Usage of Smart Polymer Coatings in the Textile Applications

Summiya Iftikhar*, Noor Nasir, Kanza Amir, Saba Ejaz

Summiya Iftikhar, summiyaiftikhar1@gmail.com
Department of Polymer and Process Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Abstract
In past few decades, revolutionary advancements in clothing and textile industry have occurred
in an unprecedented rate. Smart materials and structures brought tremendous advances in the
field of smart textile. They are divided into passive smart, active smart and very active materials
and are the materials that sense and react to stimuli and surrounding environment sources like
from, electrical, magnetic and thermal source etc. The current demand in the textile industry is
of the materials with high functionality and high material smartness. For high performance of
garments, shape memory polymers are used in film, foam and fibre form. One aspect of smart
clothing is that the clothing should be compatible with the skin temperature (30.4 - 36.4℃) and
any sort of environment either hot or cold. Since last 30 years new research is done to
manufacture and get suitable and desired properties for thermo-regulated and heat storage
clothing. This includes various Phase Change Materials also known as latent heat storage
materials. Ultraviolet, near IR, far IR rays absorbing clothing have been manufactured that
provides heating or cooling effects. Smart Nano-textile is also developed having some special
features like self-cleaning and it also has the ability to sense and to actuate. Different conductive
polymers, composites of CNTs and polymers are coated on fiber in textile field to improve the
mechanical and thermal properties and methodologies used for the coating purpose in which
most prominent are continuous wet spin coating, continuous knife over role coater, vapor and
spray methods of polymerization. Several methods are or characterization techniques were used
to test the coating adhesion and resistivity and other functionalities. This new class of textile
which is coated with conductive polymer brought tremendous changes in the field of ordinary
clothing and textile.

Keywords: conductive polymers, Smart polymers, textile, composite of CNTs and polymer, high
material smartness

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Outline
Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1. Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------4
2. Overview of smart textile----------------------------------------------------------5
2.1 History--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.2 Classification of smart textile----------------------------------------------------------------5
2.2.1. Passive smart textile---------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.2.2. Active smart textile----------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.2.3. Ultra-smart textile------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2.3 Working of smart textile----------------------------------------------------------------------5
3. Conductive polymers---------------------------------------------------------------6
3.1 Inherently conductive polymers-------------------------------------------------------------6
3.2 Commercially conductive polymers--------------------------------------------------------7
3.2.1. Polyaniline (PANI) ---------------------------------------------------------------------7
3.2.2. Poly-pyrrole-------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
3.2.3. poly-Thiophene---------------------------------------------------------------------------8
4. Polymer composites-----------------------------------------------------------------8
4.1 Applications of polymer composites--------------------------------------------------------8
4.1.1. Carbon black and polyaniline composite----------------------------------------------8
4.1.2. CNT and thermoplastic polyurethane conductive polymer composite------------8
4.1.3. Macro structured carbon black and polymer composite----------------------------9
4.1.4. Thiophene based intrinsically conductive polymer composites-------------------9
5. Coatings of conductive polymer--------------------------------------------------9
5.1 Polymer based conductive coatings------------------------------------------------------10
5.1.1. Poly-pyrrole----------------------------------------------------------------------------10
5.1.2. polyethylene-dioxythiophene--------------------------------------------------------11
5.2 Coating methods-----------------------------------------------------------------------------11
5.2.1. Vapor deposition polymerization----------------------------------------------------11
5.2.2. Direct coating--------------------------------------------------------------------------11
5.2.3. Transfer coating-----------------------------------------------------------------------12
5.2.4. Screen printing------------------------------------------------------------------------12
5.2.5. Knife-over-roll------------------------------------------------------------------------12
6. Applications of smart textiles---------------------------------------------------12
6.1 Health-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
6.2 Military/defense-----------------------------------------------------------------------------13
6.3 Fashion/entertainment---------------------------------------------------------------------13
6.4 Sports------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
7. Characterization-----------------------------------------------------------------14
8. Future direction------------------------------------------------------------------15
9. Problems---------------------------------------------------------------------------15

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10.Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------------15
11.References-------------------------------------------------------------------------16

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 1. Introduction
Smart polymers are those which can be used in various smart applications because of their
stimulus responsive behavior. They go through changes when come in contact with any sort of
change in the environment. They are also called intelligent polymers and environmental effective
polymers1.Now a days smart polymers are one of the most researched topics because of their
wide applications in different fields. In military, sports, textile and medical fields smart polymers
are widely used2. The application of smart materials are extended from heat generating and
storage clothing, optical fiber sensors in fabrics to monitor the buildings and bridges, in space
programme, the biggest development is the manufacturing of wearable motherboards capable of
detecting any health issue and injury and also transmitting this information to the hospital3.
Wool, hemp, cotton, polyamide, polyester and polyacrylic fibre are the conventional heat
insulation materials and they provide a level of protection from body warm misfortune which is
controlled by the number of air takes (holes) present in the texture. In the late 1980s a textile
capable of absorbing near infrared ray from sun rays and converting it into heat has been
manufactured and also far infrared absorbing textile was also manufactured in this same era. In
the beginning of 1990s cool fabric with a cool feeling and ultraviolet absorbing fabric was
developed, they absorb ultraviolet rays from the sunlight and reflect back the near IR rays and in
turn reduce the temperature of the fabric. The most frequently used material in production of
thermo-regulated and heat storage fabric is Phase Change Materials (PCM) or Latent Heat
Storage Materials that with slight temperature change absorbs or releases the heat. The example
of PCM materials to be used in smart textile are hydrated inorganic salts, polyhydric alcohol,
PEG and PTMG, PET-PEG block copolymer, linear chain hydrocarbon and alcohol and ethers
etc3.
The main focus of our research is smart textile, they are called smart textiles because they
enhances the functionality and usage of simple fabric, different polymer based sensors are added
to the textile to increase their application area, for the insertion of these Nano-techs in daily
outfits it is necessary that they should be wearable, flexible and cost effective4.
Conductive polymers are one of the smart polymers which are coated on fiber in textile field to
improve the mechanical and thermal properties. Different polymers are used as conductive
polymer like polyaniline (PANI), poly-thiophene, poly-pyrrol (PPy) these are also called
inherently conductive polymers and some composites of polymer and CNTs are also being used
for the coating purpose but in the first 2 some binders are also needed to be added for good
adhesion5, 6.
A large number of present models of fibers which are used are very tiresome, ungainly and they
also wear. The use of these models is not appropriate for practical applications. For more easy to
use and understanding new type of material, structure and textures are needed to be developed2.
Smart Nano-textile is also developed for wide applications it has some special features like it is
self-cleaning and it also has the ability to sense and to actuate. This is because of the new
technologies like use of conductive polymers, CNTs and antimicrobial coatings in the textile
field. Different methodologies can be used for the coating purpose in which most prominent are

4
continuous wet spin coating, continuous knife over role coater, vapor and spray methods of
polymerization can also be used for the fabric or textile coating while coating the thickness of the
coating is very important if it is below the certain limit it will cause changes in the conductivity
or resistivity 7. The conductivity and resistivity can be measured by using A.m meter and for
characterization SEM (scanning electron microscopy) can be used. And adhesion can also be
checked by using some characterization techniques2.

2. Overview of smart textile:

2.1. History :
Smart textiles are made by the use of conductive materials for more than 1000 years. In start
people used to wrap the naturally present fiber with conductive materials and this practice
was common for centuries8.
When 19th century was about to end people started working on combining the electricity
with textiles. Harry wainwright was an inventor. He created a sweatshirt in 1985 which was
fully animated. The sweatshirt was made up of fiber optics and the LED’s which were
controlled by a micro-processor. He also invented a machine which make fabric by use of
fiber optics9.
Wearable computers were developed in 1990’s by MIT researchers. They develop computer
hardware which can be attached to the human body. After further research by MIT
researchers they started to work on embodied circuits in the textiles and on soft substrates10.
Then electro-conductive polymers was discovered in 2000. The first electro-conductive
polymer was poly-acetylene which leads to discovery of many other conductive polymers11.
2.2. Classification of smart textile:
Smart textiles are further classified into passive, active and ultra-smart textiles.
2.2.1. Passive smart textile:
The material which can only sense the environmental change is called the passive smart
material. Textiles which are made up of those type of materials is called passive smart
textiles. They are mostly used to make insulated coats, bullet proof jackets etc.
2.2.2. Active smart textile:
Active smart materials are those which can sense the change in environment and also
react to those changes. Active smart textiles are made up by the use of these type of
materials. Active smart textiles are vapor permeable, heat resistant and also water
resistant that is why they are used in making electrically heated suits.
2.2.3. Ultra-smart textile:
Ultra-smart textiles are those which made up to super smart materials which can sense,
act on the stimuli and also change their behavior according to the external conditions.
They act as brains which sense the stimuli and act on that stimuli accordingly. This is
the new topic of research those days. They are used to make micro-sized electronic
components which can embedded in textiles12.
2.3. Working of smart textile:
Smart textiles are made by using various methods. They are prepared by adding smart
materials, phase change materials (PCMs) which are encapsulated, shape memory polymers

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 (SMPs) and conductive polymers. Each material has some specific features according to
which they respond to the external stimuli. They also transfer energy while accepting stimuli
and showing response. The amount of energy transfer is dependent on the properties of the
chosen material. Smart materials acts as brains, they accept signals in the form of stimuli
then analyze the signal and show response according to the change in the environment13.

3. Conductive polymers:

3.1. Inherently conductive polymers:

Smart materials are the unique and exciting technology of the new era and to incorporate
smart materials in textile is a new objective of research. Much effort is put into this matter and
several prototypes have been developed. The objective is to develop textile that can recognize
external stimuli, process the information obtained from those stimuli and finally responding in a
specific time and manner, which is the core property of a smart material. Inherently conductive
polymers (ICPs) show these specific properties and are so considered smart materials.
In the past, metal fibres were used in the form of thin filaments but had difficult processing and
are brittle and heavier than the conventional fibres. After this textiles were coated with metallic
salts but had the disadvantage of limited stability under laundering. To resolve all these issues,
ICPs are developed that gave new dimensions for textiles technology. The objective is to develop
user friendly and smart textile that is to be used for special purposes and can act in a different
manner than conventional textiles. The examples of smart textile are textiles for athletes that can
control muscle vibration, body temperature regulation and also for aesthetic applications like
changing colors and lightening up in different patterns etc2.
In year 1977 inherently conductive polymers were discovered when electrical conductivity of
poly-acetylene films increased to 109 times when exposed to halogen vapors and this
conductivity is comparable to copper (5.65 × 105 S cm-1) and higher than that of mercury (1.04 ×
104 S cm-1). This led to the discovery of new ICPs and studies have been done in this regard. As
the conductivity in a polymer is due to the conjugation (alternating single and double bonds) and
doping so ICPs are such material that without addition of inorganic/conductive substances, can
conduct electric charges. ICPs have conjugated structure that reduces resistivity, conductivity
and also the process ability and stability. The stability and conductivity issue can be used using 2
approaches that are chemical doping and polymer chemistry. The most suitable and widely used
technique is chemical doping in which using several dopants the level of performance is made
comparable to ITO. This has the disadvantage of post-processing live heat and exposure to
solvent etc. Another technique is tuning the backbone structure but both these approaches are
limited. Electrical conduction in ICPs is achieved by a system in which mobile charge carriers
are created by a unique oxidized p-conjugated system. The charge carriers produced are called
polarons, which are partially delocalized across 3–4 monomer units. On removal of
sufficient electrons, sufficient concentration of polaron leads to the formation of di-cations or bi-
polarons which are more favorable than the separated polaronic states. In electric field, polarons
and bipolarons are mobile and in turn results for the electrical conduction properties of ICPs14.

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Smart textiles are made by combination of smart materials, PCMs, shape memory polymers,
communication equipment and sensing elements and they analyze, process and respond to
external stimuli 2. All of these are complex and integrated materials. Due to their special
properties ICPs have applications in the field of composite membranes, sensing devices,
mechanical actuators, electrochromic displays, controlled drug release, rechargeable batteries,
sensing and communication technology, environmental sensing etc15.
Table1. Intrinsically conductive polymers with resistivity16.
SR.N INTRINSICALL MATRIX / TYPE OF FORM RESISTIVITY
O Y CONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES TEXTILE OF
OHM/SQ CM
POLYMER USED TEXTILE
1 Pyrrole Naphthalene Polyester Fabric 10
Sulphonic
acid & PVA
2 Aniline Aqueous Nylon Fabric 16.67
hydrochlorid
e
3 Polyethylene polyvinyl Polyester/Nylon Fabric 8000
dioxythiophene acetate

3.2. Commercially conductive polymers:

Most commonly used ICPs in their undoped state are either insulator or semiconductor and
upon doping their electrical conductivity increases.
List of common ICPs:
 Polyacethylene
 Polypyrole (PPy)
 Polyaniline (PAni)
 Polythiophene (PTh)
3.2.1. Polyaniline (PANI):
Due to wide application potential, processing ease, pH switching properties of Polyaniline, it’s
the most studied and worked on among all ICPs. Polyaniline also has reverse redox and also
soluble in a number of solvent which increases its application potential and commercialization.
Polyaniline has 3 oxidation states, each with a different color, namely, fully reduced
leucoemeraldine base (pale yellow), protonated emeraldine salt (bright green) and fully oxidized
pernigraniline base (dark blue). Polyaniline can be synthesized through two methods, either by
chemical oxidation or electrochemical oxidation of aniline. Oxidation state of polymer and
degree of protonation defines the conductivity of Polyaniline. Degree of protonation is defined
by the level of proton doping in structure of Polyaniline and the maximum conductivity is found

7
to occur at a proton doping level of 50%. Doping of a functionalized sulfonic acid such as
camphorsulfonic acid with Polyaniline is another method of processing of polyaniline, the result
is PAni.HCSA emerladine salt complex which is soluble in various organic acids17.
3.2.2. Polypyrrole:
Polypyrrole is an attractive conducting polymer due to its better environmental stability, stability
in air, high electrical conductivity and electroactive in both organic and aqueous electrolyte
solutions and also the chemical, electrical and mechanical property can be controlled by
switching between its reduced and oxidized states. For immobilization of biologically active
molecules (enzymes, antibodies etc.), polypyrrole is found out to be bio compatible and non-
toxic. The two synthesis method of polypyrrole includes oxidative or chemical oxidative
polymerization of pyrrole monomer in solution, and in each process anionic dopant specie is
incorporated in oxidized polymer. Electrochemical polymerization process includes the
oxidization of pyrrole monomer in an electrolyte at a suitable anode. Chemical polarization
process is achieved by mixing of pyrrole monomer with a suitable solvent18.
3.2.3. Polythiophene (PTH):
Polythiophene and its derivatives are considered as conductive polymers because they have good
electrical and optical properties. These unusual properties are because of the presence of
conjugated π electrons and overlapping of p-orbital along the backbone. Dopant is used to
achieve high electrical properties. The thiophene id used to make wearable electrical textiles19.

4. Polymer composites:
Composites are those materials which are combination of two or more materials, whose
properties are greater than both of these individual materials. Different polymers are used in
composite form to enhance the properties in place of bulky materials i.e. ceramics and metals.
Some widely used polymer composites coatings are following
 Carbon black and polyaniline composite.
 Thiophene based intrinsically conductive polymer composites.
 CNT and thermoplastic polyurethane conductive polymer composite.
 Macro structured carbon black and polymer composite.
4.1. Applications of polymer composites:
4.1.1. Carbon black and polyaniline composite:
To decrease the sheet resistance of cotton fabric carbon black and PANI composite is
coated on the surface. Sheet resistance of uncoated cotton fabric was reported as 3.57 x
1012Ω/ sq and after polymer composite coating its sheet resistance was decreased to
500Ω/sq approximately20.
4.1.2. CNT and thermoplastic polyurethane conductive polymer composite:
Carbon nano tubes are considered as Nanocomposites which are used in place of other
fiber and textile materials. Carbon nanotubes and thermoplastic polyurethane conductive

8
 polymer composite are used as sensing material for external stimuli in which physical
and chemical stimuli are included5.
4.1.3. Macro structured carbon black and polymer composite:
It is very difficult to make conductive textile without any compromise on the inherent
properties of a conventional textile. These flexible textiles are used in making wearable
sensors, and in EMI shielding fabric etc. Long lasting, flexible cotton fabric is made by
using natural rubber latex and polyvinyl alcohol accompanied by carbon black composite.
By coating this composite lowest resistivity level obtained was less than 60 ± 5.4 Ω/cm 2,
which was very favorable for making profitable and also water proof breathable
conductive fabric. Breathability that was achieved was up-to 4400 g/m 2/24h and water
proofness was up-to 95 cm water16.
4.1.4. Thiophene based intrinsically conductive polymer composites:
Thiophene based intrinsically conductive polymers are better than pyrrole based
composites thiophene based intrinsically conductive polymer composites were more
strong than those that were made from various other precursors. They are used in making
electrically conductive textiles. These textiles are preferred because of its contact with
humans and advanced technologies can be inserted into textile without any notable loss in
the properties21.

5. Coatings of conductive polymer:

Coatings are generally incorporate to the objects to slow down or enhance the flow of
electrical current or heat in those coated objects such as conductive fillers. In recent
researches carbon nanotubes and graphene are used to impart conductivity in coatings.
In textile, need arise of coatings due to rough morphology of fibers, those are used for
the purpose to cover the fiber surfaces and to make them smooth, which minimizes the
friction coefficient of fiber22.An experiment was performed, to observe, how conducive
polymer coatings change the fractional properties of wool and alpaca fibers. Poly-pyrrole
was used as conductive coatings on fibers and then friction of fibers was measured.
Coated fiber with conductive coating had low friction coefficient than uncoated fiber.
Common purpose to use conductive coatings
 For shielding from Electromagnetic Interface (EMI)
 For anti-static protection (aircraft paints)
 In printed circuits inks for thermal dissipation (photocopy machine parts)
Most commonly used materials are Copper, Aluminum, Molybdenum, Ceramics oxide
and Polymer base coatings 23.

9
 Fig.1. historical development of coatings and solid films 24.

5.1. Polymer based conductive coating:

Some of the polymer based conductive coatings are following
 Polypyrrrole (Pp)
 Poly (ethylene-dioxythiophene) or PEDOT
 Polyaniline (PANI)
5.1.1. Polypyrrole:
Polypyrrole based textiles and fibers are used now a days. According to applications,
they can generate wide range of surface resistivity values. Gradient of conductivity can
also be achieved in this type of fabric, which is used in applications where radar
dissipation is required 22.

Fig.1 SEM image of treated and untreated fabric

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5.1.2. Poly ethylene-dioxythiophene (PEDOT):
PEDOT-PSS is a conductive polymer which is used as a coating material. To make
stretchable and wearable electro textile, spandex fabric was immersed into the PEDOT-
PSS. This coated fabric had average conductivity of about 0.1 S/cm. the conductivity
value can be increased by just increasing the no. of dips into the PEDOT-PSS. The
flexibility, softness and mechanical strength was not affected by the coating material25.

Fig.2. Spandex fiber before and after soaking in PEDOT-PSS26.

5.2. Methods of coating:

Various techniques are used for coating the conductive material on textile substrate.
Some of those techniques are following.
 Vapor Deposition Polymerization
 Direct Coating
 Transfer Coating
 Screen Printing
 Knife-Over-Roll
5.2.1. Vapor deposition polymerization:
It is a coating technique to deposit a very thin layer of coating material on the substrate,
mostly called as thin films. It is of two types CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) PVD
(Physical Vapor Deposition).
5.2.2. Direct coating:
In this method coating liquid is directly applied to the fabric. Number of the layers having
different formulations depends on the desired product quality and applications. After

11
 applying polymer coating on the base cloth, to solidify the coating material cloth is
placed in the oven at 200-250 0C 27.
5.2.3. Transfer coating:
In this process a coating media is used i.e. paper carrier. Transfer media is embossed
release paper having a pattern which show on the final product. A layer of coating
material is applied on paper, material takes on emboss of paper. Number of the layers of
coating material is depends on the desired properties. At the end backer is applied on the
last layer. After this it will place in the oven and would be solidify, then paper is pulled
off and process is finished 28.
5.2.4. Screen printing:
Screen printing is a common technique of printing, begin in the last decade. It is used for
a range of materials included metal, ceramics, textile, paper, glass and wood etc. Due to
low cost and easy processing this technique is preferred over other common printing
techniques. In this technique, ink or printing media is imposed onto the substrate using
mesh containing impermeable areas. A squeegee is used to force the printing media
through the mesh onto the substrate 29.
5.2.5. Knife-over-roll:
In this technique a knife is used with a roll to impart the printing material onto the
substrate. It provides overall low processing cost due to the scrapping off the excess
material. For different weights and viscosities of printing materials the gap between the
knife and roll is adjusted to control the speed and uniform distribution of the material
over the substrate. It is a cost-effective method and can be used for a range of materials of
different weights and viscosities 30.

6. Applications of smart textile:

Smart textiles have wide applications in different fields of life, they are used in
healthcare, sports, life jackets, entertainment and military applications. And their use is
increasing day by day as people are getting aware of its features.
6.1. Health:
For monitoring different processes occurring in human body, wearable monitoring systems
are used. They monitor the changes which occurs during the daily activities in our body
system. The smart cloth consists of strain fabric sensors which are knitted in the fabric.
These clothing are used to monitor heartbeat rate, breathing rate, blood pressure etc. life belt
is one of the example and it is used to monitor the pregnant women and the fetus. By the use
of these type of clothing frequent visits to the doctors can be reduced31.

12
 Fig.3. wearable health belt
6.2. Military/defense:
To increase the safety of military personnel, people are working on the use of smart textile
into their uniforms. During warfare soldiers are exposed to severe environmental and
hazardous conditions. They need protection from those conditions for their survival. Use of
smart textile which have the ability to respond according to the external stimuli is very
helpful in this regard32.

Fig.4. smart textile in military/defense

6.3. Fashion / entertainment:
As the innovation is winding up increasingly adaptable different electronic gadgets and
segments garments winding up really compact gadgets. As of now there are material
switches coordinated into garments for the control of such gadgets. While innovation might
be covered up through undetectable coatings and propelled filaments, it can likewise be
utilized to significantly change the presence of the material, giving new and astonishing
impacts. Light transmitting materials are finding their direction onto the high fashion
catwalks, proposing a future pattern in specialized articles of clothing33.

13
 Fig.5. light emitting smart textile
6.4. Sports:
Sports is one of the important fields of smart textile improvements. In general various
important functions can be performed by utilizing smart gadgets or clothes. These include:
Monitoring heart rate, breathing, body temperature and other physiological parameters;
Estimating action, for instance deciding the quantity of steps taken, the complete distance
which is travelled34.

Fig.6. smart sports wear

7. Characterization:
For the characterization of smart polymer coatings different techniques were used in
which SEM (scanning electron microscopy) was used to investigate the non-uniformity
and potential aggregate of PEDOT-PSS on the fabric 25. And also it was used to
investigate the surface morphology and distribution of carbon particles. The electrical
resistance was measured by using digital multi-meter and surface resistivity was
measured by placing two electrodes on a distance of 1cm on the sample. For tensile
strength testing, tensile testing machine was used according to ASTM D5035 35.

14
8. Future direction:
In recent decades, smart polymers and smart polymer coatings are most researched topics
because of their high potential in soft robotics, smart surfaces, strain sensors, wearable
displays, bio-motion detectors and coatings which can also be coated on steel pipes to
make them corrosion free. In future, smart textiles will be used in the transportation and
other industries. Now the growth of this sector is slow because of the high cost of these
materials, but in near future the use of smart textiles will be increasing due to the
discovery of effective and cheap way of manufacturing these material. In transport
section they will be playing role in controlling the heating of seats, smart functioning of
seat belts and in steering wheel hold32.

9. Problems:
The major problems of conductive textiles are their manufacturing on large scale. Their
processing is very costly that is why they are not used in daily lives. It is very difficult to
maintain the inherent textile properties (softness, mechanical) while using textiles as
wearable electronics. There is another problem of adhesion of conductive polymer on the
textile surface36.

10. Conclusion:
The above discussion showed that the future of textile is smart textiles because of their
exceptional uses in many fields. Smart or conductive polymers are coated on the surface
of the fiber or textile by using different deposition methods, which include vapor
deposition, knife-over-roll, screen printing and transfer coating etc. By coating different
inherently conductive, polymer composite and commercially available conductive
polymers the surface resistivity was decreased without compromising on the inherent
properties of fibers. These smart textiles has wide applications in future but now the
production of these type of textile on larger scale is difficult that is why they are costly.

15
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