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Liht Wissen E Emergency-Lighting Web
Liht Wissen E Emergency-Lighting Web
Liht Wissen E Emergency-Lighting Web
wissen
Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
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Editorial
Light and safety are closely linked. General lighting – lighting that is dependent on regular
mains electricity – is widely understood by operators and users, and is documented
accordingly in the relevant regulations and guidelines. In the case of mains-independent
emergency lighting – lighting which is activated only after a drop in, or failure of, the
mains voltage – the same level of understanding cannot be expected.
The German Occupational Health and Safety Act (ArbSchG) requires employers to conduct
a hazard assessment of all work premises and workplaces. A safety lighting system needs
to be installed where this reveals that a power failure and the resulting failure of general
lighting would present a hazard for employees. This booklet takes account of occupational
health and safety requirements as stipulated in the new technical workplace regulations
(ASRs) and the relevant rules of the employers’ liability insurance associations. It also looks
at the passages relating to safety lighting in building regulations and examines the contents
of lighting and electrical standards.
The development of the LED has radically transformed the products used for safety lighting.
In future, attention will need to be paid not only to these technological changes but also
to barrier-free escape routes and dynamic guidance systems. Technical regulation is increa-
singly international. Europe will (have to) become even more closely integrated. The primary
focus must always be on human needs and the overriding purpose of safety lighting must
be to help human beings evacuate areas safely in the event of
a failure of artificial lighting.
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Safety lighting
can save lives
Page 6
Light in a
power cut
Page 8
Safety lighting
Page 10
Escape routes
Page 12
Workplaces
Page 16
Anti-panic
lighting
Page 20
Well-lit safety
signs and escape
routes
Page 22
l
l
4
Advantages
of backlit escape
signs
Page 24
Luminaires
for safety lighting
systems
Page 26
Selection,
installation and
operation
Page 30
Building
regulation
requirements
Page 35
Up or down?
Page 47
Standards and
ordinances
Page 48
Series of
publications,
imprint
Page 50
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
02
03 04
6
Safety lighting can save lives
Power cuts – or blackouts – are not uncommon. And in an increasingly networked world, the risk of their occur-
rence will continue to grow. When general lighting fails due to a power cut, safety lighting kicks in. It guards against
panic and accidents.
“Bottlenecks in winter: grid operators warn- ing working (or operation) hours and have a
ing of power cuts in Germany”, “Chamber minimum brightness.
of Commerce fears electricity shortages as
result of energy transition” – these are just Illuminated indication of the direction to the
two of many such headlines seen in recent exit is essential but so, too, is people’s
years. There have been growing numbers safety on the way there. Independent illumi-
of complaints about momentary power out- nation of the escape route is indispensable
ages in Europe, and not only since the en- for recognizing obstacles and steps etc.,
ergy transition. Longer blackouts are also and for preventing accidents.
being reported. And it is not only natural
disasters which cause interruptions to the Carefully planned and professionally in-
energy supply. A technical defect in a sub- stalled safety lighting relieves uncertainty
station or a short circuit in a transmission and supports people in threatening situa-
line can paralyze rail traffic, extinguish traffic tions – and sometimes it also save lives.
lights and leave millions of people in the
dark.
Richtig planen und auswählen The causes of power failures are often
complex and can be difficult to ascertain.
The consequences, on the other hand, are
all too familiar. Blackouts result in loss of
economic power, while the risks for people
increase.
No power, no light
The biggest concern during a power cut
is that people start to panic. Sudden dark-
ness quickly gives rise to fear because
we receive 80 per cent of our information
through our eyes. Poor vision is a problem
for locals as well as visitors, although a Good planning and selection
lack of local knowledge will reinforce the
fear. The result is a scarcely calculable risk Relevant standards and regulations require sound
in places containing large numbers of and proper installation, but also regular maintenance
people. to ensure that safety lighting actually works during
a blackout. The owner of the property is ultimately
Light provides safety and orientation responsible.
Safety lighting should come on during a
power cut. It must work independently of To meet the requirements and regulations, it is
the power supply of the building. advisable and necessary to have safety lighting
designed to the necessary standard by a specialist
Signs and lighting planner. S/he can plan appropriate safety lighting
Information indicating the shortest path to which is specially tailored to the needs of the property
the exit is of crucial importance during a and find an energy-efficient solution based on the
power cut or building evacuation: safety latest technology. Products made by reputable
[02 – 04] As the headlines reveal: a power
outage can paralyse whole regions: trams signs for escape routes point the way using manufacturers ensure consistently high quality.
stop running, computers crash and lights are green and white pictograms. Escape sign
instantly extinguished. luminaires must always be switched on dur-
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
helping people unfamiliar with the building can be evacuated safely and without danger,
to find their bearings and make their way to 쐍 to prevent panic
safe areas using escape routes. 쐍 to render any hazards on the escape
route visible.
Emergency and safety lighting is covered
by a variety of standards, regulations and Under the German Occupational Health
guidelines. Employers, facility operators, and Safety Act, employers are obliged to
electricians, lighting and electrical planners conduct a hazard assessment of their
need to know and apply the relevant re- workplaces. If this reveals that a general
quirements. lighting failure is likely to present a hazard,
safety lighting must be installed.
International standards and European
directives use “emergency lighting” today Subdivisions of safety lighting
as a generic term for mains-independent Safety lighting is divided, in turn, into:
lighting. It is activated whenever mains 쐍 safety lighting for escape routes, including
8
Standby lighting
Standby lighting is characterized by there
being no hazard to employees in the event
of a failure in the general lighting. If there
is no risk to employees after a power fail-
ure, but an activity must be continued, the
standby lighting cuts in and provides
enough light.
06
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
h h
h
min. 2 m
h
At any point where corridors or aisles
cross
h
signs on escape routes
must be illuminated or
back-lit even with
functioning general
lighting.
At each change of direction
WC
*1 max. 2m distance in horizontal plane
*2 vertical illuminance 5 lux
© licht.de
07
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Safety lighting
Safety lighting must come on whenever a failure of general lighting occurs that may prevent the safe
evacuation of a building and thus present a risk of accident.
Safety lighting ensures that work opera- 쐍 All escape signs on emergency exits
tions with a high accident risk potential can along escape routes must be illuminated
be terminated safely and that persons or back-lit.
unfamiliar with the premises are able to exit 쐍 Where an emergency exit is not directly
the affected rooms and areas safely in the visible, one or more illuminated and/or
event of a general power failure. National back-lit escape signs need to be posi-
building regulations as well as occupational tioned along the escape route.
health and safety rules need to be ob-
served at the design and installation The DIN EN 1838 standard requires good
stages. general illumination for more than just the
escape routes. It stipulates that supple-
Safety lighting is divided into: mentary lighting should also be provided
쐍 safety lighting for escape routes
for other safety-relevant areas and potential
쐍 safety lighting for particularly hazardous
hazard sites. Safety luminaires therefore
work areas also need to be positioned at specific
쐍 anti-panic lighting and
points (see fig. 7 and 8).
쐍 signs for escape routes
© licht.de
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Escape routes must be illuminated and where safe evacuation of the workplace is
marked in compliance with the standards to not guaranteed in the event of a general
ensure that employees and visitors can lighting failure.” The terms “Rettungswege”
reach safety as quickly as possible in an (rescue routes) and “Fluchtwege” (escape
emergency. This requires: routes) are used in German regulations and
쐍 Escape sign luminaires or illuminated es-
standards. However, both terms are largely
cape signs to mark the escape route synonymous.
쐍 Luminaires to illuminate the escape routes.
12
12
1 lux
2m
© licht.de
13 14
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
쐍 Safety lighting must reach 100 per cent of The time between the moment the general
its rated output within 15 seconds of the artificial lighting fails at the start of a power
general lighting failing. Most combustion outage and the moment the required illumi-
engine generating sets have a 15-second nance is reached should be as short as
switchover time, however, meaning that possible. Safety lighting for work premises
battery-based systems are the only suit- must be guaranteed to operate for at least
able power source. one hour. The table on page 46 shows the
쐍 The minimum colour-rendering index for stipulated times for other premises.
escape signs is Ra 40; this enables
coloured escape signs to be recognized Glare limitation –
quickly and clearly. an often underestimated factor
Excessively intense light can cause physio-
Lighting uniformity logical (disability) glare. In escape route
Furthermore, the ratio of highest to lowest lighting, it presents a problem in that it pre-
illuminance along the central axis must not vents obstacles or escape signs being rec-
exceed 40:1, not even in the worst-case ognized. The risk is particularly acute where
scenario, e.g. between two luminaires at general diffuse lamps are used.
the end of their rated operating time. This is
because excessively bright/dark patches In the case of horizontal escape routes, the
make obstacles and the escape route itself luminous intensity must not exceed certain
harder to discern on account of the time limits at any azimuth angle between 60°
needed for the eyes to adjust. and 90° to the vertical. For all other escape
15
14
routes and zones, the limits must not be
exceeded at any angle (see illustrations on Escape route safety lighting (DIN EN 1838)
page 12).
Illuminance: Emin = 1 lx
Escape route signage is also important. Emin = minimum horizontal illuminance at floor level
The lighting requirements in the event of a
power failure are set out in DIN EN 1838. Uniformity: Emax : Emin 울 40 : 1
It should also be noted that the escape sign
luminaires defined in DIN 4844 must be Glare limitation:
clearly identifiable even under general light-
ing conditions and therefore need to be h/m 쏝 2.5 2.5 울 h 쏝 3 3 울 h ⬍ 3.5 3.5 울 h 쏝 4 4 울 h 쏝 4.5 욷 4.5
operated at a higher luminance level. Imax /cd 500 900 1,600 2,500 3,500 5,000
The luminance of the white contrast colour For horizontal escape routes, the values in this table must not be exceeded at any azimuth
of backlit emergency signs located in areas angle between 60° and 90° to the vertical.
with general lighting should be no less than
the required 500 cd/m2. Uniformity and Colour rendering: Ra 욷 40
contrast are further criteria for achieving the
necessary recognition distance (see fig. 23). Rated operating time
for escape routes: 1 hour
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Occupational health and safety for em- safely evacuated by every employee, only
ployees is governed by EU-wide regula- exits need to be marked.
tions. In Germany, the relevant statute is
the Occupational Health and Safety Act Employers must also ensure that employ-
(Arbeitsschutzgesetz – ArbSchG). This ees and visitors can safely evacuate the
forms the basis for statutory instruments building after a power failure. Escape route
such as the Arbeitsstättenverordnung safety lighting needs to be installed where
(ArbStättV – Workplace ordinance) which there is a heightened risk of accidents –
sets out the basic health and safety re- e.g. on stairs, in the event of obstacles that
quirements. Its individual stipulations are are hard to make out in darkness, or in the
specified in technical workplace regulations case of a complicated escape route.
(Technischen Regeln für Arbeitsstätten –
previously Arbeitsstättenrichtlinien (ASRs)). The risk of accident in a room suddenly
plunged into darkness is considerably
The regulations require employers to pro- higher at particularly hazardous work-
tect their employees from potential sources places. Where such workplaces are pres-
of harm at the workplace. This includes ent, safety lighting systems need to deliver
guarding against general accident risks. If at least 15 lux illuminance to enable work
lights go off as a result of a power failure, operations to be terminated safely. Where
even a janitor may be exposed to danger if workplaces and designated escape routes
he cannot find the way out in the dark or could fill with smoke, there is an additional
if he falls and sustains injury on the escape hazard in the event of a fire. An optical
route as a result of being unable to see. safety guidance system needs to be in-
Safety lighting provides a safeguard here. stalled in such areas, in addition to safety
lighting.
Responsibility resides with employers
Whether safety lighting is necessary or Secure against claims
not needs to be established by employers An employer that complies with the rele-
on the basis of a hazard assessment vant ASRs can show authorities – espe-
(paragraph 5 ArbSchG). This and the cially in the event of damage – that every
measures subsequently taken need to be requirement of the Workplace Ordinance
documented (paragraph 6 ArbSchG). has been observed. If the measures taken
differ from those set out in the ASRs, the
The key question is whether safe evacua- employer faces the much more complex
tion of the workplace is possible. And an task of proving that they were effective.
affirmative answer to that question can nor-
mally be given only if sufficient light is avail- Particularly hazardous work areas
able even in the event of a power failure – The risk of accident is especially high in
i.e. in work premises with windows or sky- “particularly hazardous work areas” (ASR
lights during the day. During winter, how- A3.4/3 paragraph 4.2) and at “particularly
ever, it gets dark early, leaving insufficient hazardous workplaces” (DIN EN 1838).
light for orientation even in the afternoon, These include, for example:
meaning that safety lighting is almost al- 쐍 Laboratories with an acute risk during
ways necessary. It needs to deliver at least ongoing experiments. Acute risks may
17 one lux illuminance. In rooms that can be be explosions or fire, the release of
16
pathogens or toxic, highly toxic or ra-
dioactive substances in dangerous quan-
tities.
쐍 Workplaces that need to be kept dark for
technical reasons.
쐍 Electrical operating areas and building
service rooms that need to be accessed
in the event of the failure of artificial light-
ing.
쐍 Areas with moving machinery that can
continue running for a long time after a
power failure. Examples include facing
lathes.
쐍 Control points for systems that require
constant monitoring, such as control
centres and control rooms for power sta-
tions, chemical and metallurgical plants
as well as workplaces with isolating or
regulating equipment that needs to be
operated to interrupt or terminate pro-
duction processes safely during normal
or disrupted plant operations.
쐍 Workplaces near hot baths or casting
pits that cannot be properly secured by
guard rails or barriers for production
reasons.
쐍 Areas around work pits that cannot be
covered for operational reasons.
쐍 Construction sites.
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
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Glare limitation:
The values in this table must not be exceeded at any azimuth angle between 60° and 90°
to the vertical.
Colour rendering: Ra 욷 40
Safety colours need to be clearly recognized.
18
Optical safety guidance systems
Safety lighting can usefully be supplemented by
optical safety guidance systems. These facilitate escape
Particularly hazardous workplaces established when a hazard assessment is if orientation in a room or along escape routes is
Safety lighting in “particularly hazardous conducted. impaired by smoke. It is important to note that optical
work areas” needs to meet higher require- guidance systems are not a substitute for standard-
ments. Illuminance needs to be at least Construction sites compliant safety lighting; they are installed in addition
15 lux. Technical workplace regulations and Construction sites are mentioned explicitly to it.
standards both stipulate this. A preferable in ASR A3.4/3 because of their particularly
level is 10 % of the illuminance of the nor- hazardous nature as a workplace. The reg- A distinction is made between:
mal general lighting – which is what the ulation states that safety lighting is ab- 쐍 photoluminescent safety guidance systems (signs),
ASRs recommend – because the brighter solutely essential where daylight fails to pro- 쐍 electrical safety guidance systems (connected to
the lighting, the less likely an accident is vide a minimum of one lux illuminance for a safety power source),
due to the prolonged darkness in the wake escape route lighting and site workers thus 쐍 dynamic safety guidance systems – ‘smart’ systems
of a power failure. cannot evacuate their workplace safely. incorporating direction indicators that change accord-
ing to the location of the hazard site.
This is also the reason for the stipulation So any construction site where work con-
that the required illuminance needs to be tinues into the evening or night must at Direction signs and other guidance systems are
reached within 0.5 seconds. For many light least have escape route safety lighting in- mounted on the wall at a maximum height of 40 cen-
sources, however, this is possible only stalled. A higher lighting level is required timetres above floor level. This type of marking makes
with safety lighting in maintained operation. for basement levels – e.g. a minimum of it possible to identify escape routes with direction in-
Lighting uniformity in these work areas 15 lux illuminance, which ASR A3.4/3 also dicators. In comparison to escape sign luminaires,
should be lower than 10:1. requires for tunnelling work. optical safety guidance systems have the disadvantage
that they are not positioned at eye level. An evacuee’s
The nominal operating time needs to be view of the low level markers is obscured by the per-
at least as long as the hazard exposure Further information on optical safety sons in front of them.
after a power failure. This operating time is systems can be found in licht.forum 57.
Where there is a risk of accidents, safety lighting is
essential. This is the only factor which makes differ-
ences in level, stairs and obstacles on the escape route
identifiable and thus guards against dangerous falls.
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
21
Anti-panic lighting
Anti-panic lighting is the third category of safety lighting alongside escape route safety lighting and safety lighting for
particularly hazardous workplaces. The light it provides is intended to reduce hysteria and panic in an emergency.
Anti-panic lighting is the third category of cape routes safely. In Germany, however, Lighting criteria
safety lighting alongside escape route neither building nor workplace regulations Anti-panic lighting should be directed
safety lighting and safety lighting for partic- set out specific requirements for the appli- straight downwards and illuminate obsta-
ularly hazardous workplaces. The light it cation of anti-panic lighting. As a general cles.
provides is intended to reduce hysteria and rule, anti-panic lighting in Germany is
panic in an emergency. planned on the basis of one lux horizontal Furthermore, DIN EN 1838 stipulates that:
illuminance on the free floor area and a 쐍 the ratio of highest to lowest illuminance
Panic can quickly arise if the lights suddenly rated operating time of three hours. should be no greater than 40:1 because
go out as a result of a power failure at of the time needed for the eyes to adapt.
sporting events, rock concerts or major uni- Anti-panic lighting needs to be installed This avoids excessive differences in
versity lectures – wherever people assem- where escape routes are not clearly defined brightness that interfere with the visual
ble in large numbers. People seeking to es- – in large halls, for example – or where the task.
cape may be injured or even killed in the entire hall space may be used as an escape 쐍 The minimum colour-rendering index for
ensuing crush. route. It is also required in conference escape signs is Ra 40; this enables
rooms with an area of more than 60 square coloured escape signs to be recognized
Anti-panic lighting helps provide a greater metres and no signed escape routes as quickly and clearly.
sense of security. Its purpose is to reduce well as in smaller enclosed spaces where 쐍 Glare limitation requirements are the
the likelihood of panic and create the visual crowding could give rise to panic. Such same as for escape route safety lighting
conditions needed for people to reach es- spaces include, for example, lift cabins. (see table on page 15).
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Safety signs are a crucial part of safety Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ mal operation and takes into account that
lighting. Therefore they are mentioned ex- Association (ZVEI). This is dealt with on when the general lighting is on, escape
plicitly in the preface of the latest version of page 47 of this brochure. signs need to stand out against brightly lit
DIN EN 1838 as part of the safety lighting surroundings, i.e. they need to be brighter
for escape routes. The old version as described in DIN 4844-2 than in emergency operation.
from 2002 differs mainly in the angular
Emergencies in a building are not always limbs of the figure and the thinner arrow of Luminance, uniformity of illumination and
accompanied by a power outage. The the new safety sign according to DIN EN contrast are key criteria for judging a good
power supply is mostly maintained in other ISO 7010. The safety statement remains escape route luminaire and thus the safety
hazards such as fire, panic or evacuation. the same. According to the ZVEI, there is it affords. The table on page 23 summa-
The escape signs must therefore be imme- no necessity to replace the old signs. In rizes the requirements of the two relevant
diately recognized and understood even in new installations, however, the new DIN EN standards. Further information about stan-
general lighting. In this case the photomet- ISO 7010 escape sign must be used. dards and regulations can be found on
ric values given in DIN 4844-1 apply. page 49.
Lighting parameters
Safety signs mark escape routes as well as DIN EN 1838 and the latest version of DIN Recognition distance
fire protection and first aid facilities. Accord- 4844-1 present different requirements for il- Because a back-lit sign is easier to recog-
ing to DIN EN ISO 7010 a safety sign is a luminated and back-lit safety signs in terms nize from a greater distance than a sign that
sign, “that makes a general or (through the of the lighting parameters to be met for dif- is only illuminated, DIN EN 1838 and DIN
addition of a graphic symbol) special safety ferent operating conditions. For escape 4844 stipulate that different distance factors
statement by combining a specific colour sign luminaires in emergency operation, need to be applied to establish the stan-
with a geometric shape”. ASR A1.3 con- DIN EN 1838 requires a much lower bright- dard-compliant recognition distance (see
tains a very similar definition. According to ness for the sign as a whole than DIN Fig. 23). To be equally recognizable from the
DIN ISO 3864-1, an escape sign is a 4844-1 does. DIN 4844-1 addresses nor- same distance, an illuminated escape sign
“safety sign which marks an escape route needs to be twice as tall as a back-lit sign.
or the location of first aid equipment, or Back-lit signs are always the better choice
identifies safe behaviour”. because they are also recognizable for
Escape signs much longer and from a greater distance if
NB: The escape route must be clearly smoke is present. Illuminated or backlit es-
marked, and at least one escape sign must cape signs should not be mounted more
be visible at all points along the escape than 20 degrees above horizontal sight lines
route, providing orientation on the escape (measured at the maximum recognition dis-
route or marking doors or an emergency tance). A supplement to DIN EN 1838 is
exit along the way. currently (2016) in preparation on this subject.
DIN EN ISO 7010 covers all safety signs and Illuminated escape signs require
was introduced in Germany in 2012. This New escape sign according to DIN EN ISO safety luminaires
contains emergency exit escape signs under 7010:2012-10 and ASR A1. 3:2013-02 To ensure that an illuminated escape sign
the registration numbers E001 and E002. does not fall below the luminance level stip-
The workplace regulation ASR A1.3 from ulated in DIN EN 1838, an illuminance of
February 2013 adopted these signs. Escape approximately 30 lux is required on the sign
signs must always have an additional char- in emergency operation. To achieve this,
acter indicating the direction, namely arrow each illuminated safety sign requires its own
type D according to DIN ISO 3864-3. safety luminaire. These luminaires also meet
the requirement of DIN 4844-1 for a pre-
The combination of escape sign and direc- ferred illuminance level of at least 80 lux on
tion indication has a specific meaning which Previous escape sign according to DIN the escape sign in mains operation. The
is described in detail in the “Marking of es- 4844-2:2001-02 safety luminaires must therefore be in main-
cape direction” publication of the German tained operation.
22
Formula for calculating recognition distance Safety luminaire max 2 metres from
the sign. Recommended illuminance
on the sign: ⱖ 80 lx.
Back-lit escape sign Illuminated escape sign
h h
l
l
The formula for calculating the recognition distance The formula for calculating the recognition distance
of back-lit signs: of illuminated signs:
I = h • 200 I = h • 100
e.g. height = 15 cm Ⳏ recognition distance 30 m e.g. height = 15 cm Ⳏ recognition distance 15 m
Average luminance of
욷 500 cd/m2 not specified
white contrast colour
Luminance of green
not specified 욷 2 cd/m2
safety colour
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
In escape sign luminaires, however, the ble from a distance of 20 metres. An es- „ Photoluminescent safety guidance
safety colour green is clearly recognizable cape sign luminaire of the same height systems do not meet the colour ren-
both in mains and in emergency operation – achieves the same degree of recognizability dering or illuminance requirements.
as required by DIN EN 1838. Standard at twice that distance: it can be easily dis- They can only be used in conjunction
signs with photoluminescent pigments, cerned from a distance of 40 metres. By with a standard-compliant safety
however, appear dark after a power failure: contrast, the afterglow of a similarly sized lighting system, e.g. as floor mark-
the white contrast colour generally has a photoluminescent sign weakens so fast that ings, or as a supplementary safety
yellowish-green appearance. the recognition distance usually decreases measure in areas where safety light-
to around five metres within 10 minutes. ing is not required.“
Because safety signs are illuminated or After 60 minutes, the content of the sign
backlit in emergency operation, escape can generally be discerned only from imme- Runner 68 in Opfermann, Streit, Pernack
signs which feature the correct colour val- diately in front of it. commentary on the 2004 German Work-
ues for the safety and contrast colour as place Ordinance (ArbStättV)
required by DIN EN 1838 must be used. Photoluminescent signs
Photoluminescent signs have one disad-
Effectiveness vantage in comparison to illuminated es-
Emergency powered luminaires operate cape signs: they need to be sufficiently and
regardless of the operational status of the constantly illuminated before the emer-
general lighting. Photoluminescent materi- gency occurs. Despite receiving this excita-
als, on the other hand, need to be suffi- tion light, the time during which a photolu-
ciently and continuously charged ahead of minescent sign is identifiable is limited. Its
an emergency. Today’s energy-saving and luminance – i.e. its brightness as perceived
lighting control systems (using time and by the human eye – quickly diminishes.
motion-controlled luminaires) mean that this So the distance from which it is recognized
is not always the case. Not all lamps are decreases.
suitable sources for charging on account of
their spectrum (e.g. high-pressure sodium licht.de points out that, where a risk of acci-
vapour lamps and some LEDs). The excita- dent exists, optical safety guidance sys-
tion illuminance and excitation spectrum tems may be used only to supplement sig-
should therefore always be measured and nage and safety lighting with escape sign [24] Escape sign luminaire in maintained
their effectiveness tested as recommended luminaires. Optical systems are mandatory operation
by ASR A3 4/3. – again as a supplementary measure –
where the risk of smoke cannot be ruled [25] … 10 minutes after a power failure;
Luminance out in the event of fire, and escape routes
[26] … 30 minutes after a power failure;
Luminaires should emit a constant lumi- are wider than 3.6 metres.
nance level for the entire duration of opera- [27] … minutes after a power failure. The
tion. The impression of brightness created minimum luminance of the white contrast
by a photoluminescent sign, however, colour is 10 cd/m2, as required by DIN EN
diminishes within minutes. After 60 minutes 1838.
of operation, the luminance of an escape
[28] Standard photoluminescent sign ex-
sign luminaire is up to a thousand times posed to a charging light source
greater than that of a photoluminescent
sign. [29] … 10 minutes after a power failure;
24
24 28
25 29
26 30
27 31
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
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33
34 35
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licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
This also applies to the retrofitting or conversion of A conversion constitutes a significant change to the Quality luminaires and LEDs
general lighting luminaires (Variant B/Fig. 38) to lumi- luminaire which makes it a “new product”. A quality luminaire for safety lighting needs
naires with other components, such as for example to qualify for a safety test symbol and meet
the installation of: Also, the photometric characteristics of the luminaire the following criteria:
쐍
emergency EBs to reduce luminous flux and energy must be retained because of the safety aspect if an 쐍
reliable performance in an emergency,
쐍 tailored light distribution to ensure optimal
consumption in emergency operation, existing luminaire is converted to an LED retrofit or if
쐍 changeover modules for switching between mains
conversion LED lamps are used. illumination of the escape sign or escape
and emergency power supply, route,
쐍 individual battery packs as an emergency power 쐍 efficient low energy consumption during
The operator, or the party appointed by him to
source for the luminaire in the event of a power perform the conversion, is obliged to conduct the mains and emergency operation,
쐍 easy mounting and maintenance with cor-
failure, work professionally, using state-of-the-art technology
쐍 LED retrofits or conversion LED lamps.
to ensure the safety and electromagnetic compatibil- respondingly low costs
쐍 end-of-life recyclability.
ity (EMC) of the equipment. If necessary, evidence
The conformity assessment (including the CE mark must be provided in the form of appropriate docu-
and any mark on the original luminaires) applies mentation. The type plates should be updated in all Safety luminaires and escape signs are fre-
to the state of the product at the time of being placed cases. quently in 24-hour operation. Here, long-life
LED solutions are increasingly the option of
choice. Low-load LED systems achieve
very long lifespans assuming effective ther-
28
Variant A: dedicated LED safety luminaires
Spacing = 15.6 m
Emax = 5 lx Emin = 1 lx
lumination. The required illumination can be cally for safety lighting as specified in DIN
realized in two ways: EN 1838, meaning that their light distribu-
쐍 using dedicated safety luminaires with tion is not optimized for illuminating es-
beam spreads tailored for the task cape routes.
쐍 with luminaires which are normally used for 쐍 These luminaires also need to be more
[36] Escape sign and safety luminaires in
general lighting and which act as safety lu- closely spaced to achieve the required operation after a power failure
minaires in the event of a power failure. lighting uniformity.
쐍 Energy consumption – and therefore the
[37] Safety lighting with dedicated safety
luminaires
Dedicated safety luminaires (variant A, see emergency power capacity required – is
Fig. 37). perform best. They satisfy all qual- also many times higher than in the case of [38] The luminaires are general lighting
ity criteria: Variant A. lamps which are used as safety luminaires.
29
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Standby energy is obtained from a “power DIN 6280-14. Where separate and inde- trigger if the line voltage falls 40 % below
source for safety services”. Its purpose is to pendent mains feeds are used, evidence the nominal rated voltage for more than
supply parts of an electrical safety system, needs to be furnished that the two power 0.5 seconds. When mains power returns,
including e.g. safety lighting. Suitable sources cannot fail simultaneously. This re- the luminaires in non-maintained operation
sources for standby energy are battery sys- quires confirmation by the network operator. must be automatically deactivated. At the
tems, generating sets or two separate and same time, it needs to be ensured that
independent mains feeds. If only one power Luminaires for safety lighting can be oper- the general lighting switches automatically
source is available for safety services, it ated in three modes: to the required brightness. Otherwise,
must not be used for other purposes (ASR 쐍 Non-maintained operation – The safety the safety lighting should be automatically
A3.4/3 para. 6.6). luminaires are activated only in the event deactivated only after an appropriate reset
of a power failure. This mode may be delay or, in rooms that are darkened for
Engineers make a distinction between a used for escape route lighting in all types operational reasons (e.g. in cinemas),
“power source for safety services” and a of building. should be deactivated manually by a reset
“standby power source”. The latter term 쐍 Maintained operation – The safety lumi- button.
also denotes a back-up source for supply- naires are permanently activated. With
ing an electrical system in the event of a few exceptions, maintained operation is Batteries
power failure; in this case, however, the the only option allowed for escape sign In line with the German Battery Act (BattG
power supply is not maintained for safety luminaires. – Act Concerning the Placing on the
purposes. 쐍 Switched maintained operation – The Market, Collection and Environmentally
safety luminaires are activated and de- Compatible Waste Management of Batter-
Power source for safety services activated with the general lighting lumi- ies and Accumulators), spent disposable
Battery-powered central supply systems naires. and rechargeable batteries need to be
need to comply with DIN EN 50171, single treated as recyclable waste. These batter-
battery luminaires with DIN EN 60598-2-22 The switch-over from normal operation ies, displaying both the recycling symbol
and generating sets with DIN 6280-13 and to the power source for safety lighting must and the crossed-out waste bin, must not
30
39 40
41 42
43
31
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
44
Conventional installation
Maintained light 1
Non-maintained light
Non-maintained light 2
Maintained light 2
Switched maintained light 1
Switched maintained light 2
BS DS BS
DS 쐍
Each type of switching mode
requires two circuits
쐍
Only one type of switching mode
is possible per circuit
쐍
Modifications later involve a
considerable amount of
DLS
installation work and expense
DLS
© licht.de
45
32
be disposed of as residual waste. They ous status displays are required to provide
need to be collected separately, e.g. under information on battery voltage, charging
the Joint Collection Scheme (Gemein- current, load current, power source and
sames Rücknahmesystem für Gerätealtbat- malfunctions.
terien [GRS]) or under producer-specific
collection schemes. Spent batteries are Special features
thus recycled and possible pollutants are A central remote control facility prevents
recovered and can made available for batteries for single-battery luminaires and
manufacturing operations. central supply systems being drained when
idle. Safety lighting management and BUS
Deep discharge protection prevents a bat- systems need to operate independently of
tery being completely drained and thus management and BUS systems for general
damaged through use. When the minimum lighting (cf. e.g. DIN V VDE V 0108-100,
permissible voltage is reached, the con- section 4.5).
sumer is automatically disconnected.
Inspection, maintenance and overhaul
Power failure simulation of safety lighting
A power failure simulation test button or a The law states that all safety systems must
connection to a remote test system needs be inspected, maintained and overhauled at
to be located on every single-battery lumi- regular intervals. And safety lighting is no
naire or on the central power source for exception because, depending on the
safety services. Manually operated test premises concerned (e.g. a non-daylit stair-
buttons must automatically return to their well), even the failure of a single safety or
original position. escape sign luminaire presents a serious
risk of accident. In the event of damage,
Status displays the operator bears the burden of proof con-
Status displays and monitoring devices de- cerning the proper condition and operation
pend on the type of emergency lighting of this safety installation.
system installed. An indicator light shows
[44] Regular review, maintenance and over- when single-battery luminaires are being Equipment may only be inspected, main-
haul of the safety lighting required by law. charged. For central battery systems, vari- tained and overhauled by specialist person-
DLS
DLS
© licht.de
46
33
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Floor plan
nel according to DIN VDE 0105-100, DIN Where the power supply line provides the
VDE 1000-10 or the Technical Regulations link, special electronic ballasts (EBs) trans-
for Operational Safety (TRBS) 1203. mit a noise-free pulse straight to a central
monitoring unit integrated in the power
Therefore, we recommend having this work source for safety services. Where standard
carried out by the manufacturer of the EBs are used, this task can be performed
safety lighting system. by a separate monitoring module in the lu-
minaire.
The safety lighting inspection regime must
include the following: The central monitoring system thus enables 47
쐍 Daily visual examination of the central the functional status of luminaires, including
power supply unit, a description of their location, cable routes, Block diagram
쐍 In the case of a battery-based system, subdistribution boards and battery systems
at least weekly inspection of the safety to be presented in a visual display. Depend-
lighting with the power source for safety ing on the design of the monitoring system,
services connected. A function check the display can include a plan of the build-
needs to be carried out on every luminaire ing with a graphic representation of each in-
(individual luminaire monitoring); dividual luminaire. A standard-compliant
쐍 Monthly power failure simulation to check electronic log of the automatic verifications
the changeover to the power source for carried out is maintained at this central lo-
safety services. During the simulation, a cation. Even remote monitoring via intranet
function check needs to be carried out or Internet presents no problems.
on every luminaire (individual luminaire
monitoring). Generating sets additionally In larger buildings, central monitoring of all
need to be inspected in accordance with luminaires is recommended for reasons of
DIN 6280-13. economy. Reputable manufacturers offer
쐍 Annual check of the power source for systems which can be adapted on a project
safety services over the entire rated oper- by project basis to suit the number and
ating time with all connected consumers type of luminaires deployed as well as the
activated. Generating sets additionally power source for safety services used.
need to be inspected in accordance with
DIN 6280-13 and batteries in accordance
with DIN EN 50272-2.
쐍 Logs of the regular inspections need to
34
49
Ordinances, guidelines and regulations set and guidelines in force. They are also based
out only minimum (although legally binding) on the DIN EN 1838 standard, which ap-
requirements. All experts agree, however, plies throughout Europe, as well as the pre-
that safety lighting should be installed wher- standard DIN V VDE V 0108-100, which is
ever there is a risk of accident. also advisable to observe.
35
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Safety lighting
Safety lighting needs to be provided
쐍 in necessary stairwells, in rooms between
50
36
쐍 in assembly rooms as well as in all other
rooms for visitors (e.g. foyer, cloakroom,
toilets);
쐍 for stages and performance areas;
쐍 in rooms for participants and employees
with a floor area of more than 20 m2,
excluding offices;
쐍 in electrical operating areas, in rooms
for building service installations as well as
in lighting and projector rooms;
쐍 in outdoor places of assembly and sports
stadiums used at night;
쐍 for safety signs marking exits and escape
routes; 51
쐍 for step lighting, but not in the case of
corridors in assembly rooms with
changeable seating configurations or in
the case of sports stadiums with safety
lighting.
37
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Sport facilities
Sports facilities fall within the scope of the
Model Ordinance Governing Places of As-
sembly (MVStättV) adopted in July 2014.
Sports stadiums are places of assembly
with stands for visitors and non-covered
areas for sporting activities. The MVStättV
applies to sports stadiums designed to ac-
commodate more than 5,000 visitors.
1,000 visitors,
쐍 feature performance areas and
Safety lighting
Sports facilities are governed by the re-
quirements of the MVStättV, but also by
DIN EN 12193. This standard requires
safety lighting for participants in sporting
54 events.
55
38
expressed as a percentage of the lighting
level normally required for the sport:
쐍 swimming – five per cent for at least 30
seconds
쐍 gymnastics, indoor facility – five per cent
30 seconds
쐍 bobsleigh and luge – ten per cent for at
30 seconds
쐍 cycling (track racing) – ten per cent for at
least 60 seconds.
Swimming pools
The Pool Construction Guideline (2013) re-
quires safety lighting to provide 15 lux illu-
minance at the water surface in swimming
pools with a depth of 1.35 m or more.
39
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
57
also covers catering establishments such necessary stairwells and external exits,
as bars or restaurants accommodating and in necessary corridors;
more than 200 guests which need to meet 쐍 in public rooms as well as in all other
the same safety lighting requirements as rooms for visitors, e.g. foyer, cloakroom
other places of assembly (see page 35). and toilets;
쐍 in rooms for operators and staff with a
The number of guests that can be accom- floor area of more than 20 m2, excluding
modated is calculated on the basis of the offices;
following formulas: 쐍 in electrical operating areas and in rooms
쐍 for establishments with seating: one visi- for building service installations;
tor per m2 of public room floor area (ex- 쐍 in outdoor bars and restaurants that are
floor area, i.e. from 100 m2 floor area corridors in public rooms with flexible
upwards. seating configurations.
40
58 59
stairwells;
쐍 in rooms between necessary stairwells
41
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Sales premises
Sales premises – often referred to as stores
in earlier standards – are defined in the
Model Ordinance Governing Sales Prem-
ises (MVkVO) adopted in July 2014 as
buildings or parts of buildings which
쐍 are used wholly or partially for the sale of
merchandise,
쐍 have at least one salesroom and
60 61
42
above which safety lighting is required are educational establishments of a compara- 쐍 Group 1 and 2 rooms: Group 1 rooms in-
relatively generous. ble nature. clude examination and treatment rooms,
Group 2 rooms are operating theatres and
Safety lighting Safety lighting is required in halls through intensive care units. For some of the lumi-
Safety lighting needs to be provided up to which escape routes run, in necessary cor- naires, at least two different power
the public thoroughfares: ridors, necessary stairwells and windowless sources need to be available with two cir-
쐍 in salesrooms and all other rooms over common rooms. cuits; one of the circuits must be con-
50 m2 for visitors, nected to the power source for safety
쐍 in necessary stairwells, in rooms between Hospitals services. In Group 2 areas, at least 50 per
necessary stairwells and external exits There are only few specific requirements cent of the lighting equipment must be
and in necessary corridors; for hospitals in the building codes of the supplied by the safety lighting system.
쐍 in rooms for employees with a floor area federal Länder; accordingly attention is 쐍 Central fire alarm system and monitoring
of more than 20 m2 (excluding offices), drawn here to DIN VDE 0100-710. DIN equipment points.
쐍 in toilet facilities with a floor area of more VDE 0100-710 requires safety lighting for
than 50 m2 (in toilet facilities of any size in various areas in hospitals and clinics, sana-
Bavaria and Brandenburg); toria and convalescent hospitals, medical
쐍 in electrical operating areas and in rooms centres, polyclinics, outpatient centres, in
for building service installations; areas for medical treatment, in retirement
쐍 for signs indicating exits and for step and nursing homes and in outpatient facili-
lighting. ties (for occupational health, sports and
other physicians).
Schools
The Model Guideline for School Buildings Safety lighting is necessary for
(MSchulbauR) adopted in April 2009 ap- 쐍 escape routes,
plies to general and vocational schools, 쐍 rooms with switch and control gear for
provided they are not used exclusively for safety generator sets, for main distribution
adult education. However, the guideline boards, and for main distributors of the
does not cover universities, higher technical power source for safety services,
colleges, academies, adult education cen- 쐍 rooms where vital services are main-
43
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
63
44
Tall and high-rise buildings gether with illuminated pushbutton switches 쐍 pathways alongside vehicle entrances
The Model Building Regulations (MBO) and timed lighting. The safety lighting must and exits
adopted in September 2012 define high- automatically switch off after the pre-defined 쐍 staircases and routes leading to pedes-
rise buildings as buildings which are higher time has elapsed. Otherwise, the capacity of trian exits.
than 22 metres. “Height” is measured the power source for safety services needs
from the ground level to the finished floor to be designed for eight hours operation.
level of the highest storey suitable for Regarding the combination of
accommodation. Aside from these stipulations, various fed- escape signs and direction indications, see
eral states in Germany have regulations also pages 22 and 47.
Safety lighting setting out special or more stringent re-
The MBO requires safety lighting for interior quirements for high-rise buildings.
staircases in buildings of a height of 13
metres or more [§ 35 (7)]. Enclosed parking facilities
The Model Ordinance Governing Parking Fa-
The Model Guideline for High-Rise Build- cilities (MGarVO) adopted in May 2008 re-
ings (April 2008) also requires safety light- quires safety lighting for all indoor parking fa-
ing (in addition to escape routes and safety cilities with a net area of more than 1,000 m2
signs) for elevator lounges. except for single-storey parking facilities with [63] High-rise buildings (over 22 metres
regular users. The net area of a parking facil- high) require safety lighting regardless of
In high-rise residential buildings, DIN V VDE ity is the sum of all interconnecting parking whether they are designed for office or resi-
dential occupancy.
V 0108-100 requires that where the rated spaces plus circulation areas.
operating time of the power source for safety [64] Safe parking: safety lighting is required
services is only three hours, switched main- Escape routes generally include: for enclosed parking facilities (쏜 1.000 m2
tained operation should be provided to- 쐍 driving lanes net area).
64
45
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Requirements
moderate interruption (울 15 s)
in maintained operation
for safety services, in h
Examples of
Single-battery system
limited output – LPS
communal facilities
no interruption (0 s)
Generating set,
Generating set,
Generating set,
Illuminance, lx
Places of assembly
2
(excluding temporary buildings), ) 1 3 • • • • • • – –
theatres, cinemas
Temporary buildings 2
) 1 3 • • • • • • – –
used as places of assembly
2
Exhibition halls ) 1 3 • • • • • • – –
2
Sales premises ) 1 3 • • • • • • – –
2
Restaurants ) 1 3 • • • • • • – –
Accommodation establishments, 2
) 1 1) 8 5) • • • • • • • –
residential homes
2
Schools ) 1 1) 3 • • • • • • • –
Indoor car-parks, 2
) 15 1 • • • • • • • –
underground parking facilities
2
Airports, railway stations ) 1 3 6) • • • • • • – –
2
High-rise buildings ) 1 1) 8/3 4) • • • • • • • –
2
Escape routes on work premises ) 15 1 • 7) • • • • • • •
Particularly hazardous 2 3
) 0,5 ) • • • • • • – •
workplaces
Stages 3 1 3 • • • • • • – –
1
) From 1 to 15 second(s), depending on panic risk Note: Operation acc. to 4.4.8 DIN V VDE V 0108-100 – In high-rise buildings
2
) Safety lighting illuminance acc. to DIN EN 1838 as well as in accommodation establishments and residential homes, safety
3
) Duration of risk for persons present lighting in maintained operation is required to be operated with the general
4
) 8 hours (h) for high-rise residential buildings if not operated acc. to 4.4.8 lighting if the rated operating time of the power source for safety services acc.
5
) 3 h sufficient if operated acc. to 4.4.8 to Table A.1 is only 3 hrs. Illuminated pushbutton switches must be installed
6
) 1 h also permissible for overground areas of stations, depending on evacuation concept for local switching and positioned so that at least one switch is identifiable
7
) Not required for escape routes on work premises from any point in the event of a general lighting failure. The safety lighting must
switch off automatically after a pre-set time of being supplied by the power
• = permissible – = not permissible source for safety services.
46
Up or down?
There are currently moves to establish internationally standardized markings for the direction of escape.
Trade associations have proposed an addition to the recommendations.
“Arrow down” has traditionally been used with the additional “arrow up” sign would The ZVEI position paper “Marking
successfully to mark escape route doors have to be used, despite the fact that of escape direction” published in 2016
and to identify emergency exits, but also to the escape route leads down to the ground deals with this topic comprehensively.
indicate the escape direction of straight floor. This could be fatal in an emergency:
ahead and down. There is no binding defi- people trying to escape could go up rath- Regarding the combination of escape signs
nition of the direction of the arrow at er than down in their attempt to reach and direction indications, see also page 22.
present. The international, non-binding (in safety.
Germany) ISO 16069:2003 Safety Way
Guidance Systems or the German briefing ZVEI recommendation
paper DIN SPEC 4844-4 are now propos- The ZVEI therefore proposes a supplement
ing to mark the escape routes instead with to the ISO 16069/DIN 4844-4 Spec sys-
“arrow up”. tem: The significance of “arrow down”
should be supplemented by two further
However, use of the “arrow up” can lead points: Firstly the additional meaning of “go
to confusion in some cases. For example: straight ahead” and secondly the definition [65] This example illustrates how easily
if the corridors in a six-storey office build- “go straight ahead and through a door if confusion can arise if the arrow up sign is
ing are also part of the marked escape the sign is attached above a door”. used although the escape route is actually
downwards.
route, the doors to the stairwell at the end
of these corridors must be marked with [66] In buildings with several storeys,
an escape sign. In five of the storeys this the “arrow down” sign makes an unambigu-
means that the ISO 16069 safety signs ous statement.
65 66
47
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
Emergency lighting
Safety lighting for escape routes Safety lighting for particularly Anti-panic lighting
(e.g. as per ASR A2. 3) hazardous work areas
Health and safety laws (e.g. as per ASR A3 4/3)
Building laws Health and safety laws
Safety signs
© licht.de
67
Literature
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bruno Weis, Dipl.-Ing. Hans Finke Not- und Sicherheitsbeleuchtung, de-Fachwissen,
Hüthig & Pflaum Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8101-0310-9
48
Lighting requirements
ISO 30061; CIE S 020 (2007-11) Emergency lighting
DIN EN 1838 (2013-10) Lighting applications – Emergency lighting
DIN EN 13032-3 (2007-12) Light and lighting – Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires –
Part 3: Presentation of data for emergency lighting of work places
DIN 5035-6 (2006-11) Artificial lighting – Part 6: Measurement and evaluation
DIN 4844-1 (2012-06) Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs –
Part 1: Observation distances and colorimetric and photometric requirements
DIN ISO 3864-1 (2012-06) Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs –
Part 1: Design principles for safety signs and safety markings
DIN EN ISO 7010 (2012-10) Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs – Registered safety signs
Electrical requirements
DIN EN 50172 (2005-01) Emergency escape lighting systems (VDE 0108 Part 100)
DIN V VDE V 0108-100 (2010-08) Emergency escape lighting systems (Prestandard VDE 0108-100)
Note: Application of this prestandard is recommended by UK 221.3 of the DKE.
DIN VDE 0100-710 (2012-10) Erection of low-voltage installations – Requirements for special installations or locations – Part 710:
DIN VDE 0100-560 (2013-10) Low-voltage electrical installations –
Part 5-56: Selection and construction of electrical equipment – Safety services.
DIN EN 60598-1 (2015-10) Luminaires – General requirements and tests (VDE 0711 Part 1))
DIN EN 60598-2-22 (2015-06) Luminaires – Part 2-22: Particular requirements – Luminaires for emergency lighting
(VDE 0711 Part 2-22) (IEC 60598-2-22)
DIN EN 50171 (2001-11) Central power supply systems
DIN EN 50272-2 (2001-12) Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations
DIN EN 62034 (2013-02) Automatic test systems for battery powered emergency escape lighting (IEC 62034:2006)
Building regulations
MBO (2012-09) Standard building regulations
MVStättV (2014-07) Model ordinance governing places of assembly
MGarVO (2008-05) Model ordinance governing parking facilities
MIndBauRL (2014-02) Model guideline for industrial buildings
MBeVO (2014-05) Model ordinance governing accommodation establishments
MSchulbauR (2009-04) Model guideline for school buildings
MHHR (2008-04) Model guideline for high-rise buildings
MLAR (2005-11) Model guideline for conduction systems
MVkVO (2014-07) Model ordinance governing sales premises
M-EltBauVO (2009-01) Model ordinance on the construction of operations rooms for electrical installations
49
licht.wissen 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting
licht.de publications
licht.wissen 01
Lighting with artificial light
[licht.wissen 02] Good Lighting for [licht.wissen 04] Optimal office [licht.wissen 05] 60 pages on [licht.wissen 07] Lighting used in
a Better Learning Environment: lighting promotes a sense of well- workplace lighting in trade and in- healthcare must meet high stan-
Booklet 2 explains over 56 pages being and saves energy and main- dustry: Booklet 05 shows how dards. Booklet 07 cites the relevant
how optimum lighting can support tenance costs. Booklet 4 contains optimal lighting installations help regulations and highlights on 64
the motivation and performance of 56 pages devoted to different make for an ergonomic work space pages how light can contribute to
learners. It presents efficient solutions applications, and explains which and at the same time save energy recovery and increase visual comfort
and explains different lighting terms. standards need to be observed. and costs. in the workplace.
licht.wissen in English – all booklets are available as PDFs, free download at www.licht.de/en
01 Lighting with Artificial Light (2016) 09 Refurbishment in Trade, 16 City Marketing with Light (2010)
02 Good Lighting for a Better Learning Environment (2012) Commerce and Administration (2014) 17 LED: The Light of the Future (2010)
03 Roads, Paths and Squares (2014) 10 Emergency Lighting, Safety Lighting (2016) 18 Good Lighting for Museums,
04 Office Lighting: Motivating and Efficient (2012) 11 Good Lighting for Hotels and Restaurants (2005) Galleries and Exhibitions (2016)
05 Industry and Trade (2009) 12 Lighting Quality with Electronics (2003) 19 Impact of Light on Human Beings (2014)
06 Shop Lighting – Attractive and Efficient (2011) 13 Outdoor workplaces (2007) 20 Sustainable lighting (2014)
07 Light as a Factor in Health (2012) 14 Ideas for Good Lighting for the Home (2009)
08 Sport and Leisure (2010) 15 Good Outdoor Lighting for the Home (2009)
50
Imprint
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