the equipment, as this cost more
to the utility as well as the availability and reliability of power gets affected. The revenue
loss due to non-availability of the system shall be much more than the cost of the failed
equipment. Therefore identifying the defect before failure, is more appropriate to plan
repair / replacement.

ii. Preventive Maintenance

The preventive maintenance of equipment is being mostly adopted by almost all the utilities.
In this type of maintenance, the equipments are inspected at a predetermined period. The
frequency determined based on the past experience and also guidance from the manufacturer
of the equipment. This type of maintenance would require specific period of shut-down.

iii. Condition Based Monitoring

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This type of maintenance technique is adopted to assess the condition of the equipment. The
condition of the equipment is assessed based on different condition monitoring tests. Some of
the tests are done on on-line and some are done on offline. However, this type of
maintenance would need sophisticated testing equipments and skills for analyzing the test
results.

iv. Reliability Centered Maintenance

This is the recent technique being adopted in maintenance philosophy. The basic objectives
of reliability-centered maintenance are:

- Maintenance should keep the equipment at desired level of performance

- Optimizing / minimizing the maintenance / shutdown period so as to enhance the

availability of the equipment.

- Deferring / avoiding the replacement of components and major/minor over-hauls till it is

absolutely necessary.

Reliability centered maintenance policy is based on the life cycle cost concept and the
decision for replacement of the equipment is taken based on techno-economic considerations.
From the view point of RCM our objective should be to devise a system, which does not
need periodic maintenance and at the same time predict in advance possible
failures/problems of the equipment. To meet this aim we have to develop equipment which
require either no or very little maintenance and on the other hand the concept of condition
based maintenance should be implemented. Realization of this objective will result in
enhancing availability, reliability and reduction in manpower for maintenance purposes.

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Chapter 3:

TASKS PERFORMED

3.1 SUBSTATION: A substation is a part of a power system, these consists of a set

of equipments that transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse that suitable for
supply to consumers or perform any of several other important functions.

Electrical substations are the interface between parts of the distribution grid and transmission

systems. These fenced off areas step down the voltage in the transmission lines to one that is
suitable for the distribution grid. They are also equipped with circuit breakers to protect the
distribution system, and can be used to control the flow of current in various directions. They
also smooth and filter voltage fluctuations caused by, for example, an increased load.

3.2 Types of Substation :

 Step-up substation - These substations raise the voltage from generators (usually

at power plants) so that electricity can be transmitted efficiently.

 Step-down substation - These facilities lower the voltage from transmission lines to
what is known as a sub transmission voltage, which is sometimes used for industrial
purposes. Otherwise, the output is then directed to a distribution substation.

 Distribution substation - These substations further lower the sub transmission voltage to
one that can be used to supply most industrial, commercial, and residential needs, with the
aid of a distribution transformer before power is finally delivered to the load. These facilities
are sometimes located underground.

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The substations of different ratings work with the power which is received from the
KPTCL is stepped down from 440/220/110kV are popularly known as the receiving stations and
the fore coming are known as the substations or M.U.S.S.
Usually the M.U.S.S contains the switch yard and the control room, this control room
contains the control panels which are purely operates on DC supply obtained from the battery
charges.

The substations which we have visited during our internship are as follows in the
table

Organization Ratings Address

KPTCL 220/110kV Indal Belagavi

KPTCL 110/33/11kV Vadagaon Belagavi

KPTCL 110/33/11kV Nehru nagar Belagavi

HESCOM 33/11kV Opp Railway station

Belagavi
HESCOM 33/11kV Udyambag Belagavi

HESCOM 33/11kV Gandhi nagar Belagavi

Table: 3.1 List of substations visited

3.2.1 220/110kV RECEIVING STATION KPTCL INDAL BELAGAVI

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Figure: 3.1 KPTCL 220kV Receiving station

Specifications of the Receiving station:-

1. Operating voltage: 220/110kV

2. Number of incoming lines: 2

3. Number of power transformer: 2

4. Capacity of power transformer: 100MVA, 220/110kV

5. Safety equipments: Wave trappers, Earthing switch, Lightning arrester, Circuit

breakers, G O S, Isolators

6. Number of outgoing feeders: 7

7. Capacity of CT ’ s : 220kV,600/1A&110kV,400/1A

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8. Capacity of PT’s: 33kV & 11kV

9. Types of circuit breakers: SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride)

10. Types of relays:OCR(Over Current Relay),EFR(Earth Fault Relay) & Distance Relay

11. Main bus bar: 2

12. Future extension requirements: 2 Idle Feeders (TATA)

13. Earthing arrangement: Earth mat

There are two incoming lines for the receiving station , one from 220kV Kanabargi Line
-1 and other from 220kV receiving station Kanabargi Line -2 with protective devices
such as earthing switch , LA and wave trapper.Two transformers are connected to the
double bus bar to step down the voltage with all the protective devices such as isolator ,
circuit breaker , GOS , LA , and there is bus coupler for joining the buses.

CTs and PTs are fixed at main bus bars , transformer side , feeders and feeder bus bars
for measuring the current and voltage respectively. The 110kV lines are carried up to
respective substations to give the supply to the carious substations again by step downing
the voltage from 110kV to 33kV , then supply is given to the M.U.S.S.

 Feeders of this substation are :-

1.Kanbargi-Vadagaon line

2.Machhe-Suvarna Soudha line

3.Ankalagi-Hidakal dam line

4.Nehru Nagar line

5.Uchagaon-Udyambag line

6.220kV Chikkodi-1 line

7.220kV Chikkodi-2 line

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3.2.2 110/33kV SUBSTATION NEHRU NAGAR BELAGAVI

Specifications of the Substation:-

1. Operating voltage: 110/33/11kV

2. Number of incoming lines: 2

3. Number of power transformer: 4

4. Capacity of power transformer: 20MVA, 110/33(2) & 110/11kV (2)

5. Safety equipments: Lightning arrester, Circuit breakers, G O S

6. Number of outgoing feeders: 17

7. Capacity of CT ’s :110kV, 800-400/1A & 33kV, 400-200/1A & 11kV, 200-100/1A

8. Capacity of PT’s: 110kV & 33kV & 11kV

9. Types of circuit breakers: SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) & PCVCB (Vacuum circuit
breaker)

10. Types of relays: OCR (Over Current Relay) & EFR (Earth Fault Relay)

11. Main bus bar: 1

12. Future extension requirements: 2 Idle Feeders

13. Earthing arrangement: Earth mat

There are two incoming lines of 110kV.One from Indal and the other from Kanabargi
receiving stations. Among Four transformers two are connected to the 33kV line and the other
two are connected to the 11kV line. Line arresters of specific ratings are also present . A
capacitor banks are used to correct a power factor or phase shift in an AC power
supply. Lead acid batteries are being used in the control room .Protective devices such as
lightning arrester , and SF6 Circuit breakers are used for the higher rating transmission and
Vacuum circuit breakers are used for the lower rating transmission.Two transformers are of Air

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forced,oil natural.And other two are air natural ,oil natural.33kV line from transformers to
feeders is underground,11kV lines are overhead lines.

Batteries are used for the maintenance of Relays and specific gravity.CT’s and PT’s are used to
reduce the current and voltage levels for the metering purpose.

 Feeders of this substation are :-

1.Fort

2.KLE

3.Sadashiv Nagar

4.RM-2

5.Indal

6.Auto Nagar

7.Sambra

8.Vaibhav Nagar

9.M.M.EXT

10.Shivaji Nagar

11.Shivbasav Nagar

12.ICMR

13.Sadashiv Nagar

14.Jinabakul

15.Civil Hospital

16.Water Works

17.Station Auxillary

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3.2.3 33/11kV M.U.S.S FORT STATION BELAGAVI

Specifications of the Substation:-

1. Operating voltage: 33/11kV

2. Number of incoming lines: 2

3. Number of power transformer: 2

4. Capacity of power transformer: 5MVA, 33/11kV

5. Safety equipments: Lightning arrester, Circuit breakers, G O S

6. Number of outgoing feeders: 6

7. Capacity of CT ’s : 33kV , 200-100/1A & 11kV , 200-100/1A

8. Capacity of PT’s: 33kV & 11kV

9. Types of circuit breakers: SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride)

10. Types of relays: OCR (Over Current Relay) & EFR (Earth Fault Relay)

11. Future extension requirements: 2 Idle Feeders

There are two incoming line for the substation of 33kV.One from Nehru Nagar, and other
from Vadagaon. Two transformers are connected to the single bus bar to step down the
voltage with all the protective devices such as isolator, circuit breaker, GOS, LA.The CTs
and PTs are fixed at main bus bars, feeders and feeder bus bars for measuring the
current and voltage respectively .The 11kV lines are carried up to respective load centers
to feed the consumer again by step downing the voltage from 11kV to 3-phase 440V
AC, then supply is given to the consumer from service mains by means of phase and
neutral.

 Feeders of this substation are:-

Basavan Kudachi, Dharwad Road, Khade Bazar, Shetti Galli, Fort Road, Azad Nagar

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3.3 COMPONENTS USED IN SUBSTATIONS :

1 .Earthing switch :

Earthing switch is a kind of mechanical switching device for earthing parts of a

circuit. It can be used as part of disconnector or stand-alone.

Figure: 3.5 Earthing switch

It’s function is to isolate the circuit after operation of circuit breaker and discharge the
grapes charges to earth , through earth switch.Also it is very useful in maintenance
period. Earthing switch is used to discharge the charges that are trapped in line after
opening of line by circuit breaker.

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2. Lightning Arresters:

Lightning arresters protect the equipment from damage due to lightning.

During normal condition it has open circuit and has no effect on normal operation of
power system. But when surge voltage appears on the equipment, the lightening arrester
provides the low impedance path from the phase wire to earth and causes the tripping of
the system.

All modern lightening arresters become insulator on disappearing of high

voltage the lightning arrester must have separate earthing. A typical lightening arrester is
as shown in below figure.

Figure : 3.6 Lightning Arresters

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3. Isolator :

Figure : 3.7 33kV Isolator

Unlike a CB an isolator has no protection capability and is used to

physically disconnect any circuit when repairs etc are being done. In a substation switch
yard an IS switch would be used to physically disconnect any incoming HV lines to
allow work on the transmission line to be performed.

4. Battery Room :

The Battery room is “Heart of substation”. Usually the battery produce only about
2V, hence many number of batteries are to be connected in series for high voltage as
all the control panels and devices of substation works on 110V(DC). And this supply is
never used for the regular purpose.

5. SF6 Circuit Breaker :

Operating principle: Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit breaker is obtained

by seperating two contacts in a medium, such as sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), having

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excellent dielectric and arc-quenching properties, SF6 gas is electronegative and has a
strong tendency to absorb free electrons.

In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by sulphur
hexafluoride gas(SF6) gas at a pressure of about2.8 kg/cm^2.When the breaker operates,
the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck between the contacts. The
movement of the moving contact is synchronised with the opening of a valve which
permits sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at 14 kg/cm^2 pressure from the reservoir to
the arc interruption chamber.

The high pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas rapidly absorbs the free
electrons in the arc path to form immobile negative ions which are ineffectiveas charge
carriers. The result is that the medium between the contacts quickly builds up high
dielectric strength and causes the extinction of the arc. After the breaker operation (i.e.
after arc extinction), the valve is closed by the action of a set of springs.

Figure : 3.8 SF6 Circuit breaker

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6. Porcelain Clad Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

Vacuum Circuit Breaker or VCB and Vacuum Interrupter. A vacuum circuit breakeris such kind

of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in vacuum. The technology is suitable for
mainly medium voltage application.
The sectional view of vacuum circuit breaker is shown in the figure below when the

Figure: 3.9 PCV Circuit Breaker

7. CT (Current Transformer):

Definition
A current transformer is an instrument transformer, used along with measuring or protective
devices, in which the secondary current is proportional to the primary current (under normal
conditions of operation) and differs from it by an angle that is approximately zero.
The basic principle of the current transformer is the same as that of the power
transformer. Like the power transformer, the current transformer also contains a primary and a
secondary winding. Whenever an alternating current flow through the primary winding,
alternating magnetic flux is produced, which then induces alternating current in the secondary

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winding? In the case of current transformers, the load impedance or “burden” is very small.
Therefore, the current transformer operates under short circuit conditions. Also, the current in the
secondary winding does not depend on load impedance but instead depends on the current
flowing in the primary winding.

Figure: 3.10 CT (Current Transformer)

8. Potential Transformer (PT):

The potential transformer is a step down transformer for measuring the high voltage in
terms of low voltage as it contains the less no of turns at secondary than compared to primary

Figure: 3.11 PT (Potential transformer)

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A potential transformer comes in two types of rating i.e. primary and secondary rating. The
primary rating of the transformer ranges from 400 V to several hundred volts. And the secondary
rating of most of the transformers are 110 V. the ratio in between these two ratings are known as
transformation or turn ratio.

9. Main Bus Bar:

A conductor carrying an current to which main connections may be made is called as main bus
bar.Bus bars are mainly convenient means of connecting switches and other equipment in to
various arrangements.The connections in most of the substations permits working of an
equipment without interruption to incoming and out going lines.To some arrangement two buses
are provided to which the incoming and out going feeders and the principle equipment may be
connected in which on bus is known as “main bus” and the other known as auxiliary or transfer
bus

10. Power Transformer:

The electricity is transmitted at very high voltages and low currents to reduce the heat, eddy
currents, and other transmission losses. The substations are where the voltages are increased to
high values by using step up transformers, and after the transmission, they are again stepped
down for distribution.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission
voltages The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid.

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ATE or RTE in degree Thermal Class Letter Designation

Celsius
>=90 C >105 90 T
>=105 C >120 105 A
>=120 C >130 120 E
>=130 C>155 130 B
>=155 C >180 150 F
>=180 C >200 180 H
>=200 C >220 200 N
>=220 C >250 220 R
>=250 C>275 250

Table:3.2 Temperature of insulation in Transformer based on thermal condition

Figure: 3.12 Typical 5MVA power transformer

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11. Feeders:

Feeders are the conductors which connects the substations to the areas to be fed by those
substations. Consumer will not get tapping from the feeders which are designed mainly from its
current carrying capacity.

12. Capacitor Bank:

A Capacitor Bank is a group of several capacitors of the same rating that are connected in series
or parallel with each other to store electrical energy . The resulting bank is then used to
counteract or correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an alternating current (AC) power
supply.

Capacitors: Improving power factor means reducing the phase difference between voltage and
current. Since the majority of loads are of inductive nature, they require some amount of
reactive power for them to function. The capacitor or bank of capacitors installed parallel to the
load provides this reactive power.

Figure: 3.13 Capacitor Bank

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13.Substation Earthing:

Before 1960 the design criteria of substation earthing system was low earth resistance that is
below 0.5 ohm for HV installations, during 1960’s the new criteria for design and evaluation of
substation earthing were introduced for HV and EHV substations.

The new criteria for substation earthing should have low earth resistance, low touch potential and
low step potential.

The parts of earthing system are an underground horizontal earth mesh known as earth mat or
earthing grid earthing electrodes, earthing risers and earthing connections several identical earth
electrodes are driven vertically in to the and are welded to the earthing rods of underground mesh
if one of earth electrode is more than earth resistance will be low.

“A number of rods when joined together through copper conductor forms an earthing mat
helps to reduce the earth resistance”

Necessities of substation earthing:

1) Safety of operational and maintenance staff.

2) Discharge of electric charges to the ground.

3) Grounding of overhead shielding wires.

4) Electromagnetic interference.

14. Relays:-

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically. Relays

control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. As relay
diagrams show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO), there is an open contact when the
relay is not energized.

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14.1 OCR (Over Current Relay):

The over current relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when the value of the
current is greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the power system.

14.2 EFR (Earth Fault Relay):

Earth-fault Relays. Earth-fault relay is used to protect feeder against faults involving ground.
Typically, earth faults are single line to ground and double line to ground faults. For the purpose
of setting and coordination, only single line to ground faults are considered.

14.3Distance relay:

The distance relays are also known as impedance relays. The information (voltage or current) is
sensed by the CB from CT and PT from this information faults are sensed by the relay like (LL,
LG, LLG, LLLG) by means of impedance of each phase is given to relay as V/Z ratio. Then ten
different types of faults are taken with pre fault, fault, and post fault parameters it can be
detected precisely.

Figure: 3.14 OCR Figure: 3.15 EFR Figure: 3.16 Distance relay

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15. Control Panel:

There is separate control panel for transformer, bank, and feeders. One bank contains three
feeders, where the front part is containing all the meters and switches. And the back part contains
the relays.

16. Control Room:

The entire substation can be operated from the control room where it runs on DC power
supply of the batteries, the tripping action can be performed from the control panel and hourly
readings are to be noted. All the devices of outdoor substation are connected to the control panel
by means of Underground Cables (UG) Cables for controlling and monitoring.

Figure 3.17 Control room

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3.4 METER TESTING UNIT :

Figure 3.18 Meter Testing Unit

Testing of electricity meters has evolved to take account of the increasing use of electronics.
Apart from tests of electrical safety, Electricity meters must be tested for Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) relevant to the installation environment and in more modern electricity
meters, tests against disturbance caused by mains signalling must be conducted. EMC
PARTNER specialize in test equipment to simulate the impulse and short duration disturbances
that can be propagated down the power mains. By their very nature, most electricity meters are
required to operate in three phase power main systems.

The following tests can be carried out.

 Tests of Insulation Properties as per National and International Standards.

 Tests of Accuracy Requirements as per National and International Standards.
 Tests of Electrical requirement as per National and International Standards.
 Tests of Electromagnetic Compliance as per National standards and partially as per
International standards.
 Tests of Climatic requirement.
 Tests of Mechanical requirement.
 Verifications as per Tender specifications of utilities.

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Chapter 4:

SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

In the period of internship I learnt how the electricity plays an important role in our life and
understood how the practically transmission and distribution of electricity is done .

4.1 TECHNICAL OUT COMES :

Visit to the substations gave the informations about,

1. The practical installation and operation of substation.

2. Transmitting and distributing voltage levels.

3. The types of protective equipments employed.

4. Ratings of the equipments used in the substation.

5. During the visit to meter testing unit gained the knowledge of performance testing of
equipments(transformers).

6. Fault analysis and economic load distribution.

4.2 NON TECHNICAL OUT COMES :

1. Learnt to work in team.

2. Developed Communication skills.

3. Understood to work patiently.

4. Internship made me gregarious.

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CONCLUSION

Now from the report we can conclude that electricity place an important role in our life we are
made aware of how the transmission and distribution of electricity is done. We came to know
about the various parts of the substation system. The three wings of electrical system viz.
generation, transmission and distribution are connected to each other and that too very
perfectly. Thus, for effective transmission and distribution a substation must:

 Ensure steady state and transient stability

 Effective voltage control
 Prevention of loss of synchronism
 Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points
 Fault analysis improvement in respective field
 Establishment of economic load distribution

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REFERENCES:

Principles of power systems by V. K .Mehta

http://www.hescom.co.in/about-us.html

http://www.electrical4u.com/energy-meter-testing/

http://www.electrical4u.com/electrical -power-substation-engineering-and-layout/

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