UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by,
J.NAVEEN
(M200195EE)

in partial fulfillment for the award

of

Master of Technology
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(INDUSTRIAL POWER AND AUTOMATION)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

Monsoon Semester 2020 - 2021

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled UNIFIED POWER

QUALITY CONDITIONER is a bonafide record of seminar presented by
J.NAVEEN during the Mansoon Semester 2020- 2021 in partial fulfillment of the
recruitment for the award of Degree of Master of Technology in Electrical
Engineering (Industrial Power and Automation) from National Institute Of
Technology, Calicut.

Dr.V. KARTHIKEYAN Dr. RIJIL RAMCHAND

Assistant Professor Professor
Faculty In-charge of Seminar Head of Department
Department of EE Department of EE

Place: Calicut
Date: 22-12-2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………... i

1.ABSTRACT 1

2.INTRODUCTION 2

3.POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS 3

4.UPQC 4

5.TYPES OF UPQC 5

6.PROPOSAL FOR UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER 6

7.DUAL UPQC 8

8.TYPES OF POWER QUALITY CONDITIONERS 11

9.CONTROL 15

10.VARIOUS BACKUP STORAGES USED IN UPQC 17

11.CONCLUSION 18

12.REFERENCES 19
 LIST OF FIGURES

1.UPQC
4
2.CONVENTIONAL UNIFIED POWER
QUALITY CONDITIONER 6

3.DUAL UNIFIED POWE QUALITY

CONDITIONER 7

4.POWER CIRCUIT OF DUAL UPQC 8

5.POWER FLOW OF DUAL UPQC 9

6.PRE-CHARGE SEQUENCE OF DUAL UPQC 10

7.SERIES ACTIVE POWER FILTER 11

8.SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER 12

9.UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER 13

10.CONTROL DIAGRAM OF SERIES ACTIVE

FILTER CONTROLLER 15

11.CONTROL DIAGRAM OF PARALLEL ACTIVE

FILTER CONTROLLER 16
 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

CHAPTER 1

ABSTRACT

This report presents a dual three-phase topology of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)
composed of two filters, a series active filter and a parallel active filter, aimed to compensate both,
the current and voltage, harmonics and unbalance. Different from conventional UPQC, the dual
UPQC has the series filter controlled as a sinusoidal current source and the parallel filter controlled
as a sinusoidal voltage source. Therefore, the PWM controls of the dual UPQC deal with a well
known frequency spectrum, since it is controlled using voltage and current sinusoidal references,
differently from the conventional UPQC which is controlled using nonsinusoidal references. In this
paper it is presented the analog control project and some experimental results of the developed
prototype.

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 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

The usage of power quality conditioner in the distribution system network has increased
during the past years due to the steady increase of nonlinear loads connected to the electrical grid.
Because it drains current with high harmonic content, the nonlinear loads distorts the voltage
sourced by the utility grid, it directly affects the behavior of other more sensitive loads to this kind
of distortion. By using power quality conditioner it is possible to guarantee sinusoidal, with low
harmonic distortion, balanced and regulated voltages to the load and at the same time to drain from
the utility grid undistorted currents, even if the grid voltage and the load current have harmonic
contents

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 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

CHAPTER 3

POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

Power quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to function in its intended
manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy.‖ Any problem which occur in voltage,
current or frequency deviation that results in failure of customer equipment is known as power quality
problem. Any problem manifested in voltage, current or frequency deviation that results in failure of
customer equipment is known as power quality problem.

The major types of power quality problems are, Voltage Sag, Voltage swell, Interruption, Voltage
unbalance, Harmonics.

Voltage Sag : RMS reduction in the AC voltage at power frequency from half of a cycle to a few
seconds’ duration. Voltage sags are usually associated with heavy loads at starting of large motors.

Voltage Swell : RMS increase in AC voltage at power frequency from half of a cycle to a
few seconds’ duration.The severity of voltage swell during a faultcondition is a function of
fault location, systemimpedance and grounding.

Interruption : Complete loss of voltage or current for a time period. Interruptions can be the
result of power system faults, equipment failures, and control malfunction.

Harmonics : Sinusoidal component of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an

integral multiple of the fundamental frequency .Harmonic distortion is Quantitative
representation of the distortion from a pure sinusoidal waveform.

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 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

CHAPTER 4

UPQC

The most complete configuration of hybrid filters is the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC),
which is also known as the universal active filter. UPQC is a multifunction power conditioner that
can be used to compensate various voltage disturbances of the power supply, to correct voltage
fluctuation, and to prevent the harmonic load current from entering the power system. It is a custom
power device designed to mitigate the disturbances that affect the performance of sensitive and/or
critical loads. UPQC has shunt and series compensation capabilities for harmonics, reactive power,
voltage disturbances, and power-flow control.

UPQC consists of two voltage-source converters with a common DC link designed in single-phase,
three-phase three-wire, or three-phase four-wire configurations. One converter is connected in series
through a transformer between the source and the critical load at the PCC and operates as a voltage-
source inverter. The other converter is connected in shunt at the PCC through a transformer and
operates as a current-source inverter. The active series converter compensates for voltage supply
disturbances, performs harmonic isolation, and damps harmonic oscillations. The active shunt
converter compensates for load current waveform distortions and reactive power, and performs the
DC link voltage regulation. UPQC is specifically designed to protect the critical load at the point of
installation connected to distorted distribution systems by correcting the shortcomings, such as
harmonic distortions at the utility–consumer PCC, voltage disturbances, voltage regulation, reactive
power flow at fundamental and harmonic frequencies, neutral and negative-sequence currents, and
harmonic isolation.

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CHAPTER 5

TYPES OF UPQC

CONVENTIONAL UPQC

A conventional UPFC is a combination of a STATCOM and SSSC, which share a DC link capacitor.
It comprises of two transformers and two power converters. Among the power converters, the series
inverter controls the power flow and improves the dynamic stability in the transient state by
controlling the voltages in the steady state. In contrast, the parallel inverter compensates the reactive
power and supplies the power required for the series inverter. However, the series transformer and
inverter are bulky and expensive because a large amount of transmission-line current flows through
them. Therefore, the use of conventional UPFCs has been limited.

DUAL UPQC

The Dual UPQC (iUPQC) is combination of two active filters, a series active filter and a shunt active
filter (parallel active filter), used to terminate harmonics and unbalances. Divergent from a
conventional UPQC, the iUPQC has the series filter managed as a sinusoidal current source and the
shunt filter constrained as a sinusoidal voltage source. Thus, the pulse width modulation controls of
the iUPQC deal with a well-known frequency spectrum, since it is supervised employing voltage and
current sinusoidal references, divergent from the conventional UPQC that is Controlled employing
non sinusoidal references

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CHAPTER 6

PROPOSAL FOR A UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER S

The conventional UPQC structure is composed by a series active filter and by a

parallel active filter, as shown in Fig. In this configuration the series active filter is
voltage controlled in order to compensate the grid distortion, allowing the load
voltage to be consisted only by the fundamental content. This way, the voltage
compensated by the series active filter is composed by a fundamental content in
order to compensate the sags/swells and the voltage unbalance, and by the
harmonics, the same harmonics which are intended to compensate from the grid
voltage, 180o phase shifted

. Conventional Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC).

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The parallel filter is current controlled and it is responsible for draining the load current
complementary harmonic contents, allowing a sinusoidal grid current. The parallel filter may still
drain a fundamental content in order to compensate the load displacement power factor. The
series filter connection to the utility grid is made through a transformer, while the parallel filter is
most of the time connected directly to the load connection, in low voltage grid applications.

The disadvantages of this unified power quality conditioner are the following:
-Complex voltage and current control reference generation;
-Voltage and current references with harmonic contents;
-The leakage impedance of the connection transformer interferes in the voltage compensation
generated by the series filter.

In order to find a solution to these disadvantages,the dual UPQC is used and shown in below Fig.
It is possible to see that the structures that form this unified power quality conditioner are similar
to the conventional UPQC, diverging only from the way the series and parallel filters are
controlled.

Dual Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC).

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 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

CHAPTER 7

DUAL UPQC

In this dual topology the series active filter is current controlled behaving as a current source which
imposes a sinusoidal input current synchronized with the grid voltage. The parallel active filter
behaves as a voltage source since it is voltage controlled, imposing sinusoidal load voltage
synchronized with the grid voltage. In this way, the UPQC control uses sinusoidal references for
both active filters.
This is a major point to observe against the classic topology since the only request of reference
generation is that it must be synchronized with the grid voltage. The series active filter acts as a
high impedance for the current harmonics. This filter indirectly compensates the load voltage since
the connection transformer voltage equals the difference between the grid voltage and load voltage.
Therefore, all unbalance, sags/swells and harmonic voltages are on the connection transformer. The
voltage controlled parallel filter indirectly compensates the grid current, providing low impedance
for harmonic load current.
The guarantee of the power factor compensation of the structure is due to the imposed sinusoidal
current synchronized with the grid voltage, allowing the parallel filter to supply the reactive power
to the load, regulating the load voltage as well. The active filters that form the structure of the dual
UPQC consist by four wire three-phase inverters and it has a center tapped DC link shared by the
two inverters, as shown in below Fig.. Both inverters have high frequency filters on the output,
although only the series filter uses connection transformers.

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POWER FLOW OF DUAL UPQC

The active power flow of the dual unified power quality conditioner is shown in below Fig A. The
supply voltage Vs has a lower amplitude than the load voltage vL. In this case, the series active
filter supplies active power to the load while the parallel active filter consumes active power. In Fig
B the supply voltage Vs has a higher amplitude than the load voltage vL. In this case, the series
active filter consumes active power while the parallel active filter supplies active power to the load.
The power drained from the electrical grid equals the sum of the load power and the dual UPQC
power losses.

PRE-CHARGE SEQUENCE OF DUAL UPQC

The pre-charge of the dual UPQC must happen without changing the load voltage
The pre-charge circuit has three contactors, Ks, Kp1 and Kp2, and one In-Rush resistor, Rpc, to
limit the initial current. The switches sw1 and sw2 are used symbolically to show the switching
turning on time.

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The Kp1 and Kp2 contactors are initially opened, while the Ks contactor is initially closed and the switching
of both active filters is initially disable. The pre-charge sequence starts when the contactor Kp1 closes,
providing the charge of DC link capacitors through diodes present in the parallel active filter structure.
After 340ms, the switching of the series active filter is enabled, raising the DC link voltage and, after 1s, the
Ks contactor is opened. After 10ms the switching of the parallel active filter is enabled, regulating the load
voltage. After 100ms the Kp2 is closed, finishing the precharge sequence

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 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

CHAPTER 8

TYPES OF POWER QUALITY CONDITIONERS

ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

A) SERIES ACTIVE POWER FILTER
The Series Active Power Filter is the dual of the Shunt Active Power Filter, and is able to
compensate for voltage harmonics, voltage sags, voltage swells and flicker, making the
voltages applied to the load almost sinusoidal (compensating for voltage harmonics)The three-
phase Series Active Filter can also balance the load voltages.Below figure shows the electrical
scheme of a Series Active Power Filter for a three-phase power system

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 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

The Series Active Power Filter consists of a voltage-source inverter (behaving as a controlled
voltage-source) and requires 3 single-phase transformers to interface with the power system.
However, some authors have presented research results of Series Active Power Filter
topologies without the use of line transformers [21,22]. From the measured values of the phase
voltages at the source side (vsa,vsb,vsc) and of the load currents (ia,ib,ic), the controller
calculates the reference compensation voltages (vca*,vcb*,vcc*), used by the inverter to
produce the compensation voltages (vca,vcb,vcc). The Series Active Power Filter does not
compensate for load current harmonics but it acts as high-impedance to the current harmonics
coming from the electrical power grid side. Therefore, it guarantees that passive filters
eventually placed at the load side will work appropriately and not drain harmonic currents from
the rest of the power system.

B) SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER

The Shunt Active Power Filter is a device which is able to compensate for both current
harmonics and power factor. Furthermore, in three-phase four wire systems it allows to balance
the currents in the three phases, and to eliminate the current in the neutral wire.Below figure
presents the electrical scheme of a Shunt Active Power Filter for a three-phase power system
with neutral wire.

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The power stage is, basically, a voltage-source inverter with a capacitor in the DC side (the Shunt
Active Filter does not require any internal power supply), controlled in a way that it acts like a
current-source. From the measured values of the phase voltages (va,vb,vc) and load currents
(ia,ib,ic), the controller calculates the reference currents (ica*,icb*,icc*,icn*) used by the inverter to
produce the compensation currents (ica,icb,icc,icn). This solution requires 6 current sensors: 3 to
measure the load currents (ia,ib,ic) for the control system and 3 for the closed-loop current control
of the inverter (in both cases the fourth current, the neutral wire currents, inand icn, are calculated
by adding the three measured currents of phases a, b, c).

It also requires 4 voltage sensors: 3 to measure the phase voltages ( va,vb,vc) and another for the
closed-loop control of the DC link voltage (Vdc). For three-phase balanced loads (three-phase
motors, three-phase adjustable speed drives, three-phase controlled or non-controlled rectifiers,
etc) there is no need to compensate for the current in neutral wire, so the forth wire of the inverter
is not required, simplifying the Shunt Active Power Filter hardware.

Since they compensate the power quality problems upstream to its coupling point they should be
installed as near as possible of the non-liner loads, avoiding the circulation of current harmonics,
reactive currents and neutral wire currents through the facility power lines. Therefore it is
advantageous to use various small units, spread along the electrical installation, instead of using a
single high power Shunt Active Power Filter at the input of the industry, at the PCC (Point of
Common Coupling – where the electrical installation of the industry is connected to the electrical
power distribution system).

C) UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) combines the Shunt Active Power Filter with the
Series Active Power Filter, sharing the same DC Link, in order to compensate both voltages and
currents, so that the load voltages become sinusoidal and at nominal value, and the source currents
become sinusoidal and in phase with the source voltages [23,24]. In the case of three-phase
systems, a three-phase UPQC can also balance the load voltages and the source currents, and
eliminate the source neutral current

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From the measured values of the source phase voltages ( vsa,vsb,vsc) and load currents (ia,ib,ic),
the controller calculates the reference compensation currents ( ica*,icb*,icc*,icn*) used by the
inverter of the shunt converter to produce the compensation currents (ica,icb,icc,icn). Using the
measured values of the source phase voltages, and source currents ( isa,isb,isc), the controller
calculates the reference compensation voltages (vca*,vcb*,vcc*) used by the inverter of the series
converter to produce the compensation voltages (vca,vcb,vcc).

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CHAPTER 9
CONTROL

The dual UPQC control structure consists in the association of the parallel and series active filter
control. The series active filter consists in a current control loop in order to guarantee a sinusoidal
grid current and synchronized with the grid voltage. The parallel filter has a voltage control loop in
order to allow a balanced, regulated, synchronized, with low harmonic distortion voltage to the
load. These control loops are independent one from the other since they act independently in each
active filter. The DC link voltage control is made by the current controlled active filter because of
the cascade control characteristics, where the voltage loop gives the reference to the current loop,
which works with higher frequencies. This way, the series active filter control strategy uses an
input current and a DC link voltage feedback, while the parallel active filter control uses the load
voltage feedback. The control sinusoidal references are generated by a digital signal processor,
DSP, which guarantees the grid voltage synchronism through the PLL circuit

Series Active Filter Control

The series active filter controller consist of three identical current feedback loops, one for each
phase, in order to control the input current, one voltage feedback loop to control the DC link
voltage and another one unbalanced voltage feedback loop to keep the voltage on the DC link
capacitors balanced.

Control block diagram of the series active filter controller.

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The voltage control loop has a low response and determines the reference signal amplitude of
current controller. In this way the higher the load power the higher will be the DC Link
consumption resulting in higher input current amplitudes. The unbalanced-voltage control loop, is
a DC level loop, acts on the average reference value of the current controller, in order to keep the
DC link voltage balanced. The current control consists of three identical current loops, except for
the 120 degrees phase shit from each other. The current loops have a fast response, allowing the
decoupling of this with the voltage loop. The Fig. 4 shows the control block diagram of the series
active filter controller. The current, voltage and unbalance-voltage control chosen were PI controls
with an additional pole, whose cutoff frequencies are 5kHz, 4Hz and 0.5Hz, respectively. All
controls have phase margin between 30º e 90º. In order to obtain a better phase margin and bigger
high frequency attenuation, this kind of controller was used duo to the models characteristics
which have a pole in the origin.

. Parallel Active Filter Control

The parallel active filter controller is composed by three identical voltage feedback loops, one for
each phase, acting on the error signal generated by comparing the load voltage signal and a
sinusoidal reference.

Control block diagram of the parallel active filter controller

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 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER

CHAPTER 10

Various Backup Storage Devices Used in UPQC

DC storage capacitors :
1)Store energy in their capacitance.
2)Useful for short ride through times.
3)Require DC/DC converter between the constant voltage bus and the capacitance.
4)Cost increases with the increase in ride through time.

Batteries :
1)Most common method of storing energy.
2)Do not require DC/DC converter as they are directly connected to VSC.
3)Capacitor can compete with batteries but only for short ride through times.
4)Utilize environmentally unfriendly materials.
5)Have limited life time.
6)Require regular maintenance.
7)Some new types of batteries do not have above mentioned limitations but have higher cost.

Super Capacitors :
1)Energy densities comparable to batteries.
2)Improve equipment voltage tolerance.
3)Have much longer lifetime than batteries.
4)Require much less maintenance than batteries.
5)Discharge time is not less than 1 minute.
6)Faster than batteries but much slower than capacitors.
7)Only available for voltages of a few volts.

Flywheels :
1)Store energy in fast-spinning flywheels.
2)Stored energy cannot be extracted fully.
3)Require an additional DC/DC converter.

Superconducting coils :
1)Energy is stored in superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) coils.
2)Most cost attractive solution for high power short time ride through applications.
3)Fast extraction of energy as compared to batteries.
4)Have reduced size and lower maintenance cost as compared to batteries.
5)Can be quickly and easily installed with short lead times.
6)Have modular design to meet future load growth and are portable.
7)Require an additional DC/DC converter between SMES and constant voltage bus

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CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION
From these advantage of the dual UPQC against the conventional structure
with the utilization of sinusoidal references for both series and parallel active filter controls,
the power output obtained at the load end is pure sinusoidal and High quality. The dual
UPQC references do not have harmonic contents, the only requirement is the synchronism
with the grid voltage. Another positive aspect of the dual UPQC in low voltage applications
The results are validate and accurate with the dual UPQC structure and its

control techniques, proving that the power quality can be meaningfully better with a simple
control method .

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REFERENCES

§ F. Kamran, T.G. Habetler, "Combined Deadbeat Control of a Series-Parallel Converter

Combination Used as a Universal Power Filter", IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 160-168, Jan 1998.
§ H. Fujita and H. Akagi, "The Unified Power Quality Conditioner: The Integration of
Series and Shunt Active Filters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 13, no. 2,
pp. 315-322, Mar 1998.
§ M. Aredes, K. Heumann, E. H. Watanabe, "An Universal Active Power Line
Conditioner", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 545-551 Apr
1998.
§ R. Li, A.T. Johns, M.M. Elkateb, "Control concept of Unified Power Line Conditioner",
IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 4, pp. 2594- 2599, Aug 2000.
§ D. Graovac, V.A. Katíc, A. Rufer, "Power Quality Problems Compensation With
Universal Power Quality Conditioning System", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 968-976, Apr 2007.

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