VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAVI-590018

KARNATAKA

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment foe the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
Mechanical Engineering

Submitted By:
SYED MALIK RIZWAN
1HM15ME081

TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON 4-D PRINTING

Internal guide
Mr. Hurmathulla Khan
Asst Professor of Mechanical Dept.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

H.M.S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TUMKUR
NH-4, Kesaramadu Post, Kyathsandra, Tumkur-572104
2019-2020
 H.M.S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Manchakalkuppe, NH-4, Kesaramadu Post, Kyatsandra,
Tumkur-572104
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is certify that the SEMINAR entitled 4D PRINTING has been successfully
presented by SYED MALIK RIZWAN 1HM15ME081 a student of VIII semester B.E.,
for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical
Engineering of the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY during the
academic year 2019-20

Signature of the guide Signature of the HOD

Mr. Hurmathulla Khan, M. Tech Dr. JAGANNATHA T.D , M. Tech, Ph.D,

Assistant Professor
Mr. Hurmathulla Khan, M. Tech Professor and HOD
Department of Mechanical Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Assistant Professor
Engineering, HMSIT HMSIT
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, HMSIT
EXTERNAL VIVA
Name of Examiner Signature with Date
1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am indebted to the GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me an
opportunity to excel in my efforts to complete this seminar on time.

I am extremely grateful to Dr. JAGANNATHA T.D Professor and HOD, Dept.

of Mechanical Engineering, HMSIT, Tumkur, for providing all the required resources
for the successful completion of my seminar.

I express my thanks to Mr. HurmathullaKhan, Assistant Professor, Dept. of

Mechanical Engineering, HMSIT, Tumkur and all staff members and friends for all the
help and co-ordination extended in bringing out this seminar successfully in time.

I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors
of the references and other literatures referred to in this seminar.

Last but not the least; I am very much thankful to my parents who guided me in
every step which I took.
ABSTRACT
The paper highlights the possible technological evolution in the Lean manufacturing
that concerns 4D Printing. To date there are not case studies of 4D printing application able
to demonstrate the effective use of 4D Printing, and its results on the production cycles.
The purpose of this article is to review the state of the art of the developments in four-
dimensional (4D) Printing, through a literature review, in order to define the 4D Printing
characteristics, to examine its perspectives for the future application in manufacturing and
to identify the potential benefits and manufacturing advantages.

Research into 4D printing has attracted unprecedented interest since 2013 when the
idea was first introduced. It is based on 3D printing technology but requires additional
stimulus and stimulus-responsive materials. Based on certain interaction mechanisms
between the stimulus and smart materials, as well as appropriate design of multi-material
structures from mathematical modelling, 4D printed structures evolve as a function of time
and exhibit intelligent behaviour. Unlike 3D printing, 4D printing is time-dependent, printer-
independent, predictable, and targets shape/property/functionality evolution. This allows for
self-assembly, multi-functionality, and self-repair. This paper presents a comprehensive
review of the 4D printing process and summarizes the practical concepts and related tools
that have a prominent role in this field. Unsought aspects of 4D printing are also studied and
organized for future research.
 CONTENTS

Chapter Name Page No.,

1. Chapter – 1
1. Introduction 1
1.1 4D Printing 2
2. Chapter – 2
2. Literature Reviews 3
3. Chapter – 3
3. Processing of 4D printing 5
3.1 Generic additive manufacturing process 5
3.2 Current state of technology 7
4. Chapter – 4
4. Application 8
4.1 Potential application of 4D printing 8
5. Chapter – 5
5. Smart materials and polymers 11
5.1 List of smart materials 11
5.2 Piezoelectric materials 11
5.3 Shape memory polymers 12
5.4 Magneto strictive materials 12
6. Chapter – 6
6. Conclusion and Future work 14
7. Reference
4D Printing 2019-20

CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
4-dimensional printing (4D printing; also known as 4D bioprinting, active origami,
or shape-morphing systems) uses the same techniques of 3D printing through computer-
programmed deposition of material in successive layers to create a three-dimensional object.
However, 4D printing adds the dimension of transformation over time. It is therefore a type
of programmable matter, wherein after the fabrication process, the printed product reacts with
parameters within the environment (humidity, temperature, etc.,) and changes its form
accordingly. The ability to do so arises from the near infinite configurations at a micrometre
resolution, creating solids with engineered molecular spatial distributions and thus allowing
unprecedented multifunctional performance.

The term 4D printing was first coined by TED professor Skylar Tibbits in his
February, 2013 speech at the MIT Conference.

A definition of 4D printing could be:

The use of a 3D printer in the creation of objects which change/alter their shape when
they are removed from the 3D printer. The objective is that objects made self-assemble when
being exposed to air, heat or water, this is caused by a chemical reaction due to the materials
utilised in the manufacturing process.
Technology has always been amazing us with its beautiful inventions in the nature by
making the life of human simpler to a greater extent. Additive manufacturing, more popularly
known as 3-Dimensional (3D) printing technology, has been developed for more than 30
years. Recently, 3D printing has been recognized as a disruptive technology for future
advanced manufacturing systems. With a great potential to change everything from our daily
lives to the global economy, significant advances in 3D printing technology have been made
with respect to materials, printers, and processes. Now an innovative concept of printing
technology known as 4D printing technology has been developed. Although similar to 3D
printing, 4D printing technology involves the fourth dimension of time in addition to the 3D
space coordinates. Therefore, one can regard 4D printing as giving the printed structure the
ability to change its form or function with time (t) under stimuli such as pressure,
temperature, wind, water, or light.

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4D Printing 2019-20

1.1 4-D Printing

4-dimensional printing (4D printing; also known as 4D bioprinting, active
origami, or shape-morphing systems) uses the same techniques of 3D
printing through computer- programmed deposition of material in successive layers
to create a three-dimensional object. However, 4D printing adds the dimension of
transformation over time. It is therefore a type of programmable matter, wherein
after the fabrication process, the printed product reacts with parameters within the
environment (humidity, temperature, etc.,) and changes its form accordingly. light.
Figure 1 depicts a schematic of the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4D concepts. The concepts of 1-,
2-, and 3D represent line, plane, and 3D space structures, respectively. For 4D, the
concept of changes in the 3Dstructure (x, y, z) with respect to time (t) is added, as
indicated by curved arrows,

FIG. 1. Schematic of 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4D concepts. A 4D structure is a structure (x,
y, z) made by 3D changes over time (t). Arrows indicate the direction of change
with respect to time.

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CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1. Eujin Pei aims to review state-of-the-art developments in additive manufacture, in
particular, 4D printing. It discusses what it is, what research has been carried out and maps
potential applications and its future impact. Additive manufacturing technologies and goes on
to describe the state-of-the-art. Following which the paper examines several case studies and
maps a trend that shows an emergence of 4D printing. The case studies highlight a particular
specialization within additive manufacture where the use of adaptive, biomimetic composites
can be programmed to reshape, or have embedded properties or functionality that transform
themselves when subjected to external stimuli. The state-of-the-art of additive manufacture,
discussing strategies that can be used to reduce the print process (such as through
kinematics); and the use of smart materials where parts adapt themselves in response to the
surrounding environment supporting the notion of self-assemblies.

2.2. Headrick, Dan observes that product design transform may be possible with 4D
printing, the convergence of smart materials and 3D printing technology, which promises to
change not only how things get made but what they can do. Change over time is the fourth
dimension in 4D printing: programmable materials developed for 3D printing applications
have the potential to produce adaptive products whose physical properties alter when
triggered by particular stimuli or that self-assemble or self-modify over pre-programmed
periods of time. Researchers believe this work will stimulate R&D for smart sensors,
coatings, textiles, and other structural components. Researchers hope to develop materials
that can be used in 3D printing processes to build products that can transform in programmed
ways in response to specific environmental forces. One team has nearly completed its first
samples of a class of adaptive composite materials that mimic biochemical processes to alter
their shape, physical properties, or functionality multiple times in response to external
stimuli.

2.3. Al Rhodan, N investigated that the possible technological evolution in the Lean
manufacturing that concerns 4D Printing. To date there are not case studies of 4D printing

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4D Printing 2019-20

application able to demonstrate the effective use of 4D Printing, and its results on the
production cycles. The purpose of this article is to review the state of the art of the
developments in four-dimensional (4D) Printing, through a literature review, in order to
define the 4D Printing characteristics, to examine its perspectives for the future application
in manufacturing and to identify the potential benefits and manufacturing advantages.

2.4. Tibbits, Skylar J. E stated that the increasing complexity of the physical structures
surrounding our everyday environment -- buildings, machines, computers and almost every
other physical object that humans interact with -- the processes of assembling these complex
structures are inevitably caught in a battle of time, complexity and human/machine
processing power. If we are to keep up with this exponential growth in construction
complexity we need to develop automated assembly logic embedded within our material parts
to aid in construction. In this thesis I introduce Logic Matter as a system of passive
mechanical digital logic modules for self-guided-assembly of large-scale structures. As
opposed to current systems in self-reconfigurable robotics, Logic Matter introduces
scalability, robustness, redundancy and local heuristics to achieve passive assembly. I
propose a mechanical module that implements digital NAND logic as an effective tool for
encoding local and global assembly sequences. I then show a physical prototype that
successfully demonstrates the described mechanics, encoded information and passive self-
guided-assembly. Finally, I show exciting potentials of Logic Matter as a new system of
computing with applications in space/volume filling, surface construction, and 3D circuit
assembly.

2.5. Julien Gardan examined that these technologies have other names such as 3D printing
or additive manufacturing, and so forth, but they all have the same origins from rapid
prototyping. The design and manufacturing process stood the same until new requirements
such as a better integration on production line, a largest series of manufacturing or the reduce
weight of products due to heavy costs of machines and materials. The ability to produce
complex geometries allows proposing of design and manufacturing solutions in the industrial
field in order to be ever more effective. The additive manufacturing (AM) technology
develops rapidly with news solutions and markets which sometimes need to demonstrate their
reliability. The community needs to survey some evolutions such as the new exchange
format, the faster 3D printing systems, the advanced numerical simulation or the emergence
of new use. This review is addressed to persons who wish have a global view on the AM and
improve their understanding. We propose to review the different AM technologies and the

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4D Printing 2019-20

new trends to get a global overview through the engineering and manufacturing process. This
article describes the engineering and manufacturing cycle with the 3D model management
and the most recent technologies from the evolution of additive manufacturing. Finally, the
use of AM resulted in new trends that are exposed below with the description of some new
economic activities.

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4D Printing 2019-20

CHAPTER 3
3. PROCESSING OF 4-D PRINTING
4d printing similar to current additive manufacturing process (3D
printing). The main difference is the programmable materials or smart materials
which are used for making the
 product. The4D printing relies predominantly on four factors — 

✓ The basic additive manufacturing process,

✓ Types of stimulus-responsive material, and

✓ Interaction mechanisms.

✓ Smart design.

3.1 GENERIC ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

AM involves a number of steps that move from the virtual CAD description
to the physical resultant part. Different products will involve AM in different
ways and to different degrees. Small, relatively simple products may only make
use of AM for visualization models, while larger, more complex products with
greater engineering content may involve AM during numerous stages and
iterations throughout the development process. Furthermore, early stages of the
product development process may only require rough parts, with AM being used
because of the speed at which they can be fabricated. At later stages of the
process, parts may require careful cleaning and post processing (including
sanding, surface preparation and painting) before they are used, with AM being
useful here because of the complexity of form that can be created without having
to consider tooling. The use of AM processes enables freeform objects to
be produced directly from digital information without the need for intermediate
shaping tools. Most AM processes can support 4D printing as long as the selected
stimulus-responsive material is supported by or compatible with the printer.
Steps involved in process
• CAD

• STL convert

• File transfer to machine

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4D Printing 2019-20

• Machine setup

• Build

• Remove

• Post Process

Fig. 1.1 Generic process of CAD to part, showing all 7 stages

Step 1: CAD
All AM parts must start from a software model that fully describes the
external geometry. This can involve the use of almost any professional CAD solid
modelling software, but the output must be a 3D solid or surface representation.
Reverse engineering equipment (e.g., laser scanning) can also be used to create this
representation.

Step 2: Conversion to STL

Nearly every AM machine accepts the STL file format, which has become a
defect standard, and nearly every CAD system can output such a file format. This
file describes the external closed surfaces of the original CAD model and forms the
basis for calculation of the slices.

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Step 3: Transfer to AM Machine and STL File Manipulation

The STL file describing the part must be transferred to the AM machine.
Here, there may be some general manipulation of the file so that it is the correct
size, position, and orientation for building.

Step 4: Machine Setup

The AM machine must be properly set up prior to the build process. Such
settings would relate to the build parameters like the material constraints, energy
source, layer thickness, timings, etc.

Step 5: Build
Building the part is mainly an automated process and the machines can
largely carryon without supervision. Only superficial monitoring of the machine
needs to take place at this time to ensure no errors have taken place like running out
of material, power or software glitches, etc.

Step 6: Removal
Once the AM machine has completed the build, the parts must be removed.
This may require interaction with the machine, which may have safety interlocks
ensure for example that the operating temperatures are sufficiently low or that there
are no actively moving parts.

Step 7: Post processing

Once removed from the machine, parts may require an amount of additional
cleaning up before they are ready for use. Parts may be weak at this stage or they
may have supporting features that must be removed. This therefore often requires
time and careful, experienced manual manipulation.

3.2 Current State of Technology

• 4D printing is a novel advancement to 3D printing technology.
• 4D printing is focused on developing materials and newer printing techniques that could
reduce the time taken for assembly of parts, in turn improving the overall efficiency of the
manufacturing processes.
• Parts manufactured using this novel technology would employ
different types of SMART materials.

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4D Printing 2019-20

CHAPTER 4
4. APPLICATIONS

3D printing has been used to create car parts, smartphone cases, fashion accessories, medical
equipment and artificial organs. Manufacturing corporations and aerospace organizations
have saved billions of dollars by using 3D printing for building parts. 3D printing has also
helped save lives. One of the best ways to learn about what 3D printing can do is by
researching real-life applications on the technology. Other applications include:
 Rapid prototyping
 3D Printed Organs
 Personal printing
 In the Automotive Industry
 In the Aerospace Industry

4.1 Potential Applications of 4D Printing

Though, even if these examples are not characterized by great complexity, we can foresee
great potential in this technology.

Self-repair piping system

One potential application of 4D Printing in the real world would be pipes of a
plumbing system that dynamically change their diameter in response to the flow rate and
water demand. Pipes that could possibly heal themselves automatically if they crack or break,
due to their ability to change in response to the environment’s change. The error correct and
self-repairing capability of 4D manufactured products show tremendous advantages with
regard to reusability and recycling. Self-healing pipes and self-healing hydrogels are some of
the potential applications of 4D printing. Self-healing of polymers can be achieved by a few
categories of reactions, which include covalent bonding, supramolecular chemistry, H-
bonding, ionic interactions, and π-π stacking. Self-healing materials have also been shown
to have great potential for producing soft actuators with enhanced durability, due to their
ability to self-repair damage ranging from bulk cracks to surface scratches. The use of
self-healing hydrogels as inks for additive manufacturing has been successfully
demonstrated .

Self-assembly furniture

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4D Printing 2019-20

Since 3D printing furniture is limited by the size of the printer, 4D printing could
allow to just print a flat board that will curl up into a chair by just adding water or light to it.
A future application can be on a large scale and in a harsh environment. Individual parts can
be printed with small 3D printers and then self-assembled into larger structures, such as
space antennae and satellites. This capability can be exploited for the creation of
transportation systems for complex parts to the International space station. Further
applications include self-assembling buildings, this is especially useful in war zones or in
outer space where the elements can come together to give a fully formed building with
minimum work force. There is also the added advantage that some limitations in construction
can be eliminated by the use of 4D printing. Rigid materials can be can be 3D printed along
with smart materials to create specific areas of a part that act as joints and hinges for
bending. Revive et al argue that construction must be made smarter and solve problems of
wasting large amounts of energy, materials, money and time for building. These issues
can be solved using design programs and software to embed information into the materials
that makes the material and construction more accurate. Self-assembly may not be efficient
for every purpose, which implies different sectors and applications must be identified that
benefit most from self-assembly

Self adaptability
4D printing allows the integration of sensing and actuation directly into a
material rendering external electromechanically systems unnecessary. This decreases the
number of parts in a structure, assembly time, material and energy costs as well as the
number of failure prone devices, which is associated with electromechanics al systems. This
technology is finding use in self-adaptive 4D printed tissues and 4D printed personalized
medical devices such as tracheal stems.

4D printing in extreme conditions

4D Printing: Surface to Sine Wave from Self-Assembly Lab, MIT. 4D Printing would
be even more useful in big scale projects. For example, in extreme environments, such as
space, it can have very promising applications. In space, currently, the 3D printing process of
the building causes some issues related to cost, efficiency, and energy consumption. So,
instead of using 3D printed materials, 4D printed materials could be used to take advantage of
their transformable shape. They could provide the solution to build bridges, shelters or any

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kind of installations, as they would build up themselves or repair themselves in case of

weather damage.

Medical industry
On the other hand, imagine 4D printing being applied to a very small scale, in sectors
such as the medicinal one. 4D printed proteins could be a great application, as the self-
reconfiguring protein example illustrated in the following video. Another special material
researcher is working on is self-folding protein. 4D Printing: Self-Folding Protein from Self-
Assembly Lab, MIT. Another application of 4D printing in the medical field could be
designing sent. Programmed stents would travel through the human body, and when they
reach their destination, they would open up.

Fashion
4D printing could also change the face of fashion. Self-Assembly Printing Lab from
MIT is studying potential applications of 4D technologies. One of the ideas is that clothing
could change accordingly to the weather or the activity. For instance, shoes could change
their shape when you start running to provide you with better comfort and amortization.

Fundamentals of 4D printing
3D printing technology has been used to make static structures from digital data in 3D
coordinates, 4 D printing adds the concept of change in the printed configuration over
time, dependent on environmental stimuli. The key difference between 3D and 4D
printing are the smart design and smart materials as 4D printed structures may transform in
shape or function. This implies that the 4D printed structures should be fully programmed in
detail by accounting for any anticipated time-dependent deformation of the object. 4D
printing was firstly introduced by a research group of Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) and defined as the fabrication of 3D printed structures with adaptable and
programmable shapes, properties or functionality as a function of time. Intelligent materials
are able to sense stimulus from the external environment and create a useful response.
Thus, intelligent materials can be seen as those which provide a means of achieving an active
intelligent response in a product that would otherwise be lacking and have the potential to
yield a multitude of enhanced capabilities and functionalities. Three key aspects must be
fulfilled for 4D printing to take place. The first is the use of stimuli responsive composite
materials that are blended or incorporate multi-materials with varying properties being

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sandwiched layer upon layer. The second is the stimuli that will act on the object causing it
to animate. Examples of these stimuli include heating, cooling, gravity, ultraviolet (UV)
light, magnetic energy, wind, water or even humidity. The last aspect is time for the
simulation to occur, and the final result is the change of state of the object.

CHAPTER 5
5. SMART MATERIALS AND POLYMERS
5.1 List of Smart Materials

5.2Piezoelectric materials
Those materials capable of generating electric charge in response to applied
mechanical stress are piezoelectric materials. Not all the smart materials do exhibit a
shape change but they do carry significant properties such as electro and magneto
theological fluids. Those fluids can change viscosity upon application of external
magnetic or electric field. Naturally occurring crystals like quartz and sucrose,
human bone, ceramics, Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are known to have
piezoelectric characteristics. Followed by the automotive industry and medical
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4D Printing 2019-20

instruments, global demands for these materials have huge application in industrial
and manufacturing sector. Researchers from University of Warwick in UK have
developed new micro stereolithography (MSL) 3D printing technology that can be
used to create piezoceramic object. Piezoceramics are special type of ceramic
materials that can create electrical response and responds to external electrical
stimulation by changing shape. These are very useful materials and applicable all
around, sensor in airbag systems, fuel injectors in engines, electric cigarette lighter
and electronic equipment.

5.3 Shape Memory polymers

Shape memory alloy or polymers are emerging smart materials that have dual
shape capability. Shape memory alloys go transformation under predefined shape
from one to another when exposed to appropriate stimulus. Initially founded on
thermal induced dual shape research, this concept has been extended to other
activating process such as direct thermal actuation or indirect actuation. The
applications can be found in various areas of 41 our everyday life. Heat shrinkable
tubes, intelligent medical parts, self-deployable part in spacecraft are few used areas
with potential in broad other applications. The process in shape memory polymer is
not intrinsic, it requires combination of a polymer and programmed afterwards. The
structure of polymer is deformed and put it into temporary shape. Whenever
required, the polymer gains its final shape when external energy is applied. Most of
the shape memory polymers required heat as activating agent. The material used in
tube is poly demethylate polymer. Initially the shape was programmed to form
flat helix, using heat energy ranging from 10 degree to 50-degree
centigrade, flat helix transformed into tube shape structure.

5.4 Magneto strictive Materials

Similar to piezoelectric and electro strictive materials magneto strictive
materials uses magnetic energy. They convert magnetic energy into mechanical
energy or other way. Iron, terbium, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL) and
dysprosium (D) are most common magneto strictive materials. Those materials can
be used as transducers and actuators where magnetic energy is used to cause shape

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4D Printing 2019-20

change. The application includes telephone 42 receivers, oscillators, sonar

scanning, hearing head, damping systems, and positioning equipment. The
development of magneto strictive material alloys with better features will certainly
help the 4D printing technology.

Composites in 4D printing

Ge et al used a multi-material 3D printer to print an active composite

material. The printed active composite (PAC) consisted of a glassy polymer fiber
embedded in an elastomeric resin. The glass fibers exhibited a shape memory effect with a
shape fixity ratio of approximately 80% whereas the elastomeric resin was not capable of
shape shifting and had a shape fixing ratio of 0. This bilayer laminate comprising a pure
elastomer lamina and a PAC lamina with a prescribed fiber structure which includes the
shape, size and orientation was printed, heated, stretched, cooled and realized. Upon release
of the deformation stress, the laminate turned into a complex temporary shape due to the
mismatch in the shape fixity ratio between the elastomer lamina and the shape memorizing
PAC lamina. Depending on the fiber properties complex 3D configurations can be produced
including bent, coiled, twisted, and folded shapes. This PAC laminate can be integrated with
other structures or functional components to create active devices. For an example the PAC
laminate could be used to enable active origami as a means to creating 3D structures.

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4D Printing 2019-20

CHAPTER 6
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
6.1 Conclusion
Emerging Market Potential:

4D printing technology is expected to significantly increase the efficiency of

the manufacturing process and increase the capability to produce complex parts and
products for different industrial sectors. Expected to create a large number of
potential applications in diverse industrial sectors (for example, aerospace, defense,
automotive, health care, infrastructure, manufacturing, packaging)

Evolving Ecosystem:

4D printing technology is expected to be adopted by a range of industrial

sectors. Research laboratories, universities, and companies are also expected to
increase their 4D printing research activities, further enabling convergence between
industries and increasing the breadth of applications of 4D printing technology.

Technology:

4D printing technology (software, hardware, 4D printing materials) is still in

early phase of S- curve. Dominant hardware/software architecture yet to be
established. IP on 4D printing smart materials is building up. 4D technology will be
getting increasingly popular as the trends toward its integration with the giant
industries like manufacturing and healthcare, have increased.

6.2 Future Work

Although not commercially available, self-assembly is just a beginning of a whole
innovative world of manufacturing with minimum energy. As environmental, economic,

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4D Printing 2019-20

human and other constraints continue to fluctuate, we will eventually need dynamic systems
that can respond with ease and agility.
4D Printing is the first of its kind to offer this exciting capability. This is truly a
radical shift in our understanding of structures, which have up to this point, remained static
and rigid (think aerospace, automotive, building industries etc) and will soon be dynamic,
adaptable and tuneable for on demand performance.

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5. Ge, Q., Dunn, C.K., Jerry, H.Q., Dunn, M.L.: Active origami by 4D printing. Smart
Mater. Struct. 23(9), 1–15 (2014)
6. Al Rhodan, N.: Programmable Matter: 4D Printing’s Promises and Risks.
Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (2014)
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London (2013)
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printing-technology/
10. Ge, Q., Dunn, C.K., Jerry, H.Q., Dunn, M.L.: Active origami by 4D printing. Smart
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