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Design DuctileIronPipeonSupports PDF
Design DuctileIronPipeonSupports PDF
DESI GN
Design of
Ductile Iron Pipe
on Supports
by Richard W. Bonds, P.E.
Last Revised:
March 2017
Design procedures for Ductile Iron Pipe in normal
underground service have been well established. The
standard design considers hoop stresses in the pipe wall
due to internal hydrostatic pressure as well as bending
stresses and deflection in the pipe due to external loads of
earth and traffic above the buried pipe.1
Neither Ductile Iron Pipe nor any other type of pipe maintaining their hydrostatic seal. This makes these
is designed specifically as a beam for normal buried pipe joints ideally suited for normal underground
service. It is always assumed that the pipe will be installation. The flexibility of the joints reduces the
uniformly supported along its length by the soil chance of excessive beam stresses occurring. For
beneath it. Erosion, excessive traffic loading, frost, pipe supported at intervals, however, flexible joints
expansive soils, and poor installation sometimes usually require that at least one support be placed
result in beam loading on buried pipe. In fact, these under each length of pipe for stability.
conditions, individually or in combination, probably
are responsible for many failures in buried pipelines. Various schemes have been successfully used to
Because of Ductile Iron Pipe’s great beam strength, obtain longer spans where particular installation
beam failures in buried Ductile Iron Pipe are virtually conditions presented the need, but these are special
unknown. design situations and are not specifically addressed
in this article. The design presented herein is based
In some situations, it is necessary or desirable upon support per length of pipe.
to use supports at designated intervals along
pipelines. Aboveground, supported pipe is needed
to transport water and other fluids within treatment
plants and buildings. Also, pipe on piers is utilized
to cross natural or man-made objects. Sometimes,
unstable soil conditions or other factors necessitate
the installation of pipe on piers or pilings underground.
2
Localized Stress at Supports Hoop Stress Due to Internal Pressure
The supported pipe is subjected to localized stresses The net thickness required for internal pressure can
at the support that are a function of the total reaction be determined by using the equation for hoop stress:
at the support and the shape (saddle angle) of the
support. This maximum stress may be longitudinal
PiD
t=
or circumferential in nature and is predicted by the
2S
following equation proposed by Roark:5
wL D where:
tn 2
2tn Pi = design internal pressure (psi)
= 2 (Pw + Ps)
Pw= working pressure (psi)
where: Ps = surge allowance (100 psi)
fr = localized stress due to support reaction D = outside diameter of pipe (inches)
(48,000 psi maximum) S = minimum yield strength in tension
L = span length (feet) = 42,000 psi
D = pipe outside diameter (inches), see Table 1 If anticipated surge pressures are greater than
w = unit load per linear foot (lb./ft.) 100 psi, the maximum anticipated pressure must
K = saddle coefficient be used.
tn = design wall thickness of pipe (inches), see Table 3
Flexural Stress at Center of Span
For aboveground applications: With one support per length of pipe positioned
tn = minimum manufacturing thickness of pipe immediately behind the bells, each span can
= nominal pipe wall thickness–casting tolerance conservatively be treated as a simply supported
beam. The joints being slightly offset from the
For underground applications: supports causes some of the simple beam moment
tn = net pipe wall thickness and stress to distribute itself from the center of the
= nominal pipe wall thickness–casting span to the support. This makes the simple beam
tolerance–0.08” service allowance approach conservative. The following formula
represents the flexural stress at the center of the
Recent research involving Ductile Iron Pipe has span of a uniformly loaded, simply supported beam:
established that the function
K = 0.03–0.00017 (ß -90°)
provides excellent correlation between the ring 15.28 DwL2
stresses predicted by Equation (2) and the actual
fb =
stress as measured when ß is between 90° and 120°.3
D4 - d4
The maximum calculated localized stress should
be limited to 48,000 psi. This value is equal to the where:
minimum yield strength in bending for Ductile Iron fb = allowable flexural stress (48,000 psi maximum)
Pipe (72,000 psi) divided by a safety factor of D = pipe outside diameter (inches)
1.5. It is the same limiting value of bending stress w = unit load per linear foot (lb./ft.)
employed in the American National Standard for the L = length of span (feet)
Thickness Design of Ductile Iron Pipe, ANSI/AWWA d = D-2tn (inches)
C150/A21.50.1
Beam Deflection at Center of Span
Computations for beam deflection are also based on
the simply supported beam concept. This is likewise
conservative due to the reality of offset joints.
3
The maximum allowable deflection at mid-span of the supports themselves, the strength of the
to prevent damage to the cement-mortar lining is structure from which a pipe may be suspended,
limited to: and/or unusual or additional loads not in the scope
of this article. Such loading may include seismic,
frequency or resonance of vibrations, wind, water
L current, and other special design considerations.
yr =
10 It is also necessary to assure a minimum of
lateral and vertical stability at the supports for
aboveground piping. Deflected pipe joints can result
where: in thrust forces of hydrostatic or hydrodynamic
yr = maximum allowable deflection at center of span origin, and if not laterally and vertically restrained,
(inches) unbalanced forces may result in additional joint
L = length of span (feet) deflection and possible failure of the pipeline.
Less deflection may be desired. The deflection of Thermal expansion of Ductile Iron Pipelines
the beam may be significant for aesthetic reasons in supported aboveground is not usually of concern in
aboveground installations or possibly for hydraulic correctly designed and installed systems because
reasons in gravity-flow pipelines. Limitations on of the nature of the push-on or mechanical joint.
the deflection, if any, should be determined by the A 100-degree Fahrenheit change in temperature
designer as appropriate to a specific installation. results in expansion or contraction of a 20-foot
length of Ductile Iron Pipe of approximately 0.15
The beam deflection at center span for a uniformly inches. This is easily accommodated by correctly
loaded, simply supported beam can be calculated installed pipe and joints. Occasionally, where
using the following formula: structures from which Ductile Iron Pipe is to be
suspended are expected to have significantly
different behavior than the pipeline, special
4
Step C. Determine if the design thickness (tn), deflection yr, increase tn to the next
corresponding to the pipe pressure class greater pressure class and recalculate y
selected in Step B and found in Table 3, using the new pressure class thickness and
results in an acceptable localized stress less corresponding tn and w values. Repeat
than or equal to 48,000 psi. until the resulting y is less than or equal
1. /Calculate the saddle coefficient (K) using to yr. G. Choose the greater pressure class
Equation (3). corresponding to the largest tn required
2. Calculate fr using Equation (2). in Step C, D, E, or F and calculate the
If fr exceeds 48,000 psi, increase tn to minimum saddle width using Equation (1).
the next greater pressure class and re-
calculate starting with Step B. Repeat until Design Example
the resulting fr is less than or equal to Find the required pipe pressure class for 24-inch
48,000 psi. Ductile Iron Pipe installed on 20-foot-spaced piers
Step D. D etermine the pipe pressure class required under 3 feet of earth cover with 120° saddles and an
due to internal pressure. operating pressure of 150 psi. Assume no truck load.
1. Calculate the net thickness (t) required for
hoop stress due to internal pressure using Step A.
Equation (4). 20-foot span (L)
2. Determine the total calculated thickness 120° saddle angle (ß )
(T) due to internal pressure. 24-inch diameter Ductile Iron Pipe
Nomenclature For aboveground applications: T = t + Step B.
b — Minimum saddle castingwidth tolerance(inches) w = (Wp + Ww) + 12 D Pe
D — Pipe outside For diameter
underground (inches) applications: T = t + (Wp + Ww) = 306 lb./ft. (Table 3)
d — Pipe design inside diameter (inches)
casting tolerance + 0.08 D = 25.8” (Table 1)
E — Modulus 3.
ofU elasticity
sing Table for1,Ductile
select aIron standard
(24 x 106 pressure
psi) Pe = 2.5 psi (Table 4)
class thickness.
fb — Allowable flexural stress (48,000 psi) When the total calculated w = 306 + 12 (25.8) (2.5) = 1080 lb.ft.
fr — Localized thickness
stress dueistobetween supporttwo standard
reaction (48,000 psi maximum)Step C.
thicknesses,
K — Saddle coefficient [0.03-0.00017 (ß-90°)]select the larger of the two. K = 0.03-0.00017 (ß-90°)
L — Span lengthNote: (feet)For aboveground applications, the K = 0.03-0.00017 (120-90°) = 0.025
Pe — Earth load (psi) standard pressure class selected from
Nomenclature
Pi — Design internal pressure Table 1 may (psi)be less than the design fr = fr = K wL
n t 2 ln 2t
n
D
b—
Ps —Minimum
Surge allowance saddleworking
width
(psi) (inches)pressure due to the 0.08
D—
Pt — Pipe
Truckoutside
load (psi) diameter
service (inches)
allowance not being required. tn = 0.18 (Table 3)
d ——Pipe
Pw
Stepdesign
Working
E. C
inside diameter
alculate
pressure
the
(psi)
flexural (inches) b
stress (f ) at mid-span
(1088)(20) 25.8
E — Modulus using
of Equation
elasticity for
S — Minimum yield strength in tension for
(5) and Iron
Ductile the greater
(24Ductile
x 106pressure
psi)
Iron (42,000 psi) r
f = 0.025
(0.18)2 ln 2(0.18) = 71,200 psi
class pipe stress
required in Step C or D along
Tfb——Total
Allowable
calculated flexuralpipe wall (48,000
thickness psi)
(inches)
with its corresponding supporttnreaction (48,000Ifpsi maximum) 71,200 psi > 48,000 psi
and w values.
tfr—
—Net
Localized
pipe wallstress due to(inches)
thickness ∴ try next thickest pressure class (Pressure
K— f exceeds 48,000 psi, increase
(ß-90°)] n to the
t
te —Saddle
Nominal coefficient
pipe
b
wall[0.03-0.00017
thickness (inches)
L— next(feet)class and re-calculate fb using the new Class 250)
tn —Span
Designlength
pipe
pressure
wall thickness
class
(inches)
thickness and corresponding For Pressure Class 250:
wPe——Unit
Earth
loadload per (psi)
linear foot (lb./ft.)
tn and w values. Repeat until the resulting fb (From Table 3)
Pi — Design
Wp— Unit load internal
of pipe pressure
per linear (psi)foot (lb./ft.)
is less than or equal to 48,000 psi. tn = 0.22”
Ps — Surge
Ww— Unit allowance
load of water (psi)
in pipe per linear foot (lb./ft.)
Step F. C heck deflection at mid-span. w = 314 + 12 (25.8) (2.5) = 1088 lb./ft.
yPt——Deflection
Truck
load at(psi)
1. C center of
alculate thespan (inches)at mid-span (y)
deflection
Pw——Maximum
yr Working pressure recommended (psi) deflection at center of span (inches) f = 0.025 (1088)(20) 25.8
S — Minimum
using
yield
Equation (7)
strength in
and the greater
tension for Ductile
pressure
Iron (42,000 psi) r (0.22)2 ln 2(0.22) = 45,761 psi
ß — Saddle angle class (degrees; 90° to 120°
pipe required in Step is recommended)
C, D, or E along
T — Total calculated pipe wall thickness (inches)
with its corresponding tn and w values. 45,761 psi < 48,000 psi ∴ OK
t — Net pipe wall thickness (inches)
References
2. Calculate the maximum allowable
te — Nominal
American National pipeStandard
wall thickness (inches) Design of Ductile Iron Pipe, ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50.
deflection at For Thickness
mid-span (yr ) using Equation
tn — Design
American pipe
National wall
(6).Standard
thickness
(Note: Less
(inches)Iron
Fordeflection
Ductile may Pipe, Centrifugally Cast, For Water, ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51.
be desired.)
w — Unit
Evces, C.R.load per
and O’Brien, linear foot
J.M, (lb./ft.)
“Stresses in
If the deflection y is greater than the Saddle- Supported Ductile Iron Pipe,” Journal AWWA, November 1984.
Wp— Unit
Wilson, load
W.M., andofOlson,
pipe per linear
E.D., foot
“Tests on (lb./ft.)
Cylindrical Shells,” Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois Bulletin, 331
Ww— 5 Unit load of water in pipe per linear foot (lb./ft.)
y — Deflection at center of span (inches)
Step D. Nomenclature
b — Minimum saddle width (inches)
PiD
t = D — Pipe outside diameter (inches)
2S
d — Pipe design inside diameter (inches)
Pi = 2(Pw + Ps) = 2 (150 + 100) = 500 psi E — Modulus of elasticity for Ductile Iron Pipe (24 x 106 psi)
fb — Allowable flexural stress (48,000 psi)
500 (25.8)
t= = 0.15” fr — Localized stress due to support reaction
2(42,000)
(48,000 psi maximum)
Total calculated thickness (T) = t + casting K — Saddle coefficient [0.03-0.00017 (ß-90°)]
tolerance + 0.08 L — Span length (feet)
Casting tolerance = 0.07 (Table 2) Pe — Earth load (psi)
T = 0.15 + 0.07 + 0.08 = 0.30” Pi — Design internal pressure (psi)
From Table 1, Pressure Class 200 is adequate Ps — Surge allowance (psi)
for internal pressure design. Pt — Truck load (psi)
Step E. U
sing Pressure Class 250 determined in Step Pw — Working pressure (psi)
C: S — Minimum yield strength in tension for Ductile
Iron Pipe (42,000 psi)
15.28 DwL2
fb = T — Total calculated pipe wall thickness (inches)
D4 - d4
t — Net pipe wall thickness (inches)
d = D - 2tn = 25.8 - 2 (0.22) = 25.36” te — Nominal pipe wall thickness (inches)
tn — Design pipe wall thickness (inches)
15.28(25.8)(1088)(20)2
fb = = 5,824 psi w — Unit load per linear foot (lb./ft.)
(25.8)4 - (25.36)4
Wp— Unit load of pipe per linear foot (lb./ft.)
5,824 psi < 48,000 psi ∴ OK Ww— Unit load of water in pipe per linear foot (lb./ft.)
Step F. Using Pressure Class 250 determined in Step C: y — Deflection at center of span (inches)
458.4 w L4 yr — Maximum recommended deflection at center of
y= E (D4 - d4) span (inches)
ß — Saddle angle (degrees; 90° to 120° is recommended)
458.4(1088)(20)4
y = = 0.11”
6 4
(24x10 )(25.8 -25.364)
References
L 20
yr = = = 2” 1.
American National Standard For Thickness Design
10 10
of Ductile Iron Pipe, ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50.
0.11” < 2” ∴ OK 2.
American National Standard For Ductile Iron Pipe,
Centrifugally Cast, For Water, ANSI/AWWA C151/
Step G. Using Pressure Class 250 determined in Step C: A21.51.
b= √2Dte = √2(25.8)(0.37) = 4.37”
3.
Evces, C.R. and O’Brien, J.M, “Stresses in Saddle-
Therefore, use Pressure Class 250 pipe with Supported Ductile Iron Pipe,” Journal AWWA,
minimum saddle width of 4.37.” November 1984.
4.
Wilson, W.M., and Olson, E.D., “Tests on Cylindrical
Shells,” Engineering Experiment Station, University
of Illinois Bulletin, 331, 1941. 5. Roark, R.J., Formulas
For Stress and Strain, McGraw- Hill, New York,
Fifth Edition, 1975.
6
TABLE 3
Pipe Plus Water Weight (Wp + Ww) and Design Wall Thickness (tn)
tn (in.)
Wp + Ww Aboveground Underground
Size in. Pressure Class
Lb./Linear Foot Applications Applications
Notes: A
pproximate pipe weight based on push-on joint cement-mortar lined pipe. Weight of water based on actual I.D.
7
TABLE 4
Earth Loads Pe and Truck Loads Pt — psi
Depth 3-Inch 4-Inch 6-Inch 8-Inch 10-Inch 12-Inch 14-Inch 16-Inch 18-Inch
of cover Pe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe
ft. Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt
2.5 2.1 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.6 8.7 8.2 7.8
3 2.5 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.2 6.6 6.2 5.9
4 3.3 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.1 3.9
5 4.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6
6 5.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9
7 5.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4
8 6.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
9 7.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
10 8.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
12 10.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
14 11.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
16 13.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
20 16.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
24 20.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
28 23.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
32 26.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Depth 20-Inch 24-Inch 30-Inch 36-Inch 42-Inch 48-Inch 54-Inch 60-Inch 64-Inch
of cover Pe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe
ft. Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt
2.5 2.1 7.5 7.1 6.7 6.2 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.5
3 2.5 5.7 5.4 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.8
4 3.3 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8
5 4.2 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1
6 5.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5
7 5.8 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
8 6.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
9 7.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
10 8.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
12 10.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
14 11.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
16 13.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
20 16.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
24 20.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
28 23.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
32 26.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
8
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of its member companies.