So in the previous case is focus on the circulatory system and for this case it mainly focus on the kidney

and heart relationship When your heart or kidneys cannot function normally, it can lead
to cardiovascular disease (heart disease) or kidney disease. .It is important to know that having
kidney disease can directly affect your chances of developing heart disease.  In fact, kidney disease and
heart disease share many of the same risk factors, such as diabetes and high blood pressure.  So first
will start with what is blood pressure and it’s relation with cardiac output

the two primary determinants of the long-term arterial pressure level are as follows:

) the degree of pressure shift of the renal output curve

2) the level of water and salt intake
( it is impossible to change the long-term mean arterial pressure level to new value without
changing one or both of these factors)

It’s a Myth that People with high blood pressure will experience symptoms, like nervousness,
sweating, difficulty sleeping or facial flushing. High blood pressure is called the "silent killer" ,
Most commonly high blood pressure causes no symptoms at all. This means that people with
high blood pressure can be having damage occur to their heart, kidneys, eyes, and circulation
without feeling badly.If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to
look out for, including:

Severe headaches

Nosebleed

Fatigue or confusion

Vision problems

Chest pain

Difficulty breathing

Irregular heartbeat

Blood in the urine

Figure 19-9 show the sequential changes in circulatory function during progressive development
of volume-loading hypertension. A week or so before the point labeled “0” days, the kidney
mass had already been decreased to only 30 percent of normal. Then, at this point, the intake of
salt and water was increased to about six times normal and kept at this high intake thereafter. The
acute effect was to increase extracellular fluid volume, blood volume, and cardiac output to 20 to
40 percent above normal., the arterial pressure began to rise but not nearly so much at first as did
the fluid volumes and cardiac output. The reason for this slower rise in pressure can be discerned
by studying the total peripheral resistance curve, which shows an initial decrease in total
peripheral resistance. This decrease was caused by the baroreceptor mechanism which transiently
attenuated the rise in pressure. However, after 2 to 4 days, the baroreceptors adapted (reset) and
were no longer able to prevent the rise in pressure. At this time, the arterial pressure had risen
almost to its full height because of the increase in cardiac output, even though the total peripheral
resistance was still almost at the normal level.

After these early acute changes in the circulatory variables had occurred, more prolonged
secondary changes occurred during the next few weeks. Especially important was a progressive
increase in total peripheral resistance, while at the same time the cardiac output decreased almost
all the way back to normal, mainly as a result of the long-term blood flow autoregulation
mechanism that is discussed in detail in Chapter 17 and earlier in this chapter. That is, after the
cardiac output had risen to a high level and had initiated the hypertension, the excess blood flow
through the tissues then caused progressive constriction of the local arterioles, thus returning the
local blood flows in the body tissues and also the cardiac output almost all the way back to
normal, while simultaneously causing a secondary increase in total peripheral resistance.
Proper breathing is essential during exercise. During aerobic activities,
such as running or swimming, a good breathing pattern ensures that your
working muscles will continue to receive the oxygen they need to keep
contracting. According to the COPD Foundation, you should do the following to practice
diaphragmatic breathing: Relax your shoulders and sit back or lie down. Place one hand on your belly
and one on your chest. Inhale through your nose for two seconds, feeling the air move into your
abdomen and feeling your stomach move out. Your stomach should move more than your chest does.
Breathe out for two seconds through pursed lips while pressing on your abdomen

Pursed-lips breathing can slow down your breathing, reducing the work of breathing by keeping your
airways open longer. This makes it easier for the lungs to function and improves the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide. This breathing exercise is often easier for beginners than diaphragmatic breathing,
and you can do it at home even if no one has showed you how. It can be practiced at any time. To
practice the pursed-lips breathing technique:

Abdominal - lie flat on your back to get a proper sense of deep breathing. place your hand Palm down
on your stomach at the base of the rib cage (middle finger barely touching each other), take a slow
breath see to it that your abdominal expands( some people take tummy in while inhaling which is the
wrong technique

cheast When you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts

(tightens) and moves downward. This increases the space in
your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand. The intercostal muscles
between your ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity. They contract to
pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale.