Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus1

Name: Bunthach Buntharo

ID: e20190046
Group: I1-02

Assignment #9

1. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝜖ℝ. Show that there exists 𝑥 𝜖 (0,1) satisfies

4𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 .

Let 𝑓: [0,1] → ℝ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥4 + 𝑏𝑥3 + 𝑐𝑥2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥

We have f is continuous on [0,1] and differentiable on (0,1)
And 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(0) = 0
By Rolle’s Theorem, there exists 𝑥 𝜖 (0,1) such that 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
𝑓′(𝑥) = 0 ⟺ 4𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0
Thus, there exists 𝑥 𝜖 (0,1) satisfies 4𝑎𝑥 3 + 3𝑏𝑥 2 + 2𝑐𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

2. Show that the equation 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 has exactly one real solution.

Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑓(−1) = −2 < 0
𝑓(0) = 1 > 0
We have 𝑓(−1) < 0 < 𝑓(0) ⇒ 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 [−1,0]
By Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists 𝑥0 𝜖 [−1,0]
Such that 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 0 ⟺ 𝑥0 5 + 𝑥0 3 + +1 = 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 1 > 0
Thus, the equation 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 has exactly one real solution

3. Prove that |cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| for all x and y.

Let 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 ℝ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 , and assume that 𝑥 > 𝑦
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus1

The function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 ℝ

⟺ 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 [𝑦, 𝑥 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 (𝑦, 𝑥 )
By Mean Value Theorem, there exists 𝑐 𝜖 (𝑦, 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑦 ) cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = ⟺ − sin 𝑐 =
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦
⟺ |− sin 𝑐 | = | |
𝑥−𝑦
cos 𝑥−cos 𝑦
For all 𝑐 𝜖 ℝ, |− sin 𝑐 | ≤ 1 ⇒ | | ≤ 1 ⇒ |cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦|
𝑥−𝑦

Thus, |cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| for all x and y

4. Write the Taylor expansion of function 𝑓 order 𝑛 at 𝑥0 given below.

1
(a). , 𝑛 = 4, 𝑥0 = 0
1+𝑥+𝑥 2
1
Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
1+(𝑥+𝑥 2 )

⇒ 𝑇𝑓𝑛 = 1 − (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )2 − (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )3 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )4 + 𝑜(𝑥 4 )
𝑇𝑓(𝑥 ) = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑜(𝑥 4 )

(b). (𝑥 3 + 1)√1 − 𝑥 , 𝑛 = 3, 𝑥0 = 0
Using Taylor-Young Formula at 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑛 = 3
𝑓(𝑘) (0)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑3𝑘=0 (𝑥 )𝑘 + 𝑜(𝑥 𝑛 )
𝑘!

Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 3 + 1)√1 − 𝑥 , 𝑓(0) = 1

−7𝑥 3 +6𝑥 2 −1 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = , 𝑓 ′ (0) = −
2√1−𝑥 2

35𝑥 3 −60𝑥 2 +24𝑥−1 1

⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = , 𝑓 ′′ (0) = −
4(1−𝑥)(√1−𝑥) 4

105𝑥 3 −270𝑥 2 +216𝑥−45 45

⇒ 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥 ) = − , 𝑓 ′′′ (0) =
8(𝑥−1)2 (√1−𝑥) 8

1 1 45
Then, we have 𝑇𝑓𝑛 = 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑜(𝑥 3 )
2 4 48
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus1

sin 𝑥−1
(c). , 𝑛 = 2, 𝑥0 = 0
cos 𝑥+1

Using Taylor-Young Formula at 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑛 = 2

𝑓(𝑘) (0)
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑2𝑘=0 (𝑥 )𝑘 + 𝑜(𝑥 𝑛 )
𝑘!
sin 𝑥−1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑓 (0) = −
cos 𝑥+1 2
1+cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (cos 𝑥+1)2
, 𝑓 ′ (0) =
2

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥−(cos 𝑥)2 −cos 𝑥−2 (sin 𝑥)2 1

⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = (cos 𝑥+1)4
, 𝑓 ′′ (0) =−
2
1 1 1
Then, we have 𝑇𝑓𝑛 = − + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑜(𝑥 2 )
2 2 4