COPAR

I. Pre-entry Phase

A. Is the initial phase of the organizing process where the community/organizer looks for
communities to serve/help.

B. It is considered the simplest phase in terms of actual outputs, activities and strategies and
time spent for it.

Activities include:

1. Designing a plan for community development including all its activities and strategies
for care development.

2. Designing criteria for the selection of site

3. Actually selecting the site for community care

II. Entry Phase

A. Sometimes called the social preparation phase as to the activities done here includes the
sensitization of the people on the critical events in their life, innovating them to share
their dreams and ideas on how to manage their concerns and eventually mobilizing them
to take collective action on these.

B. This phase signals the actual entry of the community worker/organizer into the
community. She must be guided by the following guidelines however.

1. Recognizes the role of local authorities by paying them visits to inform them of their
presence and activities.

2. The appearance, speech, behavior and lifestyle should be in keeping with those of the
community residents without disregard of their being role models.

3. Avoid raising the consciousness of the community residents; adopt a low-key profile.

III. Organization Building Phase

A. Entails the formation of more formal structures and the inclusion of more formal
procedures of planning, implementation, and evaluating community-wide activities. It is
at this phase where the organized leaders or groups are being given trainings (formal,
informal, OJT) to develop their skills and in managing their own concerns/programs.
IV. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

A. Occurs when the community organization has already been established and the
community members are already actively participating in community-wide undertakings.
At this point, the different communities setup in the organization building phase are
already expected to be functioning by way of planning, implementing and evaluating
their own programs with the overall guidance from the community-wide organization.

1. Strategies used may include:

a. Education and training

b. Networking and linkaging

c. Conduct of mobilization on health and development concerns

d. Implementing of livelihood projects

e.   Developing secondary leaders

ABG

Many nurses have difficulty interpreting arterial blood gases (ABGs). Confusion often results
when too many pieces of information are analyzed at the same time. Therefore, it is helpful
to separate the components of ABGs and categorize the information that they provide.

When ABGs are divided into their major components (acid/base balance and oxygenation),
they become much easier to understand.

The pH tells us if the patient is acidotic or alkalotic. The pCO2 and HCO3 tell us where the
acid/base abnormality comes from and whether there is compensation. Finally the pO2 and
O2 saturation tell us about oxygenation.

To break this process down further use the six simple steps below:

1. Analyze the pH
2. Analyze the CO2
3. Analyze the HCO3
4. Match the CO2 or HCO3 with the pH
5. Look for compensation
6. Analyze the pO2 and O2 sat.

This 6-step method will help you to accurately and consistently evaluate ABGs, and it's
easy!
Herbal Medicines/Plants Approved by the DOH

Plant Name: Lagundi ( Vitex negundo)

Uses & Preparation:

Asthma, Cough & Fever - Decoction ( Boil raw
fruits or leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15
minutes)Dysentery, Colds & Pain - Decoction
( Boil a handful of leaves & flowers in water to
produce a glass, three times a day)

Skin diseases (dermatitis, scabies, ulcer,

eczema) - Wash & clean the skin/wound with the
decoction

Headache - Crush leaves may be applied on the

forehead

Rheumatism, sprain, contusions, insect bites -

Pound the leaves and apply on affected area

Plant Name: Yerba (Hierba) Buena ( Mentha cordifelia)

Uses & Preparation:

Pain (headache, stomachache) – Boil chopped
leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Divide
decoction into 2 parts, drink one part every 3
hours.
Rheumatism, arthritis and headache – Crush
the fresh leaves and squeeze sap. Massage sap on
painful parts with eucalyptus
Cough & Cold – Soak 10 fresh leaves in a glass
of hot water, drink as tea. (expectorant)
Swollen gums – Steep 6 g. of fresh plant in a
glass of boiling water for 30 minutes. Use as a
gargle solution
Toothache – Cut fresh plant and squeeze sap.
Soak a piece of cotton in the sap and insert this in
aching tooth cavity
Menstrual & gas pain – Soak a handful of leaves
in a lass of boiling water. Drink infusion.
Nausea & Fainting – Crush leaves and apply at
nostrils of patients
Insect bites – Crush leaves and apply juice on
 affected area or pound leaves until like a paste, rub
on affected area
Pruritis – Boil plant alone or with eucalyptus in
water. Use decoction as a wash on affected area.

Plant Name: Sambong ( Blumea balsamifera)

Uses & Preparation:

Anti-edema, diuretic, anti-urolithiasis – Boil
chopped leaves in a glass of water for 15 minutes
until one glassful remains. Divide decoction into 3
parts, drink one part 3 times a day.
Diarrhea – Chopped leaves and boil in a glass of
water for 15 minutes. Drink one part every 3 hours.

Plant Name: Tsaang Gubat ( Carmona retusa)

Uses & Preparation:

Diarrhea - Boil chopped leaves into 2 glasses of
water for 15 minutes. Divide decoction into 4 parts.
Drink 1 part every 3 hours
Stomachache – Boil chopped leaves in 1 glass of
water for 15 minutes. Cool and strain.

Plant Name: Niyug-Niyogan ( Quisqualis indica L.)

Uses & Preparation:

Anti-helmintic - The seeds are taken 2 hours after
supper. If no worms are expelled, the dose may be
repeated after one week. (Caution: Not to be given
to children below 4 years old)

Plant Name: Bayabas/Guava( Psidium guajava L.)

Uses & Preparation:

For washing wounds - Maybe use twice a day
Diarrhea - May be taken 3-4 times a day
As gargle and for toothache - Warm decoction is
used for gargle. Freshly pounded leaves are used
for toothache. Boil chopped leaves for 15 minutes
at low fire. Do not cover and then let it cool and
strain
Plant Name: Akapulko( Cassia, alata L.)

Uses & Preparation:

Anti-fungal (tinea flava, ringworm, athlete’s
foot and scabies) - Fresh, matured leaves are
pounded. Apply soap to the affected area 1-2 times
a day

Plant Name: Ulasimang Bato( Peperonica pellucida

Uses & Preparation:

Lowers uric acid (rheumatism and gout) – One a
half cup leaves are boiled in two glass of water
over low fire. Do not cover pot. Divide into 3 parts
and drink one part 3 times a day

Plant Name: Bawang/Garlic

Uses & Preparation:

Hypertension - Maybe fried, roasted, soaked in
vinegar for 30 minutes, or blanched in boiled water
for 15 minutes. Take 2 pieces 3 times a day after
meals.
Toothache - Pound a small piece and apply to
affected area

Plant Name: Ampalaya

Uses & Preparation:

Diabetes Mellitus (Mild non-insulin
dependent) - Chopped leaves then boil in a glass
of water for 15 minutes. Do not cover. Cool and
strain. Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day after meals
 CPR New Techniques

After a review of the available research published over a 5 year period, the American Heart
Association released its 2010 CPR Guidelines. As expected, the focus for CPR is on good quality chest
compressions. Here are the differences between the 2005 and the 2010 CPR Guidelines:

 A-B-C is for babies; now it's C-A-B!

It used to be follow your ABC's: airway, breathing and chest compressions. Now, Compressions
come first, only then do you focus on Airway and Breathing. The only exception to the rule will be
newborn babies, but everyone else -- whether it's infant CPR, child CPR or adult CPR -- will get
chest compressions before you worry about the airway.

Why did CPR change from A-B-C to C-A-B?

 No more looking, listening and feeling.

The key to saving a cardiac arrest victim is action, not assessment. Call 911 the moment you
realize the victim won't wake up and doesn't seem to be breathing right.

Trust your gut. If you have to hold your cheek over the victim's mouth and carefully try to detect a
puff of air, it's a pretty good bet she's not breathing very well, if at all.

I have a secret to share: paramedics have been doing it this way for years. Rarely have I seen an
EMT or a paramedic put her ear to a victim's nose and listen for air movement. We just get to
work.

 Push a little harder. How deep you should push on the chest has changed for adult CPR. It
was 1 1/2 to 2 inches, but now the Heart Association wants you to push at least 2 inches deep on
the chest.
 Push a little faster. AHA changed the wording here, too. Instead of pushing on the chest at
about 100 compressions per minute, AHA wants you to push at least 100 compressions per minute.
At that rate, 30 compressions should take you 18 seconds.

Besides the changes under the 2010 CPR Guidelines, AHA continues to emphasize some important
points:

 Hands Only CPR. This is technically a change from the 2005 Guidelines, but AHA endorsed
this form of CPR in 2008. The Heart Association still wants untrained lay rescuers to do Hands Only
CPR on adult victims who collapse in front of them. My biggest problem with this campaign is
what's left unsaid. What does AHA want untrained lay rescuers to do with all the other victims? In
other words, what do you do with the victims that aren't adults or that didn't collapse right in front
of you? AHA doesn't provide an answer, but I have a suggestion: Do Hands Only CPR, because
doing something is always better than doing nothing.
 Recognize sudden cardiac arrest. CPR is the only treatment for sudden cardiac arrest and
AHA wants you to notice when it happens.
 Don't stop pushing. Every interruption in chest compressions interrupts blood flow to the
brain, which leads to brain death if the blood flow stops too long. It takes several chest
compressions to get blood moving again. AHA wants you to keep pushing as long as you can. Push
until the AED is in place and ready to analyze the heart. When it is time to do mouth to mouth, do
it quick and get right back on the chest.