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Temperature Effects on Warm Mix Asphalt Performance

Article · July 2014

DOI: 10.1201/b17219-149

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 Asphalt Pavements – Kim (Ed)
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-02693-3

Temperature effects on Warm Mix Asphalt performance

Venon Jalali, James R.A. Grenfell & Andrew Dawson

Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre, Department of Civil Engineering,
The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK

ABSTRACT: Over the past few years, several Warm Mix Asphalt technologies have been
developed to help lower asphalt production temperatures by up to 30°C. As part of this
research, two different technologies were investigated; a wax additive using Sasobit and a
chemical additive using Rediset LQ. The rheological behaviour of the base binders and the
base binders with each additive was investigated over a range of temperatures using both
a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) at lower temperatures and a rotational viscometer at
higher temperatures. Then by performing the Dynamic Contact Angle (DCA) test using the
Wilhelmy Plate apparatus, the effect of these additives was looked at in terms of the Surface
Energy components of the binders.

Keywords: Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA); compaction temperature; rheology; surface energy

1 INTRODUCTION

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) refers to bituminous mixtures which are produced at tempera-
tures approximately 25°C to 55°C lower than the typical production temperature of Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA) for the purposes of energy saving and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
However, as a replacement material for conventional HMA, WMA should have similar
strength, durability and performance characteristics [1].
During the mixing, delivery or compaction processes, if the mixture’s temperature drops
below the minimum allowable production temperature at which adequate compaction can be
achieved, then serious problems are expected. In the case of WMA mixtures, the effects of
temperature decline on the properties of mixture may be more complicated than in HMA
due to the presence of additives. This can refer to several factors such as the lower level of
ageing in WMA binder due to the lower production temperatures, the effect of additives
on the rheological, physical and mechanical characteristics of the binders, binder-aggregate
adhesion properties and subsequently, the resultant mixture mechanical performance and
properties [2].
The aim of this research is to study the effects and implications of temperature decline
during mixing, delivery, placement and compaction phases on the mechanical performance
of Warm Mix Asphalt along with the determination of the fundamental reasons for such
performance changes.

2 MATERIALS IN USE

2.1 Bitumen modifiers

2.1.1 Sasobit®
Sasobit is a product of the Sasol Wax Company in South Africa. It is a crystalline, long chain
aliphatic polymethylene hydrocarbon wax with a general formula of CnH2n+2 whose carbon

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 chain length ranges from C45 to C100 plus. Sasobit results from coal gasification and is a by-
product from the synthetic petrol production process called Fischer-Tropsch. Having a melt-
ing point of about 100°C, it can be totally dissolved in bitumen at above 115°C. Sasobit can
be either in the form of a white powder or granules pills [3,4].
It is said that when added to the bitumen for producing WMA mixtures, it decreases the
viscosity and improves the lubrication, both of which result in improving the mixture work-
ability and compactability at temperatures lower than HMA [1,5]. According to the research
of Liu et al. [5] adding 3% Sasobit to the binder can reduce the asphalt production tempera-
ture by 15°C.
When Sasobit cools down, it begins to crystallise at 110°C and below its congealing point,
it forms regularly distributed, microscopic, stick-shaped particles. Such a crystallisation
results in increasing the stiffness of the binder and the resistance against deformation. At
service temperatures, Sasobit forms a lattice structure in the binder that provides stability for
the mixture [6,7].

2.1.2 Rediset® LQ 1102 CE

Rediset LQ is a chemical Warm Mix Asphalt liquid additive which has recently been developed
by AkzoNobel. It is said that it allows the production and compaction of asphalt pavements at
Downloaded by [Venon Jalali] at 04:05 06 September 2014

temperatures typically 20 to 30°C lower than conventional HMA. The surfactants in Rediset
LQ modify the properties of the binder in such a way that readily allows it to bond with the
active sites on the aggregate surface. The surfactants also reduce the surface tension of the
asphalt binder, which enables efficient coating of asphalt binder on the aggregate surface.
This property enables the binder to readily coat the aggregate and eventually increases the
workability of the mix and allows the mix to be more compactable at lower temperatures [8].
According to the producer, it will not change the penetration grade of the binder.

2.2 Pure bitumen and modified binders

The main neat binder used in this research was bitumen 70/100 pen made from blending
53.4% bitumen 160/220 pen with 46.6% bitumen 30/45 pen. The base neat binders which were
used only in the case of supplementary tests were a 160/220 pen and 30/45 pen bitumen. The
modified binders in the current research include Sasobit-modified and Rediset LQ-modified
binders each of which have been produced by adding three different dosages of Sasobit
(2, 3 and 10% of the weight of binder) and Rediset LQ (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6% of the weight of
the binder) respectively to each of the three different neat binders.
The bituminous blends and modified binders have been prepared and made in accordance
with BS EN 12594:2007 [9]. However, some modifications have been applied to the recom-
mendations in bitumen sample preparation in terms of bitumen’s heating temperature and
time. Heating time and temperature for the modified binders have been considered the same
as the base binder and not according to their softening point.

3 BINDER TESTS

In order to determine the physical, mechanical and rheological behaviour and behavioural
characteristics of the binders and also to study the binding, coating and surface energy prop-
erties, a comprehensive matrix of laboratory tests has been devised and performed as shown
in Table 1.

3.1 Penetration grade and softening point determination

The penetration grade and softening point tests were performed in accordance with BS EN
1426:2007 [11] and BS EN 1427:2007 [12], respectively, in order to have the basic physical
characteristics of the binders and the effect of each additive and its dosage on the properties.
The test specifications are as shown in Table 1 and the results are presented in Table 2. It can
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 Table 1. Binder testing matrix.

Test Standard name Standard no. Test device Description

1. Pen grade Determination of BS EN 1426: Penetrometer Test temperature =

determination needle penetration 2007 [11] 25°C
2. Softening Determination of the BS EN 1427: Ring and ball N.A.
point softening point-ring 2007 [12] aparatus
determination and ball method
3. Brookfield Determination of BS EN 13302: Brookfield Temperature swept
viscometry dynamic viscosity 2010 [13] viscometer from 90°C to 180°C
of bituminous with 10°C intervals,
binders using a meter reading =
rotating spindle (50 ± 10)% spindle
apparatus size = SC4-34
4. Bitumen Determination of BS EN Standard N.A.
wax content the paraffin wax 12606-1: laboratory
content-part 1: 2007 [16] distillation
method by and filtration
distillation part 2: setup
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method by filtration
5. Brookfield Test methods SUPERPAVE Brookfield Temperature swept
viscometry for viscosity ASTM viscometer from 90°C to 180°C
determinations D4402 [14] with 10°C intervals,
of unfilled asphalts rotational speed =
using the brookfield 20 rpm shear rate =
thermosel apparatus 6.8 s−1 spindle size =
SC4-27
6. Frequency- Determination BS EN 14770: Bohlin’s CVO Frequency swept from
temperature of complex shear 2012 [17] Dynamic 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz over
sweep modulus and phase Shear the temperature
Angle-Dynamic Rheometer range of 10°C to
Shear Rheometer (DSR) 75°C with 10°C
(DSR) intervals
7. DCA Dynamic contact [18] Wilhelmy plate Test temperature =
angle measurement 23°C ± 2°C

be seen that while adding Rediset LQ has nearly no effect on penetration grade and softening
point of the binders, adding Sasobit significantly increases the softening point and decreases
the penetration grade.

3.2 Brookfield viscometry test

In order to study the effect of the additives on the rheological behaviour of the binders,
Brookfield viscometry tests have been performed on the binders over the temperature range
of 90°C to 180°C. This was done to investigate the viscosity of the binders at high tempera-
tures and to study the changes in binder rheology in the presence of the additives around the
mixing and compaction temperatures. It was also done to justify or find the correct produc-
tion temperature of the WMA.
The Brookfield viscometry test in this research was performed twice, based on two differ-
ent Standards, BS EN 13302:2010 [13] and ASTM D4402 [14]. The reason for this has been
the considerable difference between the results of the test based on BS EN 13302:2010 [13]
for the Sasobit-modified binders, with those of the NCAT Report 05-06 [3], Yero et al. [15]
and Liu et al. [5], which had been done in accordance with the ASTM Standards.
BS EN Standards validate choosing any rotational speed (rpm) for the spindle at which
the meter reading remains between 10% and 100%. In the current research, BS EN-based
Brookfield viscometry has been performed by using spindle SC4-34. At each temperature,
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ISAP000-1404_Vol-02_Book.indb 1224

Table 2. Penetration grade and softening point determination test results.

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Bitumen/binder 160/220 160/220 160/220 160/220 160/220 160/220 160/220

+2%Sasobit +3%Sasobit +10%Sasobit +0.4%Rediset +0.5%Rediset +0.6%Rediset
Sample no. 12-37 13-485 13-486 13-574 N.A. 13-487 13-488
Description Base binder 98% (12-37) 97% (12-37) 90% (12-37) 99.6% (12-37) 99.5% (12-37) 99.4% (12-37)
+2% (10-2757) +3% (10-2757) +10% (10-2757) +0.4% (13-451) +0.5% (13-451) +0.6% (13-451)
Pen grade 200 145 126 57 N.A. 186 184
Softening point 37 64.4 75 99.5 N.A. 37.6 37.6
Bitumen/binder 30/45 30/45 30/45 30/45 30/45 30/45 30/45
+2%Sasobit +3%Sasobit +10%Sasobit +0.4%Rediset +0.5%Rediset +0.6%Rediset
1224

Sample no. 12-38 13-489 13-490 13-575 N.A. 13-491 13-492

Description Base binder 98% (12-38) 97% (12-38) 90% (12-38) 99.6% (12-38) 99.5% (12-38) 99.4% (12-38)
+2% (10-2757) +3% (10-2757) +10% (10-2757) +0.4% (13-451) +0.5% (13-451) +0.6% (13-451)
Pen grade 36 27 26 17 N.A. 34 34
Softening point 54 67 82.5 102 N.A. 54 54.8
Bitumen/binder 70/100 70/100 70/100 70/100 70/100 70/100 70/100
+2%Sasobit +3%Sasobit +10%Sasobit +0.4%Rediset +0.5%Rediset +0.6%Rediset
Sample no. 13-99 13-100 13-493 13-576 13-781 13-101 13-494
Description 53.4% (12-37) 98% (13-99) 97% (13-99) 90% (13-99) 99.6% (13-99) 99.5% (13-99) 99.4% (13-99)
+46.6% (12-38) +2% (10-2757) +3% (10-2757) +10% (10-2757) +0.4% (13-451) +0.5% (13-451) +0.6% (13-451)
Pen grade 90 60 56 34 87 87 85
Softening point 44.8 71.6 81 101.5 44.8 45.2 45.6
7/1/2014 6:57:21 PM
 the rotational speed was set to the value at which the meter reading stays between 10% and
100% with the preferred value of about (50 ± 10)%. However, SUPERPAVE (ASTM) recom-
mends using spindle SC4-21 or SC4-27, rotating at a speed of 20 rpm to apply a shear rate of
6.8 s−1. In this research the SUPERPAVE-based Brookfield viscometry has been performed
using spindle size SC4-27.
From the test results, it can be observed that just after Sasobit’s melting temperature
(transition point), the viscosity of the modified binder drops and the viscosity curve shifts
down afterwards. However, it seems that at the temperatures lower than the transition point
the crystallisation phenomenon in the wax structure results in an increased viscosity of the
binder. As can be seen in Table 3 and Figures 1 and 2, according to the Brookfield viscometry
test results performed based on BS EN 13302:2010 [13], the viscosity of the 70/100 pen bitu-
men was not reduced as much as it could reduce the mixing and compaction temperature by
25°C as promised in NCAT Report 05-06 [3] or even by 15°C as shown by Liu et al. [5]. Even
increasing the dosage of Sasobit up to 10% by the weight of the binder and also performing
the test on both the 30/45 pen and the 160/220 pen binders did not show the promised level
of reduction in the viscosity of the binders.
Downloaded by [Venon Jalali] at 04:05 06 September 2014

Table 3. BS EN-based brookfield viscometry test results.

Viscosity (cP) [mPa.S]

70/100 70/100 70/100 70/100 70/100

70/100 +2%Sasobit +3%Sasobit +10%Sasobit +0.5%Rediset +0.6%Rediset
Bitumen (13-99) (13-100) (13-493) (13-576) (13-101) (13-494)

Temperature (°C)
90 – 5815.0 15837.0 70545.0 5619.0 6539.0
100 2795.0 2052.0 4042.3 28833.0 2555.0 3034.0
110 1404.0 1064.0 989.1 775.0 1298.0 1485.0
120 736.6 601.1 557.9 394.5 712.6 783.8
130 431.9 344.9 322.3 250.5 394.9 449.9
140 258.5 211.2 197.4 159.0 240.5 269.9
150 163.2 142.2 133.2 105.2 158.4 166.0
160 113.4 96.0 89.1 75.6 104.7 115.0
170 78.6 66.0 62.1 54.6 72.1 80.0
180 56.4 48.6 46.5 40.8 53.1 61.0

Figure 1. BS EN-based brookfield viscometry test results (Sasobit-modified binders).

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 Figure 2. BS EN-based brookfield viscometry test results (Rediset LQ-modified binders).
Downloaded by [Venon Jalali] at 04:05 06 September 2014

Table 4. ASTM-based brookfield viscometry test results.

Viscosity (cP) [mPa.S]

70/100 70/100 70/100 70/100 70/100

70/100 +2%Sasobit +3%Sasobit +0.4%Rediset +0.5%Rediset +0.6%Rediset
Bitumen (13-99) (13-100) (13-493) (13-781) (13-101) (13-494)

Temperature (°C)
90 5565.0 3993.0 3355.0 4968.0 5030.0 4985.0
100 2336.0 1740.0 1449.0 2275.7 2118.3 2013.3
110 1176.0 905.7 765.0 1156.0 1077.0 1078.0
120 647.9 507.3 438.2 596.4 592.8 590.5
130 364.2 290.6 253.1 333.9 331.6 330.4
140 217.9 176.9 153.5 202.7 199.2 196.8
150 144.1 118.3 101.9 132.4 131.6 128.9
160 96.1 79.7 69.1 92.6 86.7 85.5
170 66.8 55.1 46.9 63.3 58.6 56.2
180 49.2 43.4 35.1 45.7 43.4 42.2

Therefore, in order to make sure about the repeatability of the results, the test was repeated
again but this time, based on ASTM D4402 [14]. However, referring to the results of ASTM-
based Brookfield viscometry test, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 3 and 4 it can be seen that
using 3% Sasobit can decrease the mixing and compaction temperature by up to 10°C which
is still less than the amount reported in the NCAT Report 05-06 [3], work by Liu et al. [5] and
as promised by the producer.
It seems that according to the results, the ASTM-based Brookfield viscometry should be
more reliable. The reason for such a difference in the test results could be due to the greater
turbulent flow of the bitumen between the inner wall of the apparatus cup and the surface of
the spindle in the BS EN-based test. Due to the greater gap between the inner wall of the cup
and the surface of the spindle in the BS EN-based test compared to the ASTM-based test,
the rotational flow of bitumen around the spindle will be less laminar and more turbulent
at high temperatures and rotational speeds. This turbulent flow can result in applying some
additional unwanted friction on the surface of the spindle and therefore show a greater value
of the binder viscosity than it really is.
For the Rediset LQ chemical additive, nearly no effect on the viscosity of the binder can be
seen, which was expected from the specifications according to the material producer.
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 Figure 3. ASTM-based brookfield viscometry test results (Sasobit-modified binders).
Downloaded by [Venon Jalali] at 04:05 06 September 2014

Figure 4. ASTM-based brookfield viscometry test results (Rediset LQ-modified binders).

3.3 Bitumen wax content test

In order to understand these differences, the Bitumen Wax Content test was performed
on the base binders in accordance with BS EN 12606-1:2007 [16], because it was predicted
that the bitumen might have been already waxy and adding more wax to the existing amount
in the bitumen might have no significant effect. In the other words, bitumen samples might
have been waxy, themselves, therefore, decreasing their viscosity sensitivity to the extra wax
content. However, the Bitumen Wax Content test showed that the base bitumens were non-
waxy types. As they contained no more than 0.06% and 0.02% of Paraffin wax for the 160/220
pen and 30/45 pen, respectively.
Thus, the unexpected results (small decrease in the viscosity of the modified binders com-
pared to their neat bitumen) of Brookfield viscometry test might have been because the bitu-
men samples had nearly no wax initially and originally. Eventually, the added Sasobit (wax)
might have been consumed by the non-waxy bitumen to increase its wax content to a normal
balanced level.
To check this theory, it was necessary to add more Sasobit to modify the pure bitumen
samples and 10% Sasobit-modified binders were produced. However, performing the same
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 Brookfield viscomety test on the 10% Sasobit-modified bitumen grades did not result in any
significant decrease in the viscosity of the binders.

3.4 Frequency-temperature sweep test

The mechanical properties of the binders were studied by investigating their rheological
behaviour by performing the Frequency-Temperature Sweep test using a Dynamic Shear
Rheometer (DSR) over a range of different temperatures (5°C to 80°C) and frequencies
(0.1 Hz to 10 Hz). The test was performed in accordance with BS EN 14770:2012 [17]. It
should be mentioned that the rheological behaviour investigations have been carried out for
two main reasons. Firstly, to study the mechanical properties of the binder itself in the pres-
ence of additives at different temperatures and loading frequencies and secondly, in order to
have sufficient fundamental support to analyse and interpret the mechanical behaviour of the
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Figure 5. Comparative master curves for the complex shear modulus of the sasobit-modified
70/100 pen bitumen (Reference temperature = 25°C).

Figure 6. Comparative master curves for the complex shear modulus of the rediset LQ-modified
70/100 pen bitumen (Reference temperature = 25°C).

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ISAP000-1404_Vol-02_Book.indb 1229

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Table 5. DCA test results.

Average Known sueface energy components Calculated sueface energy components

advancing of the probe liquid (mJ/m2) of the tested binder (mJ/m2)
contact
Binder sample Probe liquid angle [θ] (°) γLW γ+ γ− γ γLW γ+ γ− γ

(13-99) Water 96.974 21.8 25.5 25.5 72.8 33.65498 0.13137 1.773095 34.62024
[Bitumen70/100Pen] Glycerol 86.924 34 3.92 57.4 64.00053
Di-Iodomethane 51.106 50.8 0 0 50.8
(13-100) Water 103.76 21.8 25.5 25.5 72.8 22.25891 0.469704 0.199052 22.87045
1229

[Bitumen70/100 Glycerol 87.16 34 3.92 57.4 64.00053

Pen+2%Sasobit] Di-Iodomethane 71.102 50.8 0 0 50.8
(13-493) Water 105.55 21.8 25.5 25.5 72.8 21.62833 0.154691 0.339383 22.08658
[Bitumen70/100 Glycerol 91.342 34 3.92 57.4 64.00053
Pen+3%Sasobit] Di-Iodomethane 72.242 50.8 0 0 50.8
(13-781) Water 101.682 21.8 25.5 25.5 72.8 33.46833 0.022859 0.303498 33.63491
[Bitumen70/100 Glycerol 86.994 34 3.92 57.4 64.00053
Pen+0.4%RedisetLQ] Di-Iodomethane 51.438 50.8 0 0 50.8
(13-493) Water 99.524 21.8 25.5 25.5 72.8 34.89661 0.022596 0.495519 35.10824
[Bitumen70/100 Glycerol 85.16 34 3.92 57.4 64.00053
Pen+0.6%RedisetLQ] Di-Iodomethane 48.88 50.8 0 0 50.8
7/1/2014 6:57:28 PM
 resulting mixtures at the operating temperatures. This will also allow linking the behaviour of
the mixtures to the mechanical properties of their corresponding binders at the mixing and
compaction temperatures at which the mixtures mechanical behaviour will be formed.
The Frequency-Temperature Sweep test, which has been characterised in Table 1, has been
performed in strain-controlled mode applying a maximum strain value of 0.5%, 0.4% and
0.3% for 0%, 2% and 3% Sasobit-modified binders respectively to remain within the Linear
Visco-Elastic Region (LVER). For the Rediset LQ-modified samples, the LVER has been set
to the same value as for the neat binder. The results of the Frequency-Temperature Sweep
tests are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
From the test results, it can be concluded that adding Sasobit increases the complex shear
modulus (G*) and decreases the phase angle of the binders, while the Rediset LQ has nearly
no effect on the parameters.
Adding 3% Sasobit to the 70/100 pen bitumen increases its complex shear modulus by
nearly 1.5
8 times
timesatatabout
about10°C
10°Cand
and1.5 timesatatabout
8 times about75°C.
75°C.Adding
Adding2%2% Sasobit
Sasobit hashas increased
increased
the complex shear
shear modulus
modulusbybyabout
about1.5
3 times
timesatat10°C
10°Cand
and nearly
nearly 1.5 timesatatabout
3 times about 75°C.
75°C.

3.5 Dynamic Contact Angle test (DCA)

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This test has been performed to find out the changes in the values of the Surface Energy
(SE) components of the binders, which may be caused by the additives. The measured values,
when combined with the ones of aggregate, will be used to calculate the Bonding Energy. This
is used to evaluate the work of adhesion when combined with aggregates and also to calculate
the work of de-bonding in the presence of water in order to estimate the moisture sensitivity
of the resulting mixtures.
Also, according to the Brookfield viscometry test results, as the viscosity issue may not be
the only factor which is affected by Sasobit, the DCA test has been performed to find out the
reasons why a lower production temperature of WMA can be used when Sasobit is added.
Therefore, it is predicted that Rediset LQ should change the surface tension of the bitumen
if it has no effect on the rheological issues such as viscosity.
The DCA test has performed using a DCA Analyser apparatus (Wilhelmy Plate method)
according to NTEC laboratory protocol [18]. In order to increase the precision of the results,
five slides per binder sample were prepared to perform the test by the use of three different probe
liquids: water, glycerol and di-iodomethane. The test results and data can be found in Table 5.
Referring to Table 5, the relatively high value of the γLW component, which is representative
of the Van der Waals non-polar interaction forces, confirms that the tested neat bitumen is
basically a non-polar material as it naturally is. However, in contrast with the slightly acidic
behaviour which is normally expected from any neat bitumen, the higher value of γ− (basic
component) compared to γ+ (acidic component) indicates that the neat bitumen is slightly
basic in nature. This means that this bitumen can give better adhesion if it is used with acidic
aggregates (e.g. Granite).
In the case of the Sasobit-modified binders, it can be observed that adding Sasobit has
decreased the non-polar component as well as the basic characteristics of the modified
binder in comparison with the neat bitumen. At the same time it increases the acidic compo-
nent of SE which can result in a better adhesion of the Sasobit-modified binders with a basic
aggregate (e.g. Limestone).
According to the results reflected in Table 5, Rediset LQ has not changed the non-polar
component of SE significantly. However, it has considerably decreased both γ+ and γ−, which
can result in a better moisture resistance.

4 CONCLUSIONS

• While adding Rediset LQ has nearly no effect on the Penetration Grade and Soften-
ing Point of the binders, adding Sasobit significantly increases the Softening Point and
decreases the Penetration Grade.
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 • According to the Brookfield viscometry test results which was performed based on BS
EN 13302:2010 [13], the viscosity of the 70/100 pen bitumen was not reduced as much as
it can lower the mixing and compaction temperature by 25°C as promised in the NCAT
Report 05-06 [3] or by 15°C as shown in Liu et al.s research. Increasing the dosage of
Sasobit up to 10% by the weight of the binder and performing the tests on the both base
bitumen grades did not show the promised significant reduction in the viscosity of the
binders.
• The results of ASTM-based Brookfield viscometry test showed 3% Sasobit can decrease
mixing and compaction temperature by up to 10°C which is still less that the amount
reported in NCAT Report 05-06 [3], the research of Liu et al. [5] and promised by the
producer.
• Rediset LQ chemical additive has nearly no effect on the viscosity of the binder, which was
expected from the specifications of the manufacturer. In fact, this additive, has nearly no
influence on the rheological and mechanical properties of the binder.
• Adding Sasobit increases G* and decreases the phase angle of the binders while Rediset
LQ has nearly no effect on the mentioned parameters.
• Adding 3% Sasobit to 70/100 pen bitumen increases its complex shear modulus by nearly
1.5 timesatatabout
8 times about10°C
10°Cand
and1.5
8 times
timesatatabout
about75°C.
75°C.Adding
Adding2%2%Sasobit
Sasobitincreased
increasedthe
thecom-
com-
Downloaded by [Venon Jalali] at 04:05 06 September 2014

modulus by
plex shear modulus by about
about1.5 timesatat10°C
3 times 10°Cand
andnearly
nearly1.5
3 times
timesatatabout
about75°C.
75°C.
• Adding Sasobit decreases the non-polar component as well as the basic characteristics of
the modified binder in comparison with the neat bitumen. It also increases the acidic com-
ponent of SE which can result in a better adhesion of the Sasobit-modified binders with a
basic aggregate (e.g. Limestone).
• Rediset LQ does not affect the non-polar component of SE significantly. However, it has
considerably decreased both γ+ and γ−, which can result in a better moisture resistance.

5 FUTURE WORK

Mixture compaction trials will be carried out for the different binder compositions over a
range of temperatures to investigate the effect of temperature reduction on the compacted
material properties. Stiffness, fatigue, rutting and water sensitivity tests will be performed in
order to characterise the mechanical properties of the resulting mixtures which will be mixed
at recommended mixing temperature and compacted at a number of temperatures lower than
the recommended compaction temperature.
Binding/coating quality of the mixtures and also the post-failure structure of the tested mix-
tures will be observed through SEM or X-Ray CT to support the mechanical test results.
Finally, it is planned to develop approaches and guidelines to improve the mechanical
deficiencies and reduce the potential distresses resulting from the time delay and temperature
decline between mixing and compaction.

REFERENCES

[1] Bonaquist, R. (2011). Mix Design Practices for Warm Mix Asphalt, NCHRP Report 691. National
Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington.
[2] Jalali, Venon. (2012). “Temperature Effects on Warm Mix Asphalt Performance”, NTEC Report
No. 12114, First Year Postgraduate Research Report for Ph.D. Degree in Civil Engineering-Pavement,
Nottingham Transportation Engineering Center (NTEC), Department of Civil Engineering, The
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
[3] Hurley, G. & Prowell, B. (2005). Evaluation of Sasobit® for use in Warm Mix Asphalt, NCAT Report
05-06, National Centre for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), Auburn University, Alabama, U.S.
[4] www.sasolwax.com, (Accessed: 14th September 2013).
[5] Liu, J., Saboundjian, S., Li, P., Connor, B. and Brunette, B. (2011). Laboratory Evaluation of
Sasobit-Modified Warm Mix Asphalt for Alaskan Conditions, Paper for Journal of Materials in
Civil Engineering© ASCE.

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 [6] Jamshidi, A., Hamzah, M.O., You, Zh. (2013). Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Contain-
ing Sasobit®: State-of-the-Art. ELSEVIER Journal of Construction and Building Materials 38,
pp 530–553.
[7] Polacco, G., Filippi, S., Paci, M., Giuliani, F. and Merusi, F. (2011). Structural and Rheological
Characterization of Wax Modified Bitumens. Fuel, Vol. 95, pp 407–416.
[8] www.akzonobel.com, (Accessed: 14th September 2013).
[9] BS EN 12594:2007, Bitumen and Bituminous Binders—Preparation of Test Samples.
[10] BS EN 13043:2013, Aggregates for Bituminous Mixtures and Surface Treatments for Roads, Air-
fields and Other Trafficked Areas.
[11] BS EN 1426:2007, Bitumen and Bituminous Binders—Determination of Needle Penetration.
[12] BS EN 1427:2007, Bitumen and Bituminous Binders—Determination of the Softening Point—
Ring and Ball Method.
[13] BS EN 13302:2010, Bitumen and Bituminous Binders—Determination of Dynamic Viscosity of
Bituminous Binder Using a Rotating Spindle Apparatus.
[14] American Society of Testing and Materials—ASTM. ASTM D4402: Standard Test Methods for
Viscosity Determinations of Unfilled Asphalts Using the Brookfield Thermosel Apparatus.
[15] Yero, A.S., Hainin, M.R. (2011). Influence of Organic Wax on Bitumen Characteristics, American
Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 4 (2): pp 265–269.
[16] BS EN 12606-1:2007, Bitumen and Bituminous Binders—Determination of the Paraffin Wax
Downloaded by [Venon Jalali] at 04:05 06 September 2014

Content—Part 1: Method by Distillation, Part 2: Method by Filtration.

[17] BS EN 14770:2012, Bitumen and Bituminous Binders—Determination of Complex Shear Modu-
lus and Phase Angle—Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR).
[18] Ahmad, N., (2011) ‘Asphalt mixture moisture sensitivity evaluation using surface energy param-
eters.’ PhD Thesis, NTEC, The University of Nottingham, UK.
[19] BS EN 12697-31:2007, Bituminous Mixtures—Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt—Part 31:
Specimen Preparation by Gyratory Compactor.

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