1.

Introduction of DBMS (with basic commands DDL, DML, DCL, TCL)

Theory:
Database Management System (DBMS) refers to the technology solution used to optimize
and manage the storage and retrieval of data from databases. DBMS offers a systematic
approach to manage databases via an interface for users as well as workloads accessing the
databases via apps.
DBMS has the following key components:
Software. DBMS is primarily a software system that can be considered as a management
console or an interface to interact with and manage databases. 
Data. DBMS contains operational data, access to database records and metadata as a resource
to perform the necessary functionality.
Database manager. Unlike the runtime database manager that handles queries and data at
runtime, the database manager performs DBMS functionality associated with the data within
databases. 
Database engine. This is the core software component within the DBMS solution that
performs the core functions associated with data storage and retrieval.

Database language
Structured Query Language(SQL) as we all know is the database language by the use of
which we can perform certain operations on the existing database and also we can use this
language to create a database. SQL uses certain commands like Create, Drop, Insert etc. to
carry out the required tasks.
These SQL commands are mainly categorized into four categories as:
1. DDL – Data Definition Language
2. DML – Data Manipulation Language
3. DCL – Data Control Language
4. TCL – Transaction Control Language

DDL(Data Definition Language) : DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of

the SQL commands that can be used to define the database schema. It simply deals with
descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and modify the structure of database
objects in the database.
Examples of DDL commands:
 CREATE – is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index, function,
views, store procedure and triggers).
 DROP – is used to delete objects from the database.
  ALTER-is used to alter the structure of the database.
 TRUNCATE–is used to remove all records from a table, including all spaces
allocated for the records are removed.
 COMMENT –is used to add comments to the data dictionary.
 RENAME –is used to rename an object existing in the database.

DML(Data Manipulation Language) : The SQL commands that deals with the
manipulation of data present in the database belong to DML or Data Manipulation Language
and this includes most of the SQL statements.
Examples of DML:
 INSERT – is used to insert data into a table.
 UPDATE – is used to update existing data within a table.
 DELETE – is used to delete records from a database table.

DCL(Data Control Language) : DCL includes commands such as GRANT and REVOKE
which mainly deals with the rights, permissions and other controls of the database system.
Examples of DCL commands:
 GRANT-gives user’s access privileges to database.
 REVOKE-withdraw user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT command

TCL(transaction Control Language) : TCL commands deals with the transaction within

the database.
Examples of TCL commands:
 COMMIT– commits a Transaction.
 ROLLBACK– rollbacks a transaction in case of any error occurs.
 SAVEPOINT–sets a savepoint within a transaction.
 SET TRANSACTION–specify characteristics for the transaction.
2. To implement Data Definition language - Create, alter, drop, truncate - To implement
Constraints. (a). Primary key, (b).Foreign Key, (c). Check, (d). Unique, (e). Null, (f). Not null
, (g) . Default, (h). Enable Constraints, (i). Disable Constraints (j). Drop Constraints

Creating Table

SQL> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(

ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

You can verify if your table has been created successfully by looking at the
message displayed by the SQL server, otherwise you can use the DESC command
as follows −
SQL> DESC CUSTOMERS;
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | | |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | | |
| ADDRESS | char(25) | YES | | NULL | |
| SALARY | decimal(18,2) | YES | | NULL | |

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Alter table

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Following is the example to ADD a New Column to an existing table −

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS ADD SEX char(1);
Now, the CUSTOMERS table is changed and following would be output from the
SELECT statement.
+----+---------+-----+-----------+----------+------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY | SEX |
+----+---------+-----+-----------+----------+------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 | NULL |
| 2 | Ramesh | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 | NULL |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 | NULL |
| 4 | kaushik | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 | NULL |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 | NULL |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 | NULL |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 | NULL |
+----+---------+-----+-----------+----------+------+
Inserting into table
INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS
VALUES (7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00 );
All the above statements would produce the following records in the CUSTOMERS
table as shown below.
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Truncating Table

TRUNCATE TABLE students;

Dropping table
DROP Table students;

constraints
CREATE TABLE people(LastName varchar(255) primary key NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255 ) NOT NULL, City VARCHAR(55));
CREATE TABLE students (
ID int primary key,
LastName varchar(255) NULL,
 FirstName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Address varchar(255) ,
City varchar(255) default 'Delhi',
emailid varchar(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
Age int CHECK (Age>=18)
);

Foreign key

CUSTOMERS table
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

ORDERS table
CREATE TABLE ORDERS (
ID INT NOT NULL,
DATE DATETIME,
CUSTOMER_ID INT references CUSTOMERS(ID),
AMOUNT double,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

If the ORDERS table has already been created and the foreign key has not yet
been set, the use the syntax for specifying a foreign key by altering a table.
ALTER TABLE ORDERS
ADD FOREIGN KEY (Customer_ID) REFERENCES CUSTOMERS (ID);
2. To implementation on DML, TCL and DRL (a) Insert, (b) Select, (c) Update, (d) Delete,
(e) commit, (f) rollback, (g) save point, (i) Like'%', (j)Relational Operator.
Insert

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500.00 );

Select statement
select * from Customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Updating table

SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS

SET ADDRESS = 'Pune'
WHERE ID = 6;

Now, the CUSTOMERS table would have the following records −

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Deleting

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE ID = 6;

Now, the CUSTOMERS table would have the following records.

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Commit

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE = 25;
SQL> COMMIT;

Thus, two rows from the table would be deleted and the SELECT statement would
produce the following result.
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Rollback

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE = 25;
SQL> ROLLBACK;

Thus, the delete operation would not impact the table and the SELECT statement
would produce the following result.
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
Savepoint
START TRANSACTION;
SAVEPOINT initial;
UPDATE cusomers
SET firstName = 'Harry'
where D = 2216;
ROLLBACK TO initial

Like operator

ELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE SALARY LIKE '200%';

This would produce the following result −

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
SELECT * FROM students
WHERE FirstName LIKE '%i';

Relational operator
SELECT * FROM students
WHERE age > 20;
4.To implement Nested Queries & Join Queries - To implementation of Nested Queries - (a)
Inner join, (b) Left join, (c) Right join (d) Full join
Nested Queries

SELECT *
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 4500) ;

This would produce the following result.

+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+

Inner Join

1. SELECT officers.officer_name, officers.address, students.course_name  
2. FROM officers   
3. INNER JOIN students  
4. ON officers.officer_id = students.student_id;   

Output:
Left join

1. SELECT  officers.officer_name, officers.address, students.course_name  
2. FROM officers  
3. LEFT JOIN students  
4. ON officers.officer_id = students.student_id;  

Output:

Right Join
 SELECT officers.officer_name, officers.address, students.course_name, students.stu
dent_name  
FROM officers  
RIGHT JOIN students  
ON officers.officer_id = students.student_id;  

Output:

Full Join

SELECT officers.officer_name, officers.address, students.course_name, students.stu
dent_name  
FROM officers  
FULL JOIN students  
ON officers.officer_id = students.student_id;  
5. To implement Views - (a) View, (b) joint view, (c) force view, (d) View with check option

CREATE VIEW CUSTOMERS_VIEW AS

SELECT name, age
FROM CUSTOMERS;

Now, you can query CUSTOMERS_VIEW in a similar way as you query an actual
table. Following is an example for the same.
SQL > SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS_VIEW;

This would produce the following result.

+----------+-----+
| name | age |
+----------+-----+
| Ramesh | 32 |
| Khilan | 25 |
| kaushik | 23 |
| Chaitali | 25 |
| Hardik | 27 |
| Komal | 22 |
| Muffy | 24 |
+----------+-----+
Creating view with Join
CREATE VIEW ordersview
AS SELECT ord_num, ord_amount, a.agent_code,
agent_name, cust_name
FROM orders a, customer b, agents c
WHERE a.cust_code=b.cust_code
AND a.agent_code=c.agent_code;
Creating Force view
CREATE FORCE VIEW course AS SELECT FirstName,address FROM courses;

Creating view with check option

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW vps AS

SELECT
employeeNumber,
lastName,
firstName,
jobTitle,
extension,
email,
officeCode,
reportsTo
 FROM
employees
WHERE
jobTitle LIKE '%VP%'
WITH CHECK OPTION;

INSERT INTO
vps(employeeNumber,firstname,lastname,jobtitle,extension,email
,officeCode,reportsTo)
VALUES(1704,'John','Smith','IT
Staff','x9112','johnsmith@classicmodelcars.com',1,1703);
Error Code: 1369. CHECK OPTION failed 'classicmodels.vps'
VALUES(1227,'John','Smith','New Delhi','Delhi','johnsmith@classicmodelcars.com',23);
6.Describe control structure