National Textile University

B.S Textile Engineering

Practical Lab Report / Fall-2018

Course Code: TE-2113

Course Title: Intro to Textile Chemical Processing

Practical No. 08
Title of Practical To dye the 100% cotton fabric using Vat Dye.
Student Name Muhammad Yaseen
Registration No. 17-NTU-149
Semester / TP4th /G-1
Section / Group
Date of Practical April 15, 2019
Date of April 22, 2019
submission
 Practical No.8
Title:

To dye the 100% cotton fabric using Vat Dye.

Abstract:

I this experiment 100%cotton fabric was dyed with vat dyes. Exhaust and continuous methods
was used to dyed the fabric. As the dye was insoluble in water so it was firstly reduced. Then
the vat dye was applied on cotton fabric in exhaust machine according to given recipe. Then
oxidation was performed by using H2O2 and acetic acid. At lastfabric was washed with
wahing detergent. Then fabric was dried in oven. Again vat dye was applied on cotton fabric
by using continuous method according to given recipe and oxidation was done. At the last
fabric was washed and dried in oven.

1. Introduction:

Vat dye is one of the oldest types of dye. It is mainly suitable for cellulosic fiber for best
overall fastness properties. Because of the popularity of blue jeans, indigo is still one of the
most important dye in the world in the present time. Vat dyes can't be directly applied and
required vatting because it is insoluble in water. The word "vat" means vessels. The dye takes
their generic name from vatting. The vat dyes are naturally obtained coloring materials from
the ancient time and kept into wooden vat and make soluble in vat by the process of
fermentation- so it is called vat dyes. Based on chemical structure vat dyes are 2 types,
 Anthraquinonoid
 Indigoid vat dyes.
Vat dyes are water insoluble pigment. So vatting is done for making it solubilized form. Its
application inverts reduction to water soluble leuco compound, then dyeing is done& after
that re-oxidation of leuco dye in the fiber to soluble pigments. There are basic 4 steps for vat
dyeing.
 Insoluble
 Soluble
 Dye the fabric
 Insoluble

2.Materials and Methods:

2.1 Materials:
 Cotton fabric
 Sodium chloride (NaCl)
 Vat dye
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  Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4)
 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
 Water.
 Wetting agent
 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
 Acetic Acid
 Dispersion agent

2.2 Methods:
Recipe for Exhaust Method:
Weight of Sample = 3g
Liquor ratio = 1: 40
Liquor ratio= 3×1: 3×403: 120
Dye used 1.5% Owf
Dye amount = 1.5/100 * 3 = 0.045
Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4) = 40 g/l
Na2S2O4 amount = 40/1000 * 120 = 4.8g
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = 20 g/l
NaOH amount = 20/1000 * 120 =2.4g
NaCl concentration is 50 g/l
NaCl amount = 50/1000 * 120 = 6g
Wetting agent = 5 g/l
Wetting agent amount = 5/1000 * 120 = 0.6 g

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Temperature = 900C
Time = 45 minutes
PH = 10-11
Recipe for Continuous Method:
Pad-1:
Weight of Sample = 6g
Liquor ratio = 1: 40
Liquor ratio= 6×1: 6×406: 240
Dye = 10g/l
Dye amount = 10/1000 * 240 = 2.4 g
Dispersion agent (10g/l) = 10/1000 * 240 = 2.4g
Wetting agent (5g/l) = 5/1000 * 240 = 1.2g
Pad-2,
Sodium Hydroxide (20g/l) = 20/1000 * 240 = 4.8g
Sodium Hydrosulfite (40g/l) = 40/1000 *240 = 9.6g
For oxidation:
H2O2 concentration = 8 ml/l
H2O2 amount = 8/1000 * 120 = 0.96g
Acetic Acid concentration = 2ml/l
Acetic Acid amount = 2/1000 *120 = 0.24g
2.3 Methods/procedure
Dyeing procedure (For Exhaust Method):
First, we took the sample of fabric and weighted it on weight balance. Then we prepared its
recipe. Then we took the water in beaker according to given liqour ratio. Then added the dye,
sodium hydrosulfite, sodium hydroxide and wetting agent in the beaker and placed it in
dyeing bath. Then added the 50% of the calculated salt in the beaker and run the dyeing bath.
After 20 minutes the remaining 50% salt added in the beaker and run the dyeing bath for
45minutes at 900C. After 45 minutes took out the sample from dyeing beaker and oxidized it
with hydrogen peroxide. And the sample was washed with water and dried in oven.
(For Continuous Method):
First, we took the sample of fabric and weighted it on weight balance. Then we prepared its
recipe. After that padded the fabric sample in the liqour of dye, dispersion agent and wetting
agent with calculated recipe. After padding the fabric was dried. After that the sample was
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again padded in the liqour of sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrosulfite with calculated
recipe. Then the fabric sample was steamed for 2 minutes and after that oxidize it with
hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. Then washed the fabric and dry it in the oven.
2. Results and discussions:
After dyeing we observed in both sample that the fabric sample which was dye by exhaust
method has dark shade but the fabric dye by continuous method has light shade. The reason is
that in exhaust method we use the salt due to which the more exhaustion of dye is take place.
3 Conclusion:
The result is found good. The nice and excellent appearance of the fabric is due to the vat
dying on the fabric. When dye is reduced its color was changed and retained its original color
after oxidation. Sodium chloride is added to increase the exhaustion of dye molecules towards
the fabric also alkali is added in all samples it ionized the cellulose and made it strong
nucleophile. In continuous we dye the fabric by passing fabric through different stages in
continuous manner and oxidation is done for both methods at the last.