Session7 - ChallengesMaritime Transport

CHALLENGES OF MARITIME
TRANSPORT AND PORT

MANAGEMENT
Ports as drivers of change
Amadeu Rocha
Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014

• Economy, Maritime Industry and Sea
Transport
• Modern Sea Port Management
• Key Factors of Port Efficiency
• Future Challenges

Economy, Maritime Industry and
Sea Transport

BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVE
PROCES, EARLY XXI CENTURY
Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 4

Globalisation of Economy
• Revolution of International Trade:

– Location of production (raw material, labour, technology) is nowadays in the
most attractive places.
– Industrial localisation is based on rational and cost competitve factors.
• International Division of Work and Labour:

– Based in diferente processes  Tailored Processes for each Product.
– From “MADE IN” to “MADE IN WORLD”  “MADE BY” “DELIVERED BY”
• Nowadays, sea transport is an integral component of the productive

process, while until some time ago, it was only considered before (pre-
production) or after (post-production) the productive process..
• Development of Transport and Communication System made the World

Flat..

Resources PORTS Shipyard
• Port Operation • Construction
• Fishery
• Equipment • Maintenance
• Energy
• Services (Pilotage/
dragline/ lashing/
Refueling )
Services
Electronics • Insurance
• P&I Club
• Communication • Supervision
• Navigation SEA • Marina
• Safety TRANSPORT
• Information

Investments
Strategic
Decisions
Abolishment of
Commercial Market
Borders Liberalisation
INTERNET
COMMUNICATION
Financial and
Capital Mobility Mobility of
Production

Cooperation
Raw Material
Hedge
Technology
Manuactured
Communication
Products
Education

Trade generates Transport Demadn
90%
Of goods are
transported by
sea
Most economic mode to transport large quantities of

goods and raw material accross the world.
PORTS
INTERFACES for the communication between modes of transport
(transhipment operations), that ensure the continuity and seamlessness of the
transport chain.

PORTS AND WORLD COMMERCE (2005)
80%
Of world trade is moved by a
fleet of 46000 ships
90% of manufactured products is moved by a

fleet of 4250 container ships
4000 ports, 500 container terminals handled 290 million TEUs in

2005
World Commerce relies on sea transport and Globalisation was fuelled by

containerisation

Trade induces Transport Services
Ramas
Recycling of world fleet:
• Larger ships;
• Faster ships;
• Specialisation (celular/ro-ro/LNG)
• New IT Systems (navegação/comunicações/carregamento)
• Emergence of a network of sea routes.

Technological evolutions and properties of world fleet
has been influenced by:
Reducing transit times

Reducing idle times
Reducing handling times at Ports
Reducing port costs
Reducin crews and staff
R… R… R…REDUCING COSTS

BASIC CONCEPTS:
“TRAMP“ AND “REGULAR ROUTE”

SEGMENTAÇÃO DO MERCADO
REGULAR ROUTE TRAMPING
Goods follow the ship Ships follows the goods
 Large amount of agentes and freight  Ship is made available in a pool

forwarders

FForwarder Shipper
FForwarder Shipper
Agent
FForwarder
Shipper
Large amount of
agents
FForwarder Shipper
FForwarder
Agent Shipper
FForwarder
Shipper
FForwarder
Shipper
Agent FForwarder
FForwarder Shipper
Shipper

REGULAR ROUTE TRAMPING
Goods follow the ship Ship follows the Goods
 Ships is made availble in a pool (e.g.:

 Large amount of agentes and freight baltic Exchange)
forwarders  Few Brokers
 Small bacthes/bundles of goods  Large bacthes of the same products
 Defined route and ports  Often break bulk
 Stable schedules, prices and services  Services are adjusted to demand
 Frequency is stable  One ship – one cargo
 Supply and Demand are balanced  Each services is negotiated

TRANSPORT CONTRAT
Medium to Long Term TYPES OF
SHIPS ACQUISITION
COA’s CONTRACTS
Contract of affreightement
Large Companies PROVIDES: By Time

(Time Charter)
Steel Mill • Stability of Service
Coal • Large Supplies By Service
CIment (Voyage Charter)
Ramas Bareboat Charter
Charter Party by Demis

SERVICES CONTRACTS
“... In which one party (CHARTERER) undertakes in relation to
another (CHARTEREE), to make available to a ship, or part
CONTRACT thereof, for the purpose of shipping through a so-called cash
consideration SHIPPING CONTRACT.
Document that certifies the transport

contract
CHARTER – PARTY
Gencon (general)
Scanorecon (ores)
Baltime (by time)
Various Types of Contract FORM 149 (bareboat charter)

Baltic Internacional Maritime Conference

Commercial Nautical
Management Management
• Stopover expenses • Ship related
• Ports • Equipment
• Loading • Maintenance
• Fuel • Crew
• Supplies • Repairs
• Insurance

Internal Cost of Service
Capital Custos Trip Handling

Costs
Costs Shipping Costs
Crew
Depreciation
Maintenance Cargo handling
Interest on Fuel
Loans Repairs faults
Port Costs
Supplies complaints
Taxes
Insurance
NAUTICAl MGT COMMERCIAL MGT
CHARTERER Bareboat Charter CHARTEREE
CHARTERER By Time CHARTEREE
CHARTERER By Service CHARTEREE

Shipping Line
• Regular Routes require the issuing of a scheduling with the Ports

Stopovers and respective schedules.
• This type of service satisfies the needs of shippers that have to

issue medium / small quantities of goods.
• To ensure the rotation of the ship and frequent scales, shipowners

tend to cluster in "joint ventures".

Shipping Line
Usually composed of Departments:
 Ship Department: technical maintenance, crew management,

procurement.
 Sales Department: looking for freight, agency contract, coordination

of agency, relationship with the conferences, litigation, charges ...
 Administrative Department: financial services, accounting,

personnel, legal, insurance, general services.
 Logistics Department: the exploitation of container manage the

fleet, parks and land positioning of containers.

Regular Line
The transport service contract composed of the following elements:
• SEA FREIGHT contract (ocean freight): corresponds to the freight

shipping port to port
• "Surcharges": Supplements invoiced by the owners of the ships, on a

permanent or occasional basis
CAF - Currency adjustement Factors; BAF - Bankers adjustement factor; congestion
surcharge.
May amount to 50% of sea freight contract
• "INLAND HAULAGE CHARGES": delivery and customer feedback

(door to door)
May vary between 30 to 60% of sea freight transport

Transport Contracts in Regular Lines
CHATERER LINER TERMS CHATEREE
SHIPPER / RECEIVER SHIP OWNER
Traffic Handling
Entry
Parking
INCOTERMS: internationally standardized for

interpretation of the rights of the contracting
parties Terms.
FIOS; FIOT; FIOST; FOB; CIF THC: Terminal Handling Charges

May reach up to 50% contract

MODERN PORT MANAGEMNT

STRUCTURE OF A PORT
SEA TRANSPORT ACCESS
INFRASTRUCTURE
 Canals, Approching Zones
 Breakwaters, Jetties, anchorages
 Signals (lights, buoys)
PORT INFRASTRUCTURE
 Piers, docks, basins SUPER STRUCTURE
PORT AREA
 Storage Areas  Cranes, Gantry Cranes, Pipelines
 Internal ways(highway, railway)
 Terminals, shelters
LAND ACCESS INFRASTRUCTURE
 Roads, Railways
 Indoor Navigation Channels

PORTO: ESQUEMA DOS ESPAÇOS, INFRA-ESTRUTURAS,
INSTALAÇÕES E SERVIÇOS
SERVIÇOS
Carga
ZONAS Descarga
Estiva Depósito, Entrega e Aarmazenagem,
Límite marítimo
Desestiva Recepção Levante
ZAL
INDUSTRIAS
ACESOS AO PORTO
REDE GERAL
ZONA DE OPERAÇÕES PORTUÀRIAS
DOCAS ZONA DE OPERAÇÕES TERRESTRES ZONA COMPLEMENTAR

ENTRADA,
MANIOBRA, OPERAÇÕES VÍAS PORTÙÁRIA, OFICINAS,
FUNDEADOURO MARÍTIMAS SERVIÇOS AUXILIARES
ZONA DE ZONA DE TRÁNSITO ZONA POSTERIOR

MANOBRA
Límite terrestre
ZONA MARÍTIMA ZONA TERRESTRE
ZONA DE SERVIÇO DO PORTO
TERMINAL PORTUÁRIO

INTERMODAL FUNCTION OF A PORT
• The intermodality has two main objectives:

• Accelerate the freight transport services
• Reduce the amount of productive capital
• The intention is to achieve a seamless transport services in multiple

segments and throughout the chain behaves as if it were a fluid through a
"pipeline" without friction costs and seamlessly (container, Ro-Ro, ... )
• Intermodal Trasport must respect and protect environment.

Port Port
Transport to Sea Transport Receiver
Shipper Handling Handling
Port Transport from Port
Service Service
• Intermodality was born from the need to use more than one mode of
transport in sea transport.
• The intermodality means integration and complementarity between
different modes of transport in a chain of door to door transport.
• The intermodality allows you to use more effectively the transportation
system.

TERMINAL SEM RUTURAS (SEAMLESS)
FONTE: Muller
The modern port (terminal) is an element of continuity in the intermodal 6
transport chain. INTERMODAL is the FUNCTION of the port.

GLOBAL LOGISTIC CHAIN
PA 1 PA 1
PA 2 PC 1 PC 2 PA 2
PA n PA n
Legenda:
PC – Porto concentrador
PA – Porto Instituto
alimentador
Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 31
H – Hinterland
MODERN PORT
ADDED VALUED SERVICES
LOGISTICS FACILITIES
• Parking
• Scales
General Transport Chain • Customs
Related • Maintenance and repair of
• Loading / containers
Unloading • Quality control
• Repacking • Cleaning
• Consolidation /
Deconsolidation • Customizing • Supplies
• storage • Assembly • RV Rentals
• Deposits / Tanks • Proof • Information and
Communication
• Covered storage • Repair
• Safety and Security
• Reuse
• Hotels, Restaurants, Shops

Modern Port: Lean & Agile
A Lean Port is one that as a business unit makes the

best use of its available resources (tangible and
intangible assets) and, by eliminating all sort of
wastes in the physical and documentary or
information processes related to cargo and modes,
delivers perfect custom
Professor Peter B. Marlow
Cardiff Business School
Cardiff University / UK
Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações

33 e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 33
Agile Port
Adaptability Responsive Flexible
Centres of Knowledge
Professor Peter B. Marlow

Cardiff Business School
Cardiff University / UK

PORTO FUÍDO (LEAN PORT) PORTO ÁGIL (AGILE PORT)
Cost Eficiency Market Oriented

Lean Port
Agile Port
Time Savings

Lean Port
Agile Porto
Higher Efficiency
More Competitive

Modern Port: Lean
Paradigm of a Lean and Agile Porto
DIALOG/RELATION AMONG PEERS

Companies Authoroties
Pilotage
Dragline
Lashing
Maritime captaincy
Other Services
Customs
Naviagtion
Agents
Health and
Consignee
Diseases
Warehousing Animals Control
Terminal
Plants COntrol
Operator
AUTORIDADE PORTUÁRIA
Transport Foreigners and

Companies Borders Service
Others Others
S
E
S
T
R
C
U
U
M
Modern Port and the Market
39
OS DETERMINANTES DA
EFICIÊNCIA PORTUÁRIA

OS DETERMINANTES DA EFICIÊNCIA PORTUÁRIA
 O QUE DEVEMOS ENTENDER POR EFICIÊNCIA PORTUÁRIA?

 “Port efficiency often means speed and reliability of port services”
(UNCTAD, 1992)
 “Port efficiency is related to operational efficiency measures and

customer-oriented measures. The first set of measures deals with
capital and labour productivity as well asset utilization rates. The
second set includes direct charges, ship’s waiting time, minimization of
delays in inland and reliability” (Tongzon, 1994)
 “Minima contribución al coste generalizado del transporte en las

cadenas en las que se integran”
e
“Máxima contribución a la generación de valor añadido para los
clientes y para la sociedad en general” (J.L. Estrada, 2007)

• O frete marítimo e a eficiência portuária

FRETE / Ton  k.Da .V b .F e .T d .E e .R f
Onde,
RESULTADOS:
k  produto k Destaque para as variáveis
D  distância VOLUME DE TRÁFEGO e
V  valor da carga EFICIÊNCIA PORTUÁRIA,
em elevado significado para
F  volume de tráfego
o comércio marítimo
E  eficiência portuária
europeu.
R  restrições à liberdade do comércio
a, b, c, d, e, f  coeficient es de elasticida de do comércio marítimo de um dado país
INFRA-ESTRUTURAS PORTUÁRIAS DEFICIENTES  40% DOS CUSTOS DE TRANSPORTE
Fonte: Clark, X; Dollar, D e Micco (2001) – “Maritime Transport Costs and Port Efficiency”.

• A medida da eficiência é dada pela razão entre uma soma ponderada
de Outputs e uma soma ponderada de Inputs
n
W OUTPUT
j 1
jk jk
EFICIÊNCIAk  m k  1,..., N
V INPUT
i 1
ik ik
Onde,
Wjk  peso unitáriodo output j para a unidadek
Vik  peso unitáriodo input i para a unidadek
• DEA – DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS – Técnica de programação linear que

converte Inputs e Outputs múltiplos numa medida de eficiência.

OS RESULTADOS DOS ESTUDOS REALIZADOS (DEA)

Infra-Estrutura • Terminais portuários; Equipamentos; Área terrestre; Acessos
marítimos e terrestres; Intermodalidade
Serviços Portuários
− Operacionais • Produtividade; Fiabilidade; Disponibilidade; Preço
− Informação • Tempo de despacho alfandegário; “Late changes of
booking”; “Infostructure”
Restrições Legais
− Trabalho Portuário • Flexibilidade de gestão; Formação profissional
− Regulamentos • Publicação e divulgação; Procedimentos standard
Segurança • Integridade das cargas; Ambiente
Regulação • Equilíbrio regulatório: falta versus excesso de regulação
Modelo de Gestão do • Envolvimento do sector privado na gestão dos terminais
Porto • Comunidade Portuária Activa

OS DESAFIOS DO FUTURO

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO MODELO DE GESTÃO
• Autoridade Portuária
• Alfandega • Operador do Terminal
• Capitania Rendas Sector • Agente de Navegação
• Sanidade Fronteiras Sector da Privado • Transitários
• PIF Público Concessão •
•
Despachantes
Operadores Logísticos
• SEF
Nível de
Serviço
Nível de
Interesse Tarifas
Público
Utilizadores • Navio – Operador Transp. Marítimo

dos Portos •
•
Camião – Operador Transp. Rodoviário
Comboio – Operador Transp. Ferroviário
• Carga – Export/Import
O NÍVEL DE SERVIÇO NO CAMINHO

CRÍTICO DO PORTO EFICIENTE
• Integração dos Portos na Cadeia Logística: reduzir o tempo em

trânsito, melhorar a visibilidade da cadeia e geri-la como um
sistema integrado.
• Ecoinovações Portuárias: econavios, ecoequipamentos e

ecoinstalações para um desenvolvimento sustentável dos portos.
• Info-estrutura Portuária e Logística: JUP – Janela Única Portuária +

conceito de e-Port como forma de garantir a interoperabilidade do
sistema Porto.
• Gestão Interactiva (Interactiv Management): comunidade

portuárias efectivas e cooperação portuária.

• Disponibilidade 24h/24h: harmonização de horários de
funcionamento do porto das diversas entidades públicas e privadas.
• Flexibilidade dos Factores Produtivos: mudança de cultura laboral

nos portos pela via do diálogo social.
• Agilidade na Resposta às Necessidades do Mercado: monitorar e

entender as necessidades dos utilizadores.
• Fiabilidade dos Serviços Prestados: garantir um bom nível de

serviço global do porto.
• Transparência nos Preços: criar um observatório do custo da

passagem portuária.

OBRIGADO PELA VOSSA
ATENÇÃO!
Amadeu Ferreira da Rocha

amadeurocha@apdl.pt

Session7 - ChallengesMaritime Transport

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Session7 - ChallengesMaritime Transport

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHALLENGES OF MARITIME

TRANSPORT AND PORT

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 4

• Revolution of International Trade:

• International Division of Work and Labour:

• Nowadays, sea transport is an integral component of the productive

• Development of Transport and Communication System made the World

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 5

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 6

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 7

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 8

Most economic mode to transport large quantities of

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 9

90% of manufactured products is moved by a

4000 ports, 500 container terminals handled 290 million TEUs in

World Commerce relies on sea transport and Globalisation was fuelled by

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 10

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 11

Reducing transit times

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 12

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 13

REGULAR ROUTE TRAMPING

Goods follow the ship Ships follows the goods

 Large amount of agentes and freight  Ship is made available in a pool

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 14

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 15

Goods follow the ship Ship follows the Goods

 Ships is made availble in a pool (e.g.:

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 16

Large Companies PROVIDES: By Time

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 17

Document that certifies the transport

Various Types of Contract FORM 149 (bareboat charter)

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 18

• Stopover expenses • Ship related

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 19

Capital Custos Trip Handling

NAUTICAl MGT COMMERCIAL MGT

CHARTERER Bareboat Charter CHARTEREE

CHARTERER By Time CHARTEREE

CHARTERER By Service CHARTEREE

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 20

• Regular Routes require the issuing of a scheduling with the Ports

• This type of service satisfies the needs of shippers that have to

• To ensure the rotation of the ship and frequent scales, shipowners

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 21

 Ship Department: technical maintenance, crew management,

 Sales Department: looking for freight, agency contract, coordination

 Administrative Department: financial services, accounting,

 Logistics Department: the exploitation of container manage the

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 22

• SEA FREIGHT contract (ocean freight): corresponds to the freight

• "Surcharges": Supplements invoiced by the owners of the ships, on a

• "INLAND HAULAGE CHARGES": delivery and customer feedback

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 23

SHIPPER / RECEIVER SHIP OWNER

INCOTERMS: internationally standardized for

FIOS; FIOT; FIOST; FOB; CIF THC: Terminal Handling Charges

Instituto Superior Técnico - Mestrado em Operações e Planeamento de Transportes - 2014 24