506-AM DSB-LC 2up - pdf1004866972 PDF

EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II

2014
A.J. Wilkinson
andrew.wilkinson@uct.ac.za
http://www.ee.uct.ac.za
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Cape Town
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
506 Page 1 April 14, 2014
5.3 Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-

LC) Amplitude Modulation
5.3.1 DSB-LC modulation and demodulation

5.3.2 Topologies for generating DSB-LC
5.3.3 Power and efficiency of DSB-LC

506 Page 2 April 14, 2014
5.3.1 Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC)
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
DSB-LC is sometimes called “AM” modulation, as

in AM radio.
To hear an AM radio broadcast, tune to “Cape

Talk” 567 kHz on the medium wave radio band.

506 Page 3 April 14, 2014
 DSB-SC modulation requires a fairly complicated demodulator,

involving a mixer and oscillator, which must be synchronised to the
transmitter.
 SOLUTION: An alternative approach is to design the modulation such

that the modulating signal can be recovered purely from the envelope of
the modulated carrier.
This can be achieved by ensuring that the signal fed into the mixer is
always positive.
 Very simple circuits can be used to perform envelope detection. Early

radio receivers used this approach.
 Standard Medium Wave broadcast AM radio uses this technique. In

South Africa, broadcast AM radio uses a 9kHz bandwidth, with radio
stations located in the range 540 kHz –> 1600 kHz band).
506 Page 4 April 14, 2014
Amplitude Modulation: Large Carrier (DSB-LC)
 The signal fed into the mixer can be made always positive by adding a
DC offset to f(t):
AM (t )   f (t )  A cos c t
such that
f (t )  A  0  A≥∣min { f  t  }∣
 The modulated carrier can be re-expressed as:
 AM (t )  f (t ) cos c t  A cos c t
which is equivalent to adding a carrier component to a DSB-SC signal,

hence the name DSB-LC (large carrier).
 DSB-LC is sometimes referred to as “AM” as in “AM radio”.
506 Page 5 April 14, 2014
DSB-LC in Frequency Domain
 Fourier transforming the DSB-LC signal,
AM (t )   f (t )  A cos c t
we get:
1 1
Φ AM  ω= F  ωωc  F  ω−ωc πAδ  ωωc πAδ ω−ωc 
2 2
Note that the

carrier is present
506 Page 6 April 14, 2014
Block diagram implementations of DSB-LC Signal
ϕ AM ( t )=[ f (t )+ A ]cos ω c t= f ( t )cos ωc t + A cos ωc t
f (t )  AM (t )
1) EITHER  
Add DC offset to f(t)
prior to mixing
A cos c t
f (t )  AM (t )
2) OR  
Create DSB-SC and
add carrier A
cos c t
506 Page 7 April 14, 2014
1) Addition of DC offset and multiply to produce DSB-LC
f t  A F  ω2πAδ  ω 
A
DC offset A 2πA  weight 
added to f(t) t 
0 W 0 W
1
ℱ { A cos ωc t } 2π
⊛
cos ωc t
 
t  c c
carrier envelope ℱ { f ( t )cos ω c t + A cos ωc t }

1
A F  ω−ω c 
2
DSB-LC t c
 c
f  t  cos ωc t A cos ωc t
506 Page 8 April 14, 2014
2) Addition of Carrier to DSB-SC to produce DSB-LC
Consider DSB-SC waveforms:
F ω
F (0 )
f t 
t 
−W 0 W
ℱ { f (t )cos ω c t }
f (t ) cos c t
1
F(0)
2
DSB-SC t  c c 
2W 2W

506 Page 9 April 14, 2014
2) cont…
A cos c t ℱ { A cos ωc t }
A A
ADD
Carrier t  c c
Carrier Envelope ℱ { f (t )cos ω c t + A cos ωc t }

DSB-LC
t  c c
f (t ) cos c t  A cos c t
506 Page 10 April 14, 2014
Demodulation of DSB-LC AM
 DSB-LC signals are very easy to demodulate using a simple envelope

detector.
 DSB-LC is suited to audio applications e.g. speech or music,
which do not contain a DC component.
 An envelope detector recovers f (t) + A.
 If f (t) contains no DC component, then passing f (t) + A through a BPF
eliminates A, recovering f (t).
 The simplest AM receivers receiver the signal from an antenna, pass it

through a BPF, amplify and then into an envelope detector, followed by
a bandpass filter.

506 Page 11 April 14, 2014
Simple DSB-LC AM Receiver
Antenna
BPF
Envelope Audio
BPF
detector output
tunable amplifier
bandpass
filter
The tunable BPF selects a radio station.
AM signal demodulation using an envelope detector and
band pass filter.
506 Page 12 April 14, 2014
Demodulation using an Envelope Detector
Envelope detector Bandpass filter
AM (t ) ve (t ) v0 (t )
R C
Envelope ve ( t )  f ( t )  A v0 (t )  f (t )
AM (t )
506 Page 13 April 14, 2014
Choosing the RC time constant

RC too large
Envelope detector RC about right
RC too small
AM (t ) ve (t ) ve (t )
R C
T’ = 2/c
The RC time constant T is the time it takes for voltage to
drop to 1/e ~ 0.37 of its charged value. Clearly, the time constant should
be greater than the period of the carrier, but less than the period of the
highest frequency component in the modulating signal.
i.e. T' < RC < Tmod where T' = 2π/ωc and Tmod = 1/B
A value of RC somewhere in this range would give a smooth result.
506 Page 14 April 14, 2014
Modulation Index m
 In DSB-LC AM, the signal f(t) causes the amplitude of the

carrier to fluctuate. The modulation index is a number that
quantifies the “degree of amplitude modulation” of the
carrier’s amplitude.
 Considering − f max ≤ f t ≤ f max
ϕ AM ( t )= A cos ωc t + f ( t )cos ωc t=[ A+ f (t )] cos ωc t
 The modulation index is defined as the fractional fluctuation

in the amplitude of the carrier, i.e.
Envelope Peak − Carrier Amplitude
m=
Carrier Amplitude
=> Envelope peak = A(1+m)
506 Page 15 April 14, 2014
Modulation index m
 AM t = A cos ω c t f t cos ω c t =[ A f t ]cos ωc t
Max value = A(1+m) Envelope

mA
A
Min value = A(1-m)
t
Case: m=0.9 shown
Note: The modulation index should be less than 1. i.e. m<1

to ensure the min envelope value is >0.
506 Page 16 April 14, 2014
Modulation index m
 Modulation index:
Envelope Peak −Carrier Amplitude

m=
Carrier Amplitude
max {φ AM }− A
=
A
max { f t }
=
A
 Note
Envelope Peak  max{AM }  mA  A  A(1  m )

506 Page 17 April 14, 2014
Modulation index: Over-modulated case

Envelope
m<1
t t
Okay
m=1
(most power t t
efficient)
can’t recover f(t)
from envelope
Over-modulated
m>1 t t
(can’t recover f(t))
506 Page 18 April 14, 2014
Modulation Index m for the case of sinusoidal modulation
 For a sinusoidal modulating signal: f  t =k cos ω m t

 DSB-LC signal is
ϕ AM ( t )= f (t )cos ωc t + A cos ωc t
=k cos ωm t cos ωc t + A cos ω c t
 Modulation “Factor” or “Index”
Peak DSB LC envelope - Carrier Amplitude  Ak − A

m= =
Carrier Amplitude A
⇒ m=k / A OR k=mA
 Define % Modulation=m×100%
506 Page 19 April 14, 2014
5.3.2 Topologies for generating Double Sideband

Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Amplitude Modulation

506 Page 20 April 14, 2014
Generation of DSB-LC Signal
ϕ AM ( t )=[ f (t )+ A ]cos ω c t = f ( t )cos ωc t + A cos ωc t

 Block Diagrams:
f (t )  AM (t )
 
A cos c t
f (t )  AM (t )
 
A
cos c t
506 Page 21 April 14, 2014
Generation of DSB-LC Signal
 Practical Implementations:
 Chopper (switch) type modulators
 Exploiting non-linear characteristics of devices
i.e.
i  t =a1 e t a 2 e2  t ⋯

506 Page 22 April 14, 2014
Chopper Modulator (DSB-LC)
 Simply chop ( f (t )  A) and pass through BPF @ c
f (t ) BPF  AM (t )
 @ c
A c Chop rate
F f (t )  A
Chop Spectrum after chopper
 BPF
0
 3c 3c
 c 0 c 0
506 Page 23 April 14, 2014
Chopper Modulator (DSB-LC)
 Another method
 Chop ( f (t )  K cos c t ) and filter.
c
BPF
f (t ) ~ @ c
R V 0 t 
K cos c t ~
 Rectifier Method: also works if one replace c switch with a

diode.

506 Page 24 April 14, 2014
Understanding Chopper / Rectifier Circuit
 Voltage across R is
 f  t K cos ωc t  P T  t =V R  t 
where P T  t  is square wave, 010101…

 In frequency domain
1
V R (ω)=ℱ { f ( t )+k cos ωc t } ⊛ P T ( ω)
2π

506 Page 25 April 14, 2014
Understanding Chopper / Rectifier Circuit
Sum of Signal +Carrier F ( )

K K
 c 0 c 1
⊛
2π
PT ( )  3c 3c
 c 0 c
VR ( )  3 3c
c
 c 0 c
V0 ( ) After BPF
(Output )  c 0 c
506 Page 26 April 14, 2014
DSB-LC Using Non-Linear Devices
 Passing the sum ( f (t )+ K cos ωc t ) through a non-linear device

(e.g. diode) generates DSB-LC spectral replicas in frequency
spectrum. v d (t )
 Consider Circuit:
f (t ) ~ V0 (t )
i(t )
R VR (t ) BPF
K cos ω c t ~
(A DC bias is also sometimes added in series)
The voltage drop across R is proportional i Non-linear

to current through diode: Diode
characteristic
V R (t )=i(t) R 1.0mA
0.6V vd
506 Page 27 April 14, 2014
 We shall analyze the case where the total applied

voltage is less than, say, 0.66V, and |VR| << |vd|
∣ f (t )+ K cos ωc t∣≤0.66 V
Non-linear
Given max{Vd + VR ) = 0.66V Diode
characteristic
Assume Vd = 0.6V and VR = 0.06V. 1.0mA
From curve, Vd = 0.6V => Id=1mA. 0.6V

vd
This same current flows through R. (operating range)
=> choose R = 0.06/1E-3 = 60 ohms.

506 Page 28 April 14, 2014
 The non-linear voltage to current relationship is modeled by a

power series: i (t )=a1 v d (t )+a 2 v 2d (t )+⋯
 For V R << v d (t ) (small voltage drop across R)

⇒ v d (t )≈ f (t)+ K cos ωc t Note: Total applied
voltage < 0.66V and R
Thus VR (t )  i (t ) R where: is chosen to be low
enough such that
i (t )  a1[ f (t )  K cos c t ]  a2 [ f (t )  K cos ct ]2 V R ≪v (t )
 a1 f (t )  a1K cos c t  a2 f 2 (t )  a2 K 2 cos2 c t  2a2 Kf (t ) cos c t
carrier term DSB-SC term

506 Page 29 April 14, 2014

2
The term: 1 a K
a 2 K 2 cos 2 ω c t=a2 K 2 +
2
cos 2ω c t gives a DC term
2 2 and a 2c term
The term: 2 1
f (t ) ↔ F ( ω ) ⊛ F ( ω)
2π
is located at baseband, and has bandwidth of 2B Hz.
BPF
2c  c 0 c 2c
At the output of the bandpass filter we obtain

the desired DSB-LC signal:
⇒ V 0 ( t )=a1 KR cos ω c t +2a 2 KRf (t )cos ω c t
506 Page 30 April 14, 2014
5.3.3 Power calculations and Efficiency of
DSB-LC AM

506 Page 31 April 14, 2014
Carrier and Sideband Power in AM
 In DSB-Large Carrier AM, the carrier is included to allow simple

demodulation via envelope detection. This allows cheap receivers to
be constructed.
 The carrier component does not however convey any information
about f(t).
 The additional power required to transmit the carrier in large-carrier
AM, makes it less power efficient than DSB-SC.
 In the following section we shall examine power calculations in
amplitude modulation, and determine the efficiency of DSB-LC AM,
which is a function of the modulation index m.
 In the analysis, we shall assume that f(t) has no DC component.

506 Page 32 April 14, 2014
Carrier and Sideband Power in AM
Let ϕ AM ( t )= f (t )cos ωc t + A cos ωc t

where f ( t )=0 and f(t) varies slowly compared to cosct.
The power in the signal (mean square value) is given by
ϕ (t )= A cos ω c t + f (t )cos ω c t +2 Af (t )cos ω c t

2 2 2 2 2 2
1  1  0
= A2⋅ f 2 ( t )⋅
2 2
Carrier Power In Since f ( t )=0

Power side bands
Pt  Pc  Ps
506 Page 33 April 14, 2014
 Note: 2 1 1
f  t  cos ωc t = f  t  f  t  cos 2ωc t
2 2
1 1
= f  t  f  t  cos 2ω c t
2 2 This is a
=0 DSB-SC term
at 2c and
has no DC
f(t) has no component.
DC component
 Similarly
2 2 1 2 1 2
f  t cos ωc t = f  t  f  t  cos 2ωc t
2 2
1 1
= f 2  t  f 2  t  cos 2ωc t
2 2
1 2
= f t
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT 2 AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
506 Page 34 April 14, 2014
Note
 Note: Here we have developed an expression for the total

“signal power” which is defined as the mean square value:
2
P t =ϕ ( t )
 If the load impedance is 1 ohm, then the total power dissipated
in the 1 ohm load is equal to the total signal power.
 If the signal is a voltage driving a resistive load of R ohms,
then the power dissipated is
2
P t (dissipated )=ϕ ( t )/ R

506 Page 35 April 14, 2014
Fourier Transform of DSB-LC AM
Φ AM ( ω)=ℱ { f ( t )cos ωc t + A cos ω c t }

1 1
=πAδ ( ω+ωc )+ F ( ω+ωc )+πAδ (ω−ωc )+ F (ω−ωc )
2 2
1 πA Φ ω  πA 1
F  ωω c  F  ω−ω c 
2 2
 c 0 c
 For finite energy signals, we analyze the energy spectral density

2
ESD=∣Φω ∣
 In this case, it we are analysing a power signal, and require treatment in
terms of the power spectral density.
506 Page 36 April 14, 2014
Power Spectral Density of DSB-LC AM
 For power calculations we consider the power spectral

density S φ ω shown below:
2 2
πA /2 S φ ω  πA / 2
1 1
S  ωωc  S ω−ωc 
4 f 4 f
 c 0 c
where S f ω is the PSD of f (t )

for which 1
+∞
2
f (t )= ∫ S f ( ω )dω
2π −∞
506 Page 37 April 14, 2014
Note
 The 1 F ( ω+ωc ) in the Fourier transform becomes

2
1
S ( ω+ω c ) in the PSD.
4 f
To see how it arises, let

1
G (ω )= F (ω+ωc )
2
1
=H (ω ) F ( ω+ωc ) where H (ω )=
2
Thus, using a result from linear system theory,

2 1
S g (ω)=|H (ω)| S f ( ω+ω c )= S f ( ω+ωc )
4

506 Page 38 April 14, 2014
Obtaining the Power from the PSD
 Carrier Power
1 ∞ 1 π π 1
P c = ∫ S c ( ω )dω= [ A2 + A2 ]= A2
2π −∞ 2π 2 2 2
 Sideband Power
1 ∞ 1 1 1
P s = ∫ S s ( ω )dω= f 2 ( t )+ f 2 (t )= f 2 (t )
2π −∞ 4 4 2
∞
 Total Power 1
P t = ∫ [ S c ( ω)+ S s ( ω)]dω
2π −∞
1 2 1 2
P t =P c + P s = A + f ( t )
2 2
506 Page 39 April 14, 2014
Transmission Efficiency 
The transmission efficiency of large-carrier AM is defined

as the ratio (sometimes expressed as %)
Power in the sidebands Ps Ps

μ= = =
Total Power Pt Pc + P s
Substituting,
1 2
f (t ) 2
2 f (t )
μ= = 2 2
1 2 1 2
A + f (t ) A + f ( t )
2 2
506 Page 40 April 14, 2014
Transmission Efficiency for a Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
 Let f (t )=mA cos ω m t

ϕ AM (t )=mA cos ωm t cos ωc t + A cos ωc t
Carrier power: 1 2
Pc= A
2
Sideband power: 1 2 11 1
P s= f ( t )= ( mA )2 = m 2 A2
2 2 2 4
Transmission Efficiency 1 Note:

m A
2 2
1
Ps Ps m2
4 P s = m2 P c
μ= = = = 2
P t P c + P s 1 2 1 2 2 2+ m 2
A + m A
2 4
506 Page 41 April 14, 2014
Example: High Power AM Radio Broadcast Transmitter
 A DSB-LC AM transmitter transmits with carrier power of

40 kW with a modulation index of 0.707
For a sinusoidal modulating signal of maximum amplitude,
calculate:
a) Calculate the total power radiated
1 2 1 2 1 2 11 2 2
P t =P c  P s = A  f  t = A  m A
2 2 2 22
Note: The “A” here refers
1 2 2 to the carrier amplitude
=P c + m P c =P c (1+m / 2) if driving a 1 ohm load.
2
2
0.707
=40(1+ )=50 kW
2
506 Page 42 April 14, 2014
b) Calculate the transmission efficiency
Ps Ps m2 0 . 707 2 (Comment:
μ= = = 2
= 2
=0 . 20 DSB-LC is
P t P c + P s 2+ m 2 +0 . 707 inefficient!)
c) Calculate the peak voltage if driving into a 50Ω load (being the input
impedance of a radiating antenna)
If driving a 50Ω load, the carrier power is
2
1 A
Pc= ⇒ A= √ 2 RP c= √ 2⋅50⋅40000=2000 volts
2 R
The peak voltage is then
Max { ϕ AM ( t ) }= A+mA=(1+m ) A=3414 volts
506 Page 43 April 14, 2014
Z in =50 ohms Antenna
Voltage waveform across the terminals of the antenna

Envelope
3414 V
2000 V

506 Page 44 April 14, 2014
EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II
End of handout

506 Page 45 April 14, 2014

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EEE3086F

Signals and Systems II

5.3 Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-

5.3.1 DSB-LC modulation and demodulation

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

DSB-LC is sometimes called “AM” modulation, as

To hear an AM radio broadcast, tune to “Cape

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

 DSB-SC modulation requires a fairly complicated demodulator,

 SOLUTION: An alternative approach is to design the modulation such

 Very simple circuits can be used to perform envelope detection. Early

 Standard Medium Wave broadcast AM radio uses this technique. In

which is equivalent to adding a carrier component to a DSB-SC signal,

DSB-LC in Frequency Domain

 Fourier transforming the DSB-LC signal,

Note that the

ϕ AM ( t )=[ f (t )+ A ]cos ω c t= f ( t )cos ωc t + A cos ωc t

1) Addition of DC offset and multiply to produce DSB-LC

carrier envelope ℱ { f ( t )cos ω c t + A cos ωc t }

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

Carrier Envelope ℱ { f (t )cos ω c t + A cos ωc t }

 DSB-LC signals are very easy to demodulate using a simple envelope

 The simplest AM receivers receiver the signal from an antenna, pass it

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

Simple DSB-LC AM Receiver

Envelope detector Bandpass filter

Choosing the RC time constant

 In DSB-LC AM, the signal f(t) causes the amplitude of the

ϕ AM ( t )= A cos ωc t + f ( t )cos ωc t=[ A+ f (t )] cos ωc t

 The modulation index is defined as the fractional fluctuation

 AM t = A cos ω c t f t cos ω c t =[ A f t ]cos ωc t

Max value = A(1+m) Envelope

Case: m=0.9 shown

Note: The modulation index should be less than 1. i.e. m<1

Envelope Peak −Carrier Amplitude

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

Modulation index: Over-modulated case

 For a sinusoidal modulating signal: f  t =k cos ω m t

 Modulation “Factor” or “Index”

Peak DSB LC envelope - Carrier Amplitude  Ak − A

5.3.2 Topologies for generating Double Sideband

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

ϕ AM ( t )=[ f (t )+ A ]cos ω c t = f ( t )cos ωc t + A cos ωc t

Generation of DSB-LC Signal

i  t =a1 e t a 2 e2  t ⋯

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

 Simply chop ( f (t )  A) and pass through BPF @ c

Chopper Modulator (DSB-LC)

 Rectifier Method: also works if one replace c switch with a

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

 f  t K cos ωc t  P T  t =V R  t 

where P T  t  is square wave, 010101…

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

Understanding Chopper / Rectifier Circuit

Sum of Signal +Carrier F ( )

 Passing the sum ( f (t )+ K cos ωc t ) through a non-linear device

The voltage drop across R is proportional i Non-linear

DSB-LC Using Non-Linear Devices

 We shall analyze the case where the total applied

From curve, Vd = 0.6V => Id=1mA. 0.6V

A.J.Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

 The non-linear voltage to current relationship is modeled by a