Punishment - The infliction of some kind of pain or loss upon a person for a misdeed.

Punishment may take forms ranging from capital punishment, flogging, forced labour,
and mutilation of the body to imprisonment and fines. Deferred punishments consist of
penalties that are imposed only if an offense is repeated within a specified time.
According to utilitarian theories, punishment is justified by its deterrence of criminal
behaviour and by its other beneficial consequences for individuals as well as for society.
Among several utilitarian theories recognized by criminologists, some stress general
deterrence and some individual deterrence.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/punishment

Rehabilitation - is a set of interventions needed when a person is experiencing or is likely

to experience limitations in everyday functioning due to ageing or a health condition,
including chronic diseases or disorders, injuries or traumas. Rehabilitation enables
individuals of all ages to maintain or return to their daily life activities, fulfil meaningful life
roles and maximize their well-being. It is a highly person-centred health strategy that may
be delivered either through specialised rehabilitation programmes (commonly for people
with complex needs), or integrated into other health programmes and services, for
example, primary health care, mental health, vision and hearing programmes.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rehabilitation

Reformation - is the act of bringing back a criminal to such a sense of justice, so that he
may live in society without any detriment to it. It is a try to change the criminal, so they no
longer commit the crime.

https://revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/rs-religious-studies/justice-and-global-
issues/crime-and-punishment
Confinement - means imprisoned to a jail, prison or other penal institution or correctional
facility. This includes any facility, which is under the control and jurisdiction of a penal
system, or any facility in which a person may be confined. This also includes hospitals,
institutions and halfway houses, which are used as places of confinement. Persons under
sentence of confinement to any of these facilities are considered confined even though they
may go outside the facility to work, attend school or for some other reason.
https://www.rrb.gov/G-
316/PartIV/Imprisonment_or_Confinement_Due_to_a_Conviction_for_a_Criminal_Offense
Intervention Program - is a combination of program elements or strategies designed to
produce behavior changes or improve health status among individuals or an entire
population. Interventions may include educational programs, new or stronger policies,
improvements in the environment, or a health promotion campaign. Interventions that
include multiple strategies are typically the most effective in producing desired and
lasting change. Interventions may be implemented in different settings including
communities, worksites, schools, health care organizations, faith-based organizations or
in the home. Interventions implemented in multiple settings and using multiple
strategies may be the most effective because of the potential to reach a larger number of
people in a variety of ways.

https://health.mo.gov/data/interventionmica/index_4.html#:~:text=An
%20intervention%20is%20a%20combination,or%20a%20health%20promotion
%20campaign.
Death Penalty - is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death
by the state as a punishment for a crime. The sentence ordering that someone be
punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence, whereas the act of carrying
out such a sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to
death and is awaiting execution is referred to as condemned, and is said in some
countries to be on "death row". Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital
crimes, capital offences or capital felonies, and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but
commonly include serious offences such as murder, mass murder, aggravated cases of
rape, child rape, child sexual abuse, terrorism, treason, espionage, sedition, offences
against the State (such as attempting to overthrow government), piracy, aircraft
hijacking, drug trafficking, drug dealing and drug possession, war crimes, crimes against
humanity and genocide, and in some cases, the most serious acts of recidivism,
aggravated robbery, and kidnapping.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment#:~:text=Capital%20punishment
%2C%20also%20known%20as,a%20punishment%20for%20a%20crime.
Suspension of sentence - Suspension of sentence is the suspension of imposition of
sentence after conviction or plea of guilty for determinate and reasonable period. It is
the postponement of the judgment of the court temporarily or indefinitely. In a
suspension of sentence, the conviction and the disabilities arising therefrom remains
and it become operative when judgment is rendered. The distinction between a reprieve
and a suspension of sentence is that reprieve postpones the execution of the sentence to
a day certain, whereas a suspension is for an indefinite time.
https://definitions.uslegal.com/s/suspension-of-sentence/
Executive Clemency – it refers to the commutation of sentence, conditional pardon and
absolute pardon maybe granted by the president upon recommendation of the board.

https://www.probation.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/FAQ_Parole.pdf
Conviction – is the act or process of finding a person guilty of a crime especially in a
court of law. In law, a conviction is the verdict that usually results when a court of law
finds a defendant guilty of a crime. After a defendant is convicted, the court determines
the appropriate sentence as a punishment. Furthermore, the conviction may lead to
results beyond the terms of the sentence itself.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conviction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conviction
Indeterminate sentence – it is a term of imprisonment with no definite duration within
a prescribed maximum. Eligibility for parole is determined by the parole authority. In
this respect, an indeterminate sentence differs from a definite one in that statutes
prescribing the latter usually provide for parole eligibility after a specified fraction of the
full term—in most countries, from one-half to two-thirds of the original sentence.
Indeterminate sentences were pioneered in the reformatory movement of the last
quarter of the 19th century. Release was determined by progress made under the
program of training rather than by a judicially established sentence. In current practice,
release on parole from an indeterminate sentence is initiated by the recommendation of
prison staff personnel, field parole officers, and the parole authorities. Evaluation of the
offender’s conduct in prison, the nature of his offense, his life history, his prospects in
the community, his general personality, and his attitude determine his suitability for
parole.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/indeterminate-sentence