Question # 1

Given
 Load=6kN
 Area = (0.15) (0.15)

Find
 Normal stress=?
 Shear stress=?

Diagram

Free body diagram

Solution
Using equation of equilibrium;
Along X-axis,

∑ F x=0
V a−a −6 cos(60° ¿=0

V a−a =3 kN

Along y-axis,

∑ F y =0
N a−a −6 sin (60° ¿=0

N a−a =5.196 kN

Here the cross-sectional area is

A= (length of a-a) (length of a side)
A= (0.15/cos 30) (0.15)

A=0.02598m2
Normal stress,
N a−a
σ a−a=
A
5.196 kN
σ a−a=
0.02598 m2
σ a−a=200kPa

Shear stress,
V a−a
τ a−a=
A
3 kN
τ a−a=
0.02598 m2
τ a−a=115 kPa

Question # 2
Given
 Diameter of bolt =0.008m
 external diameter of sleeve=0.02m
  internal diameter of sleeve=0.012m
 Tension=8kN
 Eal=70GPa
 Emg =45GPa

Find
 Strain in bolt=?
 Strain in sleeve=?

Diagram

Solution
Normal stress
P 8 kN
σ b= =
Ab π
(0.008)2
4
σ b=159.15 MPa

P 8 kN
σ s= =
As π
[(0.02)2−( 0.012 )2 ]
4
σ s=39.79 MPa

Normal strain,
 σ b 159.15 MPa
ϵ b= =
Eb 70 GPa
ϵ b=0.00227

σ s 39.79 MPa
ϵ s= =
s 45GPa
ϵ b=0.000884

Question # 3
We have to prove that

e -e/ =e e/
Given
n
∆ s¿ −∆ s
e ¿ = lim ¿
∆ s →0
( ∆ s¿ )
Solution
n
∆ s ¿−∆ s
e= lim ¿
∆ s →0
( ∆s )
L.H.S =e-e/
∆ s ¿ −∆ s ∆ s¿ −∆ s
= −
∆s ∆ s¿

∆ s ¿2−∆ s ∆ s ¿ −∆ s¿ ∆ s+ ∆ s 2
¿
∆ s ∆ s¿

∆ s ¿2 + ∆ s 2−2 ∆ s ∆ s ¿
¿
∆ s ∆ s¿

(∆ s¿ −∆ s)2
¿
∆ s ∆ s¿
(∆ s¿ +∆ s)−(∆ s¿ −∆ s)
¿ ¿
∆s∆s
(∆ s¿ +∆ s) (∆ s ¿−∆ s)
¿
∆s ∆s
¿

=e e/= R.H.S
Question # 4
Diagram

Solution
It is necessary to determine that why the screw was loaded at the b-b site rather than
the a-a site. If the force P act on the element, the diagram of the silent force looks as in
the picture C.

Determination of shear force for b-b:

V b−b
τ b−b=
A
2P
τ b−b=
A
For a-a:
V a−a
τ a−a=
A
P
τ a−a=
A
So;
τ b−b >τ a−a
The reason why the screw has been loosened at the b-b site rather in the a-a is that the
shear is greater at the cross section of b-b and at that point their will be a loss of
carrying power.
Thus, the solution is;
τ b−b >τ a−a

Question # 5
Given
 Load=1000lb
Find
 Va=?
 Vb=?
 Vc=?

Solution
Assume the angle to be 45.
Along x-axis:
Sum of all forces =0
FABsinα=FACsinα
FAB=FAC=F
Along y-axis:
FABcosα+FACcosα=1000
Fcos(45)+Fcos(45)=1000
2Fcos(45)=1000
F=707.1lb
We have to calculate shear force on points A, B, C.

707.12 +707.12
Va = √ =500lb
2
707.1
V b= =353.55 lb
2
707.1
V c= =353.55lb
2
Diagram

Question # 6
Given
 Total spokes=192
 Total capsules=48
 Total boarding capacity=1400
 Mass of spindle and hub=1800tons
 Height of the supporting legs=126m
  Total amount of steel used=9000tons
 Height of trhe ferris wheel=210m
 Length of each spoke is greater than the professional football pitch
 Double shear force is acting on the spindle

Find
 Length of a spoke=Ls=?
 Average load of each capsule=?
 Shear stress = ?

We assume that all the components are prismatic,cohesive and

homogenous
Diagram

Solution
Spindle
 Outer diameter=6.25m
 Thickness=0.1m
 Inner diamerter=6.25-0.1=6.15m

Supporting towers
  Density of steel=7800kg/m3
 Angle between the two legs=30
 Inner diameter=6.15m
 Outer diameter=6.25m

π [(6.25)2−(6.15)2]
volume= ×(126)
4
Volume=122.711m3
We have to find mass,
Mass =density * volume
Mass=m=(7800)(122.711)
Mass=m=9.571 ×105 kg
In tons,
Mass=m=1055 tons
Total mass of 4 towers,
Mass=4m
Mass=(4)(1055)
Mass=4220tons

Spokes
 Mass of 1 spoke=5tons
 Mass of 192 spokes=(5)(192)
=960tons

Pods
Mass of an indivual=65kg
Total mass=(1400)(65)
=91000kg
In tons,
=100.31tons
We have to calculate tge net mass
Net mass=9000-1800-4220-960+100.31
Net mass=3120.31
 F=W=mg
F=(3120.31)(907.185)(9.81)
F=1.887×10 7
As the double shear force is acting , so we take
V=2.741×10 7/2

V=0.943×10 7
We have to calculate the shear stress
V
τ=
A

0.934 ×107 N
τ=
π [ ( 6.25 )2−( 6.15 )2 ] 2
m
4
τ =9.69 MPa

Diagram
From the above diagram
Length=210-20-126cos(15)
=68.3m