MATRIX STIFFNESS METHOD

BEAM ANALYSIS
 MATRIX STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
2-D BEAM
Assumptions:
1) Beam is prismatic between nodes
• constant cross-section
2) Loads applied at nodes
• Loads along member converted to equivalent nodal loads
3) Coordinates (x, y, z) confirm to right-hand screw rule
4) Local x' and global x coordinates are collinear
• no transformation required)

y',
Beam Element DOF’s y
f1y, d1y f2y, d2y
(Considering Bending and shear deformation only)
f1z, d1z f2z, d2z

Nodal Displacements 1 2 x', x

• 2 DOF’s at each node
z', z Fig. 3.2 Nodal Freedoms and Forces
d1y d2y (vertical translation in direction y' at nodes 1,2)
d1z ,d2z (rotational about z-axis at nodes 1, 2) (Local and Global coordinate +ve sign
conventions)
Nodal Forces
f1y , f2y Transverse (Shear) forces at nodes 1, 2
f1z , f2z Moments at nodes 1, 2

11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson

 MATRIX STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
2-D BEAM

Discretization - Location of nodes

 At supports
 Joints in members
 External loads positions
 Sudden change in cross-section
 Critical displacements (deflections, rotations) points

3 8
6 7
4
P 1
5 2

(1) (2) (3)

3 x
1 2 4

Fig. 3.1 Continuous Beam discretization (3 elements)

11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson

 MEMBER STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS
Considering displacements: y'
12EI
Fig 3.3 – imposing d1y (+ve) at joint 1 f1y 
L3
d1y
(all other possible displacements restrained) 6EI
f 2z  d1y
d1y L2
1 x'
12EI 6EI 6EI 2
f1y  3 d1y f1z  2 d1y f1z  2 d1y
L
L L f 2y 
12EI
d1y
12EI 6EI L3
f 2y  3
d1y f 2z  2 d1y Eqn. 3.1 Fig. 3.3 –Imposing d1x at joint 1
L L

y'
Fig 3.4 - imposing d2y (+ve) imposed at joint 2 f 2y 
12EI
d 2y
(all other possible displacements restrained) L3
6EI
f1z  d 2y d2y
12EI 6EI L2
f1y  3
d 2y f1z  2 d 2y 1 2 x'
L L 6EI
12EI f2 z  d 2y
12EI 6EI f1y  d 2y L2
f 2y  3 d 2y f 2 z  2 d 2y Eqn. 3.2 L3
L L Fig. 3.4 – Imposing d2y at joint 2

11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson

 MEMBER STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS
Considering Rotations
y'
6EI 2EI
Fig 3.5 – imposing f1z (+ve) d at joint 1 f1y  d1z f2 z  d1z
(all other possible displacements restrained) L2 L
d1z

4EI 1 2 x'
f1z  d1z
L 6EI
f2y  d1z
6EI 4EI L2
f1y  d1z f1z  d1z Fig. 3.5 - Imposing +ve rotation d1z at joint 1
L2 L
6EI 2EI
f2y  d1z f2 z  d1z Eqn. 3.3 y'
L2 L
6EI
f1y  d 2z
L2 4EI
Fig 3.6 – imposing f2z (+ve) at joint 2 f2 z 
L
d 2z
(all other possible displacements restrained)
2EI
f1z  d 2z 1 d2z 2 x'
L
6EI 2EI 6EI
f1y  d 2z f1z  d 2z f 2y 
L2
d 2z
L2 L
6EI 4EI Fig. 3.6 - Imposing +ve rotation d2z at joint 2
f2y  d 2z f2 z  d 2z Eqn. 3.4
L2 L
11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson
 BEAM MEMBER STIFFNESS MATRIX
Summarizing Element Stiffness Coefficients [Equations 3.1 – 3.4]:
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI
f1y  3
d1y f1y  2 d1z f1y  d2y f1y  d 2z
L L L3 L2
6EI 4EI 6EI 2EI
f1z  2 d1y f1z  d1z f1z  d 2y f1z  d 2z
L L L2 L
12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI
f2y  d1y f 2 y  d 2z f 2 y  d 2y f2y  d1z
L3 L2 L3 L2
6EI 6EI 2EI 4EI
f 2z  2 d1y f2 z  d 2y f 2z  d1z f2 z  d 2z
L L2 L L
The Element Force-Displacement Relationship in Matrix form:
[f] = [k] [d]
 12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI 
 L3 -
L2 L3 L2 
 f1y   6EI 
2EI   d1y 
f  
4EI 6EI
- 2  
 1z   L2 L L L   d1z 
 =   
f 2y   - 12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI  d
- 2 - 2  2y 

 f 2z 
  L
3
L L3 L   d 2z 
 
 6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI 
 - 2 
 L2 L L L 
11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson
 GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX
Beam Elements are collinear (lying in the same straight line)
• transformation required

Assemble Structure Stiffness Matrix

• summation of the individual member stiffness matrices [k] for n
elements.
STRUCTURE (Global) STIFFNESS MATRIX [K]
n
K   ki
1

Structure force-displacement relationship :

[F] = [K][D]

[F] is the external load vector

[D] is the structure displacement vector
[K] is the structure stiffness matrix

11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson

 INTERMEDIATE LOADS
Beam carrying uniformly distributed loads

wL wL
2 wL2 wL2
2
w 12 w 12
2 2
wL wL
= +
L 12 12 wL wL
2 2

Actual Loading Fixed-end loading Actual loading and reactions

and reaction on joints on fixed-supported element

w =
-fo + w + fo

Member Forces
Forces at the ends of each beam element obtained from:

[f] = [k'] [d] + [fo]

Analyze beam for equivalent fixed-end forces and support reactions at the joints.
11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson
 STIFFNESS METHOD
BEAM EXAMPLE 1

5 kN

2m 2m

EXAMPLE 1 - Given beam (EI constant)

y
2
6 5
4 3
(1) (2) 1
1
2 x
3

Fig B1 (a) Node, members and joint displacement numbers

11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson

 STIFFNESS METHOD
BEAM EXAMPLE 2
20 kN/m 30 kN/m
25 kN/m

A B C D
4m 6m 5m

E = 210 x 106 kN/m2

Fig. B3 - Given Beam

D1 D2 D3 D4

1 (1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 x

Joint Freedoms (DOFs)

11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson

 STIFFNESS METHOD
BEAM EXAMPLE 3
24 kN/m 48 kN

C
A B
8m 3m

E = 210 x 106 kN/mm2

I = 24300 cm4

Fig. B2 (a) Given Beam

y
5 6
4
2 1
3

(1) (2) x
1
2 3

(b) Beam showing Coordinate System, Members, joints and freedoms

11/24/2020 Dr. William Wilson