BIO120 Test 2 Flashcards

12/14/2020 BIO120 test 2 Flashcards | Chegg.
com
Prep
symbiosis lead to ...
the rise of eukaryotes
symbiosis
state of living together in close association
mutualism
outcome of interaction between species (positive mutual bene t through

relationship)
what is a devil's garden?
low diversity area of trees in a forest that is incredibly diverse everywhere else in the
forest
the trees that grow in devil's gardens
structures to house plants in symbiosis

every branch has a demation where ants nest
the ants inject formic acid into plants that are not its host species that try to grow
there
mutual symbiosis between tree and ants
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12/14/2020 BIO120 test 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com
Prep
what is the name of the tree that grows in the devil's gardens in the Amazon
Duroia hirsuta
legumes take over the globe by...
networking with bacteria
how do legumes get energy?
they are part of the pea family and they have nitrogen xing bacteria that they
house in structures on the roots that take atmospheric nitrogens and convert it into
energy for the legumes (plant gives sugars to bacteria in return)
the relationship between legumes and nitrogen xing bacteria
mutual symbiosis
explain
graph show the correlation between diversity of rhizobia that the legume interacts
with and the number of ranges that the introduced legume has been successful - as
t a d t e u be o a ges t at t e t oduced legu e as bee success ul as
the number of bacteria that the legume associates with increases, so doe the
Prep
number of ranges that the legume is successful in when introduced
what are the three common model organisms
- lab mice - fruit y - Arabidopsis
how many eukaryote species are there?
8.7 million
what percentage of species are still unknown
85% +
is biodiversity equally distributed across the tree of life?
no, bacteria are the most diverse
god must have "..." if creation is true. Who said this?
"an inordinate fondness for beetles" - J.B.S. Haldane
biodiversity and adaptation are products of...

Prep
evolution and ecology
population
all the individuals of the same species in one place at one time
ecological community
all the species living together in one place at one time
ecosystem
all the species plus the non-living environment
some species live almost everywhere, they are called... (an example of this)
habitat generalists (mountain lion)
what is a species that lives almost nowhere?
american pika
Prep
how do we know where species live?
we survey or collect them - natural history museums - surveys by ecologists - citizen

scientists (amateurs say where they observed a species and the scientists look at
data)
what is eBird?
the largest biodiversity-related citizen science project in the world
lters for where species live
Dispersal (if the species can't get there then they can't live there)
Abiotic Conditions
- Climate - Nutrients 3. Species interactions - Competition -
Predation - Mutualism (like legume missing rizohba)
what limits a species' range?
dispersal
climactic or other inexhaustible resources (temperature, salinity)
food or other exhaustible resources (nutrients, space)
species interactions (competition, predation, mutualism)
the place where a species can live or not is a...
gradient bc the things that determine it exist in a gradient

Prep
what is the death zone on Mt. Everest?
where the O2 concentration in 1/3 that of sea level and you die
who is lonesome george?
the last surviving pinto island tortoise in Galapagos
what is the idea of Malthus' essay
the growth of the population cannot exceed the growth of the resources available to
sustain the population
what is the importance of spatial scale? -- an example?
- species can be abundant or rare at different spatial scales - a locally abundant

species may be globally rare (pumas are rare in their individual location but they are
abundant in their distribution)
importance of temporal scale: over 100 years...
- Ecological succession: how a community changes following disturbances -

extensive recent shifts in population sizes and ranges due to human activities
Prep
importance of temporal scale: within one or a few years...
- seasonal changes in abundance or range (ex: migration) - population growth or

decline
the sixth extinction
- ongoing mass extinction, mainly as a result of human activities - 32% of known

vertebrates species (8,851 out of 27,600 species) are decreasing in population size or
range - among 177 well-studies mammal species, all are declining, and more than
40% have lost over 80% of their original range
who came up with endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria
Lynn Margulis
who said "life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking"?
Lynn Margulis
the ecological niche
- the combination of physiological tolerances and resource requirements of a species

- more casually, a species' place in the world (what climate it prefers, what it eats,...)
what is this an example of?

Prep
a hutchinsonian niche
what is a hutchinsonian niche?
an n-dimensional hypervolume in which each axis is an ecological factor important

to the species bring considered
what do the different ellipses mean in a hutchinsonian niche?
they show the gradients where the animal can exists and the smaller, darker ones
represent more favorable condiations
global gradients: temperature is mostly a function of...
latitude
global gradients: higher latitudes are colder; seasonality is a function of...
temperature (summer/winter)
global gradients: lower latitudes are warmer; seasonality is a function of...

Prep
rainfall (dry season/wet season)
rainfall mostly depends on...
atmospheric circulation, offshore ocean currents, rain shadows
what determines biomes?
- latitude - temperature - rainfall - atmospheric circulation
at higher latitudes, light strikes the earth's surface at what angle and what does this
mean?
strikes at a lower angle so it is spread over more area
at the equator, light strikes the earth's surface at what angle and what does this
mean?
higher angel so it shines directly down on the earth in a small area
what gives us seasons?
the earth's tilt (tilted away gives us winter and tilted towards gives us summer)
Prep
what do hadley cells do?
make equatorial regions rainy
heated air rises and it cools 5-10 degrees celcius as it rises (called the lass rate)
As air cools, water vapour condenses and falls as rain near the equator (this is why
equatorial regions are so rainy)
air warms again as it falls

Prep
dry, high-pressure areas at +/- 30 degrees latitude
polar cell
ferrell cell
Prep
30 deg north
hadley cell
what is the intertropical convergence line?
low pressure region with hot muggy climate and lots of thunderstorms (shows as a
line of rain clouds)
intertropical convergence zone shifts..., producing...
seasonally... rainy and dry seasons in some parts of the tropics
little seasonality, continuously rainy (no pronounced dry season)
Prep
2
strong monsoonal seasonality (extreme wet and dry conditions)
what pushes the ITZ around in Asian landmass?
strong summer-winter heat cycle
coriolis effect
the earth's rotation de ects winds
objects (including hurricanes) appear to be de ected... as they move away from the
equator and de ected ... as they move towards the equator
coupled cells + Coriolis effect =
prevailing wind patterns (trading winds -- called this bc they determined the major
sailing routes that boats could travel)
Prep
why called horse latitudes?
very little winds, worry about getting stuck and sailors would throw horses
overboard when they get short on food and water
doldrums
calm winds, can get stuck if sailing
westerlies
called the roaring 40s - some of the windiest places in the world
polar easterlies
westerlies (roaring 40s)

Prep
horse latitudes
northeast trade winds
Southeast trade winds
Prep
doldrums
what is the wing span of the Wandering Albatross?
3.5 m
what is special about the Wandering Albatross' soaring ability?
dynamic soarer, can remain in air without apping wings for hourse
how long and far to Wandering Albatross' forage?
foraging trips average 10 days, up to 3,600 km
where do Wandering Albatross mostly nest and what do they forage?
nest on oceanic islands and forages for sea crustaceans and sh
is the wandering Albatross a global circumnavigator?
yes! can y around the world
Prep
how does the Wandering Albatross y (what pattern)?
ys N in anticlockwise loops and S in clockwise loops (takes advantage of prevailing

winds)
what area is the Wandering Albatross adapted to?
roaring 40s
how much more energy do Wandering Albatross spend when ying in comparison
to sitting?
only a little (very good at taking advantage of winds that it doesnt use much energy)
vegetation growth increase with...
moisture and temperature
regions with certain combinations of moisture and temperature develop... = ...
predictable characteristic types of vegetation = biomes
12 - what is this diagram called?
Prep
wittaker's diagram
highest
lowest
tropical rainforest
4 Prep
temperate rainforest
tropical seasonal forest
temperate forest
boreal forest (Taiga)

Prep
savanna/Torn forest/Scrub
woodland, grassland, shrubland (mediterranean)
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12/14/2020 BIO120 test 2 Flashcards | Chegg.

symbiosis lead to ...

the rise of eukaryotes

state of living together in close association

outcome of interaction between species (positive mutual bene t through

what is a devil's garden?

the trees that grow in devil's gardens

structures to house plants in symbiosis

legumes take over the globe by...

networking with bacteria

how do legumes get energy?

the relationship between legumes and nitrogen xing bacteria

what are the three common model organisms

- lab mice - fruit y - Arabidopsis

how many eukaryote species are there?

what percentage of species are still unknown

is biodiversity equally distributed across the tree of life?

no, bacteria are the most diverse

god must have "..." if creation is true. Who said this?

"an inordinate fondness for beetles" - J.B.S. Haldane

biodiversity and adaptation are products of...

evolution and ecology

all the species living together in one place at one time

all the species plus the non-living environment

habitat generalists (mountain lion)

what is a species that lives almost nowhere?

we survey or collect them - natural history museums - surveys by ecologists - citizen

the largest biodiversity-related citizen science project in the world

lters for where species live

what limits a species' range?

the place where a species can live or not is a...

gradient bc the things that determine it exist in a gradient

what is the death zone on Mt. Everest?

who is lonesome george?

the last surviving pinto island tortoise in Galapagos

what is the idea of Malthus' essay

what is the importance of spatial scale? -- an example?

- species can be abundant or rare at diﬀerent spatial scales - a locally abundant

importance of temporal scale: over 100 years...

- Ecological succession: how a community changes following disturbances -

- seasonal changes in abundance or range (ex: migration) - population growth or

the sixth extinction

- ongoing mass extinction, mainly as a result of human activities - 32% of known

who came up with endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria

the ecological niche

- the combination of physiological tolerances and resource requirements of a species

what is this an example of?

what is a hutchinsonian niche?

an n-dimensional hypervolume in which each axis is an ecological factor important

what do the diﬀerent ellipses mean in a hutchinsonian niche?

global gradients: temperature is mostly a function of...

global gradients: higher latitudes are colder; seasonality is a function of...

global gradients: lower latitudes are warmer; seasonality is a function of...

rainfall (dry season/wet season)

rainfall mostly depends on...

atmospheric circulation, oﬀshore ocean currents, rain shadows

what determines biomes?

- latitude - temperature - rainfall - atmospheric circulation

strikes at a lower angle so it is spread over more area

higher angel so it shines directly down on the earth in a small area

what gives us seasons?

what do hadley cells do?

make equatorial regions rainy