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1.UNITED NATION ORGANIZATION (UNO)

The United Nations Organization (UNO) was established on October 24, 1945 after the World War II,
when the UN Charter had been ratified by a majority of the original 51 Member States. The day is now
celebrated each year around the world as United Nations Day.

The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and
development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It
affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when
addressing international problems.

There are currently 191 Members of the United Nations. They meet in the General Assembly, which is
the closest thing to a world parliament. Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a single vote,
however, none of the decisions taken by the Assembly are binding. Nevertheless, the Assembly's
decisions become resolutions that carry the weight of world governmental opinion.

The United Nations Headquarters is in New York City but the land and buildings are international
territory. The United Nations has its own flag, its own post office and its own postage stamps. Six official
languages are used at the United Nations - Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The UN
European Headquarters is in the Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. It has offices in Vienna, Austria
and Economic Commissions in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, Amman in Jordan, Bangkok in Thailand and
Santiago in Chile. The senior officer of the United Nations Secretariat is the Secretary-General.

History
The earliest concrete plan for the formation of a new world organization was begun under the aegis of
the U.S. State Department late in 1939. The name United Nations was coined by President Franklin
Delano Roosevelt in 1941 to describe the countries fighting against the Axis. It was first used officially on
Jan. 1, 1942, when 26 states joined in the Declaration by the United Nations, pledging themselves to
continue their joint war effort and not to make peace separately. The need for an international
organization to replace the League of Nations was first stated officially on Oct. 30, 1943, in the Moscow
Declaration, issued by China, Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR.

At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference (Aug.–Oct., 1944), those four countries drafted specific proposals
for a charter for the new organization, and at the Yalta Conference (Feb., 1945) further agreement was
reached. All the states that had ultimately adhered to the 1942 declaration and had declared war on
Germany or Japan by Mar. 1, 1945, were called to the founding conference held in San Francisco (Apr.
25–June 26, 1945). Drafted at San Francisco, the UN charter was signed on June 26 and ratified by the
required number of states on Oct. 24 (officially United Nations Day). The General Assembly first met in
London on Jan. 10, 1946.

It was decided to locate the UN headquarters in the E United States. In Dec., 1946, the General
Assembly accepted the $8.5 million gift of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to buy a tract of land along the East
River, New York City, for its headquarters. The principal buildings there, the Secretariat, the General
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Assembly, and the Conference Building, were completed in 1952. The Dag Hammarskjöld Memorial
Library was dedicated in 1961.

MAIN PARTS OF UNO

There are 5 main parts in this organization

The General Assembly

The Security Council

The Economic and Social Council

The International Court of Justice

The Secretariat

Principles of the United Nations

All Member States have sovereign equality.

All Member States must obey the Charter.

Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means.

Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force.

The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country.

Countries should try to assist the United Nations

Functions and Powers

Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are:

to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the
United Nations;

to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;

to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;

to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;

to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action
should be taken;

to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to
prevent or stop aggression;
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to take military action against an aggressor;

to recommend the admission of new Members;

to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas";

to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with
the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice.

Aims of the United Nations

To keep peace throughout the world.

To develop friendly relations between nations.

To work together to help people live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy in the
world, to stop environmental destruction and to encourage respect for each other's rights and
freedoms.

Vision
A United Nations that is a powerful force in meeting common global challenges and opportunities.

Mission
We work to build a better world by strengthening and improving the United Nations through the
engagement of people who share a global mindset and support international cooperation–global
citizens.

2.WORLD BANK
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for
capital programs. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank is a
component of the World Bank Group, which is part of the United Nations system.

The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty. According to its Articles of Agreement, all its
decisions must be guided by a commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international
trade and to the facilitation of Capital investment.

World Bank Group

The World Bank is not to be confused with the World Bank Group, an extended family of five
international organizations:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

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International Development Association (IDA)

International Finance Corporation (IFC)

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

Functions:
World Bank is playing main role of providing loans for development works to member countries,
especially to underdeveloped countries. The World Bank provides long-term loans for various
development projects of 5 to 20 years duration.

The main functions can be explained with the help of the following points:

1. World Bank provides various technical services to the member countries. For this purpose, the Bank
has established “The Economic Development Institute” and a Staff College in Washington.

2. Bank can grant loans to a member country up to 20% of its share in the paid-up capital.

3. The quantities of loans, interest rate and terms and conditions are determined by the Bank itself.

4. Generally, Bank grants loans for a particular project duly submitted to the Bank by the member
country.

5. The debtor nation has to repay either in reserve currencies or in the currency in which the loan was
sanctioned.

6. Bank also provides loan to private investors belonging to member countries on its own guarantee, but
for this loan private investors have to seek prior permission from those counties where this amount will
be collected.

Objectives:
The following objectives are assigned by the World Bank:

1. To provide long-run capital to member countries for economic reconstruction and development.

2. To induce long-run capital investment for assuring Balance of Payments (BoP) equilibrium and
balanced development of international trade.

3. To provide guarantee for loans granted to small and large units and other projects of member
countries.

4. To ensure the implementation of development projects so as to bring about a smooth transference

from a war-time to peace economy.
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5. To promote capital investment in member countries by the following ways;

(a) To provide guarantee on private loans or capital investment.

(b) If private capital is not available even after providing guarantee, then IBRD provides loans for
productive activities on considerate conditions.

BRANCHES OF WORLD BANK

The World Bank Group is actually made up of five separate branches. Two of those branches—the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development
Association (IDA)—usually work with governments and together are commonly known as the “World
Bank”

VISION AND MISSION

" The World Bank Group aims to fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results - to
help people help themselves and their environments by producing resources, sharing knowledge,
building capacity, and forging partnerships in the public and private sector"

World Bank Mission Statement

Creating, sharing and applying knowledge has always been an important part of the World Bank's
programs to assist its member countries to promote growth and reduce poverty. It is only since the mid-
90s, however, that the Bank has attempted to organize its knowledge activities in a systematic way to
maximize their potential benefits.

3.INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that provides financial assistance
and advice to member countries. This article will discuss the main functions of the organization, which
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has become an enduring institution integral to the creation of financial markets worldwide and to the
growth of developing countries.

The IMF was born at the end of World War II, out of the Bretton Woods Conference in 1945. It was
created out of a need to prevent economic crises like the Great Depression. With its sister organization,
the World Bank, the IMF is the largest public lender of funds in the world. It is a specialized agency of
the United Nations and is run by its 186 member countries. Membership is open to any country that
conducts foreign policy and accepts the organization's statutes.

The IMF is responsible for the creation and maintenance of the international monetary system, the
system by which international payments among countries take place. It thus strives to provide a
systematic mechanism for foreign exchange transactions in order to foster investment and promote
balanced global economic trade.

To achieve these goals, the IMF focuses and advises on the macroeconomic policies of a country, which
affect its exchange rate and its government's budget, money and credit management. The IMF will also
appraise a country's financial sector and its regulatory policies, as well as structural policies within the
macro economy that relate to the labor market and employment. In addition, as a fund, it may offer
financial assistance to nations in need of correcting balance of payments discrepancies. The IMF is thus
entrusted with nurturing economic growth and maintaining high levels of employment within countries.

FUNCTIONS OF IMF
Surveillance (like a doctor) Gathering data and assessing economic policies of countries.

Technical Assistance (like a teacher) Strengthening human skills and institutional capacity of countries.
Financial Assistance (like a banker) Lending to countries to support reforms.

ROLE OF IMF
Promoting research in various areas of international economics and monetary economics.

Providing a forum for discussion and consultation among member countries. Being in the center of
competence.

Focusing on its core macroeconomic and financial areas of responsibility.

Working in a complementary fashion with other institutions established.

VISION OF IMF
As an international organization we seek to actively engage medical professionals and Catholic parishes
in the U.S., creating partnerships within communities of the poor and neglected for mutual benefits.
These partnerships provide a transfer of knowledge, supplies and support in an effort to foster a more
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hopeful, lasting and self-sufficient future for those in need while renewing the spiritual lives of the
mission volunteers.

MISSION OF IMF
Our Mission we exist to act as an extension of God’s hand to restore health, hope, and dignity to the
less-privileged, focusing on developing and under-developed countries.

Conclusion
The IFIs are pillars of globalization. Designed to help manage the international financial system, they
have taken on major roles as drivers of closer economic integration of all of the world’s countries, from
the advanced to the least developed. They have provided funds and advice to assist countries with their
economic development and policy-making. At the same time, they are subject to criticism on many
levels—for intrusiveness into the economic and political sovereignty of nations dependent on their aid,
lack of transparency, and impact of their policies on societies and the environment.

Whether or not these new policies will serve to mollify the IFIs critics remains to be seen. Protests
continue against the IFIs, and it is likely that controversy about both them and globalization in general
will continue for some time.