INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & DIGITAL INNOVATION

FINAL ASSESSMENT

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Course Code & Name : CC311 Object-Oriented Methods

Semester : September - December 2020
Lecturer : Dr. Abdul Samad Bin Shibghatullah
Duration : 48 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
Answer ALL Questions (Total 100 marks)

This question paper consists of 1 page, excluding the cover page. Candidates are
required to answer all questions in the answer booklet provided. Candidates are not
allowed to bring into the examination hall textbooks, lecture notes or any unauthorized
materials except writing equipment. Electronic dictionaries are strictly prohibited.

This question paper must be submitted along with all used and/or unused rough papers and/or
graph papers (if any). Candidates are NOT allowed to take any examination materials out of
the examination hall.

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The University Examination Board of UCSI University regards cheating as a most serious
offence and will not hesitate to mete out the appropriate punitive actions according to the
severity of the offence committed, and in accordance with the clauses stipulated in the
Students’ Handbook, up to and including expulsion from UCSI University.
 Question 1
Based on the attached article you need to submit a review that consists of:

1. Introduction
The development process of the smart parking system based on the internet of things using the
object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) method. There is a rapid growth of vehicle population
inside urban environment, substructure and service have been needed to supply the requirement of
the citizen which have raise various problem such illegal parking, traffic jam, and driving safety.
So, this article is about development of the smart parking system with smart city using the internet
of things which has three subsystem, namely embedded system, Android and web-based
application.
The internet of things (IoT) is supporting smart city project and initiatives all over the world.
IoT is ana effective solution to the time and cost problem of a job that is handled by humans. The
main goal of this article is to offers new opportunities for cities to uses data to manage traffic,
make better use of infrastructure and keep citizens safe and clean. Most of the companies use IoT
for innovative Management and foe monitoring widely dispersed process where pairing device
data with a city’s physical infrastructure and service can cut costs and improve sustainability. After
the solution, communities can improve energy distribution, streamline trash collection, decrease
traffic congestion, and even improve air quality with help of smart city in IoT. The main objective
is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to citizens, a
clean and sustainable environment nad application of smart solution.

According to this journal, real time problems are being addressed that the growth of vehicle
population has a direct impact on the problem of traffic density and parking areas. Parking has
become one of the crucial things in road traffic, especially in urban areas . thae ability of real time
data by IoT can be an opportunity to provide comfort in finding a parking space in the desired
location so that by knowing thae location of parking before the consumer can do the desired
location the consumer can determine whether will visit location A or B. Real time information
parking space and eve direct booking re very possible to do with IoT, thus establishing the concept
od E parking, so it san appropriate journal for this article

This article is researched by M F Maulana, S Adhy, N Bahtiar, I Waspada the department of

informatics, Faculty Science and Mathematics and directly experience by the research. The result
are based on real life ecperience. So its empirical artical
ii. Identify the intended audience of the article, i.e. what background should
readerhave; what background material one should be familiar to
understand the article?

 AI
 Deep learning
 Computer Vision
 Natural Language processing
 Image processing
 Automobile
 Internet of things
 Cloud-architecture

iii. Is the journal appropriate (or inappropriate) for this article?

Yes, it is appropriate for article while we able to learn:

 Object oriented Design
 Object oriented programming
 Object oriented Analysia
 Image processor
 IOT and lot more

iv. Classify whether the article is Conceptual or Empirical or Review

The article is Empirical because it is based on observation or research or experience rather

than theory or pure logic.
2. Brief Summary
In this article, time period issues are being addressed that the enlargement of
automotive populations includes an instantaneous impact on the matter of traffic density and
parking areas. Parking has become one in all the crucial things in road traffic, particularly in
urban areas. The enlargement of the vehicle population is not matched by the enlargement of
parking infrastructure that raises varied issues like unlawful parking, traffic jams, and driving
safety. This drawback seems principally among the trendy cities; people come back by their
cars, resulting in a high range of cars competitor for a few unoccupied parking areas and
security for his or her lay cars. Moreover, in indoor automotive parks, most of the time is
wasted on searching for unoccupied parking place that conjointly creates traffic jam. Things
becomes worse once their square measure multiple parking slots in each parking lane. Another
issue is that the pollution caused by cars in halt, be it among the outside or indoor automotive
parks. in addition, most of the population use their own cars for traveling, which ends up in
additional congestion in cities that in turn delays the strategy the strategy AN unoccupied
automotive parking lot for the rest of the drivers. It produces many artifacts supported each
business and system together with, a listing of actors, use case lists, use case details, activity
diagrams, use case diagrams, use case surveys, and interface sketches.
A crucial issue to be thought of could be a thanks to scale back such knowledge
transmission value and therefore the thanks to save various energy likewise as offer period of
time info quickly these problems need imperative resolution. Researchers have explored the
potential use of the IoT publicly transportation services and concrete computing. many models
square measure planned to produce drivers with period of time info concerning offered
automotive parking bays close .The ability of period of time knowledge by IoT could be a
likelihood to supply comfort realize a parking zone at intervals the required location so as that
by knowing the case of the parking before the customer involves the desired location the
customer will verify whether or not can visit location A or B. period of time info parking areas
and even direct bookings square measure terribly attainable to undertake to with IoT, therefore
establishing the thought of E-Parking.
According to the investigator, the planned resolution wise|is smart} Parking that's one
altogether the foremost adopted and fastest growing sensible city Solutions across the planet.
Airports, universities, looking out centers and city garages area unit some entities that have
begun to grasp the numerous edges of automated parking technology. the pliability to attach,
analyse and automatism information gathered from devices, powered by and depicted as a
results of net of Things, is what makes wise parking gettable. wise Parking involves the
employment of low worth sensors, period information and applications that permit users to
watch offered an out of stock parking spots. The goal is to response and cut back time spent
manually looking for the most effective parking floor, spot and even heap. Some solutions will
comprehend a whole suite of services like on-line payments, parking time notifications and
even automotive looking out functionalities for terribly massive tons. A parking resolution will
greatly profit each the user and conjointly the heap owner. Over time, a wise parking resolution
will manufacture knowledge that uncovers correlations and trends of users and lots. These
trends will persuade be priceless to heap house owners on the way to create changes and
enhancements to drivers. Traffic flow will increase as fewer cars ar needed to drive around in
search of associate degree open automobile car parking zone.
The proposed solution to gather and send the info to the cloud processing center which
determines the solutions and provides these back to the automobile parks. just some studies
square measure conducted wherever the knowledge concerning accessible automobile parking
on-street parking was gathered additional effectively. It had been done by checking the road
standing if there was a traffic congestion or not and if the parking location was close to the
user. Adding on that some analysis papers projected that there is a need to develop a wise
automobile parking that indicates directly the supply of unoccupied parking areas inside the
closest automobile parks to users whereas at the identical time it makes users avoid the traffic
congestion on the users due to the chosen parking.
Smart Parking System’s code development victimization OOAD provides convenience
in the method due to the framework expressed that provides U.S.A. ease by showing every step
in developing code. good Parking System development was take a look ated by black-box
testing leading to an ideal score for forty one test cases given. By this study, we tend to hope
that good Cities' topic are one in every of the most effective solutions to varied issues in reality
that we tend to face these days.
The proof is that the ability of time period information conferred by IoT is a chance to supply
comfort find a parking lot within the desired location in order that by knowing the placement
of the parking before the patron involves the specified location the patron will confirm whether
or not he can visit location A or B. Real-time info parking areas and even direct bookings ar
terribly doable to try and do with IoT, so establishing the idea of E-Parking. Commission B of
the port town DPRD urges the town government to instantly implement E-Parking, seeing that
parking conditions within the town of port ar more and more irregular due to the parking
mafia.
3. Results

Results The Internet of Things is the internet-able nature of modern physical devices, vehicles
and buildings. IoT devices have sensors and software that enables the collection and exchange
of data via the internet. IoT application goes further than just gimmicks and consumer
products, though. Large-scale projects such as smart grids, smart home, intelligent
transportation, smart parking and smart cities are also embracing IoT. The concept of network
connectivity by IoT to link anything to the internet links the protocol generated by information
sensing devices to transmit information and communication to achieve intelligent
identification, connecting location, conversation, and administration. The IoT architecture
which is comprised of many IoT-supporting hardware layer demonstrate various linked
technologies to connection scalability, modularity and handle IoT implementations in different
scenarios. It is evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, real-time analytics,
machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems. Traditional fields of embedded
systems, wireless sensor network, control system, automation and other all contribute to
enabling the internet of things. In order to promote the development of several Smart
Interventions in the Smart City concept that emphasize responsive, reactive and proactive
resources, IoT will track, handle and control equipment in real-time. Smart Parking is one of
the Smart Projects that aims to offer a solution to the conventional parking lot issues in major
cities. One of the issues that is becoming very popular is Smart Parking, which is also
connected to the Internet of Things. The key driver behind the idea of Smart Cities is the
Internet of Things. The advantages offered are one of the reasons that make the Internet of
Things mentioned very frequently. The Smart Parking System (SPS) refers to parking
management system that combines cloud computing technology, database and mobile devices
in parking system.The Smart Parking System (SPS) is an architectural system comprised of
several application platforms and combined with embedded systems. Architecture for smart
parking is proposed employing a mobile application connected to the cloud. The system
provides parking facilities in real-time and users are able to reserve places and make payments
before arriving to the parking space. The system has a mobile application to make the space
reservation and an ultrasonic sensor placed on the ground connected via Ethernet. Adopting
advanced automation solutions and payments software and parking Guides, the parking
industry prepares to use the technology adapted from IoT. Migration to Smart Parking system,
rapid development of wireless technology, big data analytics, and the evolution of contactless
RFID communication has become essential components of Smart city. The parking
management system has evolved from traditional with using manual tricks into highly rely on
the development IT technology and sensors. This service allows users to access online services
such as mobile apps, with features such as: ease to find parking slots and backup plans. The
SPS smartphone apps are mobile apps that are integrated into the Android OS using the
Android Studio software. User actors use smartphone applications. There are parking slot
booking and unlocking parking slot features for smartphone applications. With the support of
the Django web platform, web applications in SPS are written in the Python programming
language. Online apps have APIs written as a collaboration bridge between client and server in
the PHP programming language and JavaScript. On one device that serves as a server, online
applications are installed. The embedded system based on SPS is a feature of the system that
has the primary function of locking the parking slot as an indication of booking. The automated
parking system enables to direct the car users to empty parking lot that has been identified by
the systems as available.

Figure 1: Smart Parking System Process Flow

The smart parking system (SPS) has two applications that are combined with application is
written in a different programming language, but using the same object-based programming
model, so the process of software creation and documentation can be facilitated by using the
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) approach. The stage of genesis is the stage of
discovering what the client wants. By designing it in the form of documentation focused on
client expectations and device specifications, the requirements process is the stage to convert
what the customer needs into a full and unambiguous definition. The smart parking system
relies heavily on the car park occupancy information as it is not only used in assisting the
drivers on the road, but in the management within the cark park as well. There is abundance of
sensor system that can be installed to provide this crucial piece of information. car park type
and layout, to name a few. A collection of complex criteria is broken down by the research
.The sample in figure 2 shows the use case diagram of parking lot control system. In this
sample we can see use cases represented as ovals and two actors represented as figures of
persons that employ these use cases.

Associations between actors and use cases are shown as lines. This diagram can be used for
understanding the process of working the car parking at the projection and construction the
parking by building companies and for automation the existing parking.

Fig 2: Smart Parking System Use case Diagram

Observations:
It was observed using IOT for smart parking system is the best and long-lasting solution which
is demand in todays world. Internet of Things (IOT) have improved quality of life and
strengthened different areas in civilization. Many cities are becoming smart as a result of the
ever rising number of vehicles geared by the rapid population growth in town areas. Structure
of smart parking system in architecture makes the percepts from sensor available to program,
run the program and feed the program action choices to the effector as they generated. In smart
parking system we used a camera, GPS, ultrasonic sensor that receive an information from the
real environment. Agent = Architecture + Software The Internet of Things (IOT) has changed
people’s usual behavior, giving them many convenience improvements. This effect allows for
the rapid growth of IOT solutions. Some research pointed out that the number of IOT devices
connected to the Internet is growing exponentially and by 2025 it will be nearly 77 billion.
There are several approaches to classifying smart parking elements. However, there is still
some work to be done. A different approach is proposed for classifying these components to
guide researchers in identifying key and emerging trends in sensors and software solutions and
networking using an iterative research method.

Conclusion:
In this article, we present a brief development process for the Smart Car Parking System based
on Internet of things using the Objectives and Design (OOAD) analysis method. The
development of a software program using OOAD provides the process of the process because
it is said that the framework gives us simplicity, highlighting each step to improve the
software. We hope that the theme Smart Cities is one of the best solutions to several real
problems the life we face today. The development of smart internet-based parking information
systems is one of the most sought after research challenges for sustainable urban growth. You
can help drivers get it for free parking near the place (market, office or home). At the same
time energy consumption with accurate and accurate predictions about where it can be parked.
These Research has developed an IOT-based smart parking space.

A smaller than usual data collection which could be a mini DB collected using the Maria DB
engine implemented in Raspberry Pi, retains the most database to vary if an association is
broken between the online applications and therefore the embedded system so the embedded
system can only still treat the local network. so as to check the practicality of the system if it
meets the wants previously agreed, the system that's made has been joined and completed into
one whole system so further testing is relied on. The implications of software testing are given
utilizing the blackbox testing technique. Blackbox testing is completed by one analyst with an
experiment. The interest of smart parking system is expanding essentially. This allows users to
incorporate ongoing access of the accessibility of the parking spot. The present system in
today's world doesn't contains the facilities of parking reservation and parking slot accessibility
checker. The consequence of the paper is to create the parking zone related to the planet even
as reduces time and may be cost effective for the user. IoT's definition of network connection
to connect everything with the internet connects the protocol established through information
sensing equipment to communicate information and communication to achieve intelligent
recognition, connecting position, conversation, and administration. Smart Parking System
software requirements that have been described in the requirements phase describe the external
communication between the actor and the system. At this stage, an analysis of the internal
communication of the system is based on the use case that has been made to determine what
classes are needed by the system along with the attributes and operations needed for each class.

4. Contributions

Smart Parking is one of the Smart Initiatives that attempts to give a solution for the exemplary
issues encompassing parking areas in huge urban areas. The development in the quantity of
vehicle population directly affects the issue of traffic thickness and parking territories. Parking
has gotten one of the essential things in street traffic, particularly in urban areas. Since the
reservation method, cloud-based method, CCTV based, and IoT based method are already
carried out by various other authors, smart parking system based on internet of things using
object-oriented analysis and design method is a solution to the problem arised on various
other studies. Thus this provides a new and user-friendly way to look at a problem. The
growing population or modernization has caused serious traffic and parking problems within
the urban areas. several public square measure pacing issues in oarking like high parking fee,
extrajudicial parking, no parking lot etc. within the article author provides an efficient answer
to the matter of parking within the cities. sensible Parking is one in every of the sensible
comes that aims to resolve the standard problems around huge town parking tons.

The sensible parking system is taken into account benifical for the automotive
operators, parking lot patrons additionally in th enviroment conservation. For the automotive
operators, the data gathered via the implementation of the sensible parking system cab be
expliotedto predict the long run oarking patterns. evaluation stratigies can even be
manipulated in line with the data obtained to extend company profits additionally convinient
for public This concept synthesizes the various concepts and methods used by different
authors in their respective studies and is addressing the loops of other methods too. The
authors have presented an insightful and intriguing way to synthesize the various methods.
The issue of parking has been a major issue in the traffic system of the urban settlement so
this is not a new problem but a way to solve this based on internet of things using object-
oriented analysis is aconcept that can best solve this problem in an automated way. The issue
in parking lots, parking fees, and parking rules is best solved by this method. The issues
addressed when implemented can be mitigated and the idea is a practical one.
The article’s original contribution are as followed:

- The Authors have used combination of OOAD and IoT because in this article others
authors haven’t used combination of OOAD and IoT.

- Web apps and smartphone apps have been created by the authors, consisting of two
external actors (admin and user) who communicate with ten device use cases.

- The authors have introduced the Django system to promote the comprehension of
outgoing classes, using the naming model according to the structure of Django,
namely the model view template.

- The Authors has used black box for testing in a perfect score of 41 test cases.

- Authors has used different diagrams, which will make the readers easier to understand
clearly