3a. Water Resources

WATER RESOURCES
AEN 1 (FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING)
Lhizel L. Claveria, ABE

Part-Time Instructor, Department of Agricultural Engineering
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this presentation, you are

expected to:
• Identify world water resources;

• Discuss the importance of water quality;
WATER RESOURCES
• Water resources are natural resources of water that
are potentially useful.
• 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water
• only 3% is fresh water of which slightly over two

thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps
• The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as

groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air
• Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's Image Source: https://www.unenvironment.org/ru/node/627
supply of clean, fresh water is steadily decreasing.

WATER RESOURCES
Image Source: https://www.slideshare.net/agarwal.gaurav/water-resources-51545104

USES OF WATER
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ontario_farm.jpg
Agricultural
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland_Solina_dam.jpg
Industrial
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg
Recreational Household
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whitewater.jpg
GLOBAL WATER DEMAND
• Over the past 100 years, global water demand
has increased by 600%. This corresponds to
an annual increment rate of 1.8%.
• In all the three components, industry, domestic
and agriculture, global water demand will grow
significantly over the next two decades.
• Presently, global water demand is about 4,600
km3 per year. This will increase by 20% to
30% by 2050 or equivalent to 5,500 to 6,000
km3 per year.
• By 2050 the global population will increase to
between 9.4 to 10.2 billion people, an
Image Source: https://www.seametrics.com/blog/global-water-crisis-facts/ increment of 22% to 32%.
PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES
• The Philippines is blessed with abundant

water resources having endowed with 59
lakes and 421 river basins.
• There were 18 identified major river basins

from among principal river basins.
• The total water internal resource of the

Philippines is estimated at 130 km3/year.
Image Source: https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/10/18/1961089/nwrb-tightens-water-allocation

• Despite the massiveness of this potential

supply, the country has a low freshwater
availability per capita and experiences water-
related problems.
• Water-related problems such as increasing

water demand, reduction of water resources
and water pollution.
Image Source: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know

DID YOU KNOW?
• The daily average water consumption

of a person is only 54 liters for
drinking, hygiene, sanitation, food
preparation and laundry.
• But the actual water use of Filipinos in

2014, was amounted to 98 liters per
person per day.
Image Source: http://clipart-library.com/clipart/1822763.htm

Image Source:http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/groundwatergovernance/docs/Shijiazhuang/Presentations-PDFs/Day3/PS8_TABIOS_Philippines.pdf
Image Source: https://www.wetlands.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NWRB_WRM-in-the-Phil-Status-Challenges-and-Opportunities.pdf

(MCM/year)
Image Source: https://www.wetlands.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NWRB_WRM-in-the-Phil-Status-Challenges-and-Opportunities.pdf

IMPORTANT PROCESSES IN THE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
1. Evaporation
2. Transpiration (Evapotranspiration)
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Infiltration
6. Percolation
7. Surface Runoff
8. Interflow
9. Groundwater flow Image Source: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-
school/science/fundamentals-water-cycle?qt-
science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
IMPORTANCE OF SOME HYDROLOGIC
DATA
Precipitation – estimating runoff, planning
erosion control measures, planning for
irrigation and drainage, and water
conservation in low rainfall regions
Runoff –designing structures and channels
that will handle natural flows of water
Infiltration, Evaporation and
transpiration – planning irrigation and
Image Source:
https://www.kqed.org/science/573382/cat drainage systems, moisture conservation
ching-storm-runoff-could-ease-droughts-
but-it-wont-come-cheap practices, etc.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
1. Convective Precipitation
– caused by natural rising of warmer, lighter air in colder, denser surroundings.
2. Orographic Precipitation
– caused by air masses which strike some natural topographic barriers like
mountains, and cannot move forward and hence rise up, causing condensation
and precipitation.
3. Cyclonic Precipitation
– caused by lifting of an air mass due to the pressure difference.
a. Non-frontal
– air is lifted through horizontal convergence of the inflow into a low pressure area
b. Frontal
– lifting of warm air over cold air at the contact zone between air masses having
different characteristics
RAINFALL AND STREAMFLOW
RAINFALL
• refers to the amount of rain that an

area receives over a period of time
• It is measured in millimeters (mm)

or centimeters (cm)
Image Source: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/11/just-

12-days-world-gets-half-its-annual-rainfall
DID YOU KNOW?
• The shape of rainfall is not actually a

teardrop shape.
• average annual rainfall in the

Philippines is 2,400 mm
• Baguio City, eastern Samar, and

eastern Surigao receive the greatest Image Source: https://gpm.nasa.gov/education/articles/shape-of-a-raindrop
amount of rainfall while the southern

portion of Cotabato receives the
least amount of rain
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
1. Arithmetic mean
-simplest method of
computing the average
rainfall over a
basin
-averaging arithmetically all
the rainfall depths
measured by the rain
gages within the area.
Image Source: https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf

2. Thiessen polygon
– location of the rain gauges are
plotted on the map of the area and stations
are connected by straight lines.
Perpendicular bisectors are constructed on
each of the connecting lines thereby
forming polygons enclosing each rain gage.
The average rainfall over the area is then
estimated as the area weighted average for
all polygons.





3. Isohyetal
–station locations and amounts of rainfall are plotted on a suitable map, and
contours of equal precipitation (isohyets) are then drawn. The equation used is
similar to that of Thiessen method except that the area, Ai, is the area under one
isohyet, Pi.

4. Grid-Point Method
– computer aided method wherein it averages
estimated precipitation at all points of a
superimposed grid.
5. Inverse Distance Ratio Method

–for rolling areas and non-uniform distribution of
gages, distance factor fixed by location of gages
is used for analysis using this method. It
operates under the principle that the value of
points close together in space are more likely to
be similar than with points farther apart. Image Source: https://www.weather.gov/abrfc/map
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Frequency or recurrence interval

- number of years during which one storm of a given
duration and intensity is expected to occur.
HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES are:

Deterministic Process – one in which a definite law of certainty
exists
Probabilistic Process – governed by chance; time series
independent
Stochastic Process – governed by chance; time dependent
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION /
PROBABILITY DENSITY CURVE
1. Normal Distribution – data is more or less normally
distributed
2. Log-Normal Distribution – used when there is skewness in
the data distribution
3. Pearson Type III Distribution - considers further the
skewness of the logarithmically transformed hydrologic
data; preferred for flood flow frequency; log-normal
distribution is a special case of this method
4. Gamma Density Function – so far gives the best fit for
most stations for 1-week, 2-week, 3-week and monthly
rainfall totals of the country
RAINFALL AND STREAMFLOW
STREAMFLOW
• movement of water in a natural

channel, such as a river
• refer to the amount of water
flowing in a river
• discharge: the volumetric rate of
flow (volume per unit time) in an
open channel (USGS)
Image Source: https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/rain-falling-
a-watershed-drains-rivers-valley
SOURCES/COMPONENTS OF
STREAMFLOW
1. Channel precipitation
-moisture falling directly on the water surface, and in most streams, it
adds very little to discharge.
2. Groundwater runoff (baseflow)
-enters the streambed where the channel intersects the water table,
providing a steady supply of water during both dry and rainy periods.
-changes only gradually over time, and is rarely the main cause of
flooding. However, it does contribute to flooding by providing a stage
onto which runoff from other sources is superimposed.
STREAMFLOW
3. Interflow
- water that infiltrates the soil and then moves
laterally to the stream channel in the zone above the
water table.
- next to baseflow, it is the most important source of
discharge for streams in forested lands.
-overland flow in heavily forested areas makes
negligible contributions to streamflow.
STREAMFLOW
4. Surface runoff
- water that which travels over the ground surface and through the
channels to reach the basin outlet
- usually a major source of streamflow in dry regions, cultivated, and
urbanized areas.
Other terminologies:
• Overland flow – that part of surface runoff that flows over the
surface towards the stream channel
• Direct runoff – surface runoff plus interflow
SOURCES/REFERENCES:
Lapong, E. and Fujihara, M. 2008. Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems, “Water Resources in the Philippines
-An Overview of its Uses, Management, Problems and Prospect” Volume 14, No. 1
Boretti, A., Rosa, L. Reassessing the projections of the World Water Development Report. npj Clean Water 2, 15 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-019-0039-9
David, R. April 15, 2016. Philippine Daily Inquirer. “El Nino and water use”.
https://civilsolution.wordpress.com/tag/convective-precipitation/
https://www.pacificwater.org/userfiles/file/IWRM/Philippines.pdf
https://www.britannica.com/science/water-cycle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources
https://www.wetlands.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NWRB_WRM-in-the-Phil-Status-Challenges-and-Opportunities.pdf
: http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-
philippines#:~:text=The%20mean%20annual%20rainfall%20of,965%20to%204%2C064%20millimeters%20annually.
https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf
http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/education2/wrtt/lecs/USGS_2012_SW_Measurements_2.pdf

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WATER RESOURCES

AEN 1 (FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING)

Lhizel L. Claveria, ABE

At the end of this presentation, you are

• Identify world water resources;

• 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water

• only 3% is fresh water of which slightly over two

• The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as

supply of clean, fresh water is steadily decreasing.

Image Source: https://www.slideshare.net/agarwal.gaurav/water-resources-51545104

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ontario_farm.jpg

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg

• The Philippines is blessed with abundant

• There were 18 identified major river basins

• The total water internal resource of the

Image Source: https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/10/18/1961089/nwrb-tightens-water-allocation

• Despite the massiveness of this potential

• Water-related problems such as increasing

Image Source: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know

• The daily average water consumption

• But the actual water use of Filipinos in

Image Source: http://clipart-library.com/clipart/1822763.htm

Image Source: https://www.wetlands.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NWRB_WRM-in-the-Phil-Status-Challenges-and-Opportunities.pdf

Image Source: https://www.wetlands.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NWRB_WRM-in-the-Phil-Status-Challenges-and-Opportunities.pdf

• refers to the amount of rain that an

• It is measured in millimeters (mm)

Image Source: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/11/just-

• The shape of rainfall is not actually a

• average annual rainfall in the

• Baguio City, eastern Samar, and

amount of rainfall while the southern

Image Source: https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf

Image Source: https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf

Image Source: https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf

Image Source: https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf

Image Source: https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf

Image Source: https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf

Image Source: https://nanopdf.com/download/computation-of-average-rainfall-over-a-basin_pdf

5. Inverse Distance Ratio Method

Frequency or recurrence interval

HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES are:

• movement of water in a natural

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