One line and impedance diagram

Interconnections among these components in the power system may be shown is a so-
called one-line diagram or single-line diagram. Single-line diagram represents all 3- of
balanced system. For the purpose of analysis, the single-line diagram of a particular power
system network is represented to its equivalent reactance or impedance diagram. A
sample of a interconnected of individual power component is shown in Figure . This
represent a circuit diagram of a power network which is referred to as a single-line
diagram.

Single-line diagram
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One line diagram

Generator Station A Transmission Transformer Station B

Transformer
G1 T1 Line T2
TL G3

G2 G4

Load Load
L1 L2

Single-line diagram of a power network

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Impedance Diagram
Impedance diagram
In power system fault calculations, a single-line diagram representing a
typical power network in 3- be converted into its per phase impedance
diagram. Some assumptions for converting from single-line diagram
into its equivalent impedance diagram needed to be considered.
(i) A generator can be represented by a voltage source in series with an
inductive reactance. The internal resistance of the generator is
assumed to be negligible compared to the reactance.
(ii) The loads are usually inductive represented by resistance and
inductance.
(iii) The transformer core is assumed to be ideal, and the transformer may
be represented by a reactance only.
(iv) The transmission line is represented by its resistance and inductance,
the line-to-ground capacitance is assumed to be negligible.

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Impedance Diagram

Transmission
Transformer Line Transformer
T1 TL T2
Station A Station B
j XT1 RTL j XTL j XT2

j X1 j X2 RL1 RL2 j X3 j X4

G1 G2 j XL2 G3 G4
j XL1

Impedance diagram

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Per Unit Representation

• In a power system different power equipment with

different voltage and power levels are connected
together through various step up or step down
transformers. However the presence of various voltage
and power levels causes problem in finding out the
currents (or voltages) at different points in the network.
To alleviate this problem, all the system quantities are
converted into a uniform normalized platform. This is
called the per unit system . In a per unit system each
system variable or quantity is normalized with respect to
its own base value. The units of these normalized values
are per unit (abbreviated as pu) and not Volt, Ampere or
Ohm.

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Per Unit Representation

• The base quantities chosen are:

• VA base ( Pbase ): This is the three-phase
apparent power (Volt-Ampere) base that is
common to the entire circuit.
• Voltage Base ( Vbase ): This is the line-to-line
base voltage. This quantity is not uniform for
the entire circuit but gets changed by the
turns ratio of the transformer.

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Per Unit Calculations

A key problem in analyzing power systems is the

large number of transformers.
– It would be very difficult to continually refer impedances
to the different sides of the transformers
This problem is avoided by a normalization of all
variables.
This normalization is known as per unit analysis.
actual quantity
quantity in per unit 
base value of quantity

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 Z actual
Z pu  per-unit (p.u)
Z base

Choice of the base value Zbase is normally a rated value which is often one of the normal
full-load operations of power component in a power network.
Let us look at two of the most common per unit formula which are widely used when per
unit calculations are involved.
S base  3Vbase I base ----- (i)
(i) Base impedance (Zbase)
For a given single-line (one-line) diagram of a power network, all component parameters
are expressed in 3- quantity whether it is the rating (capacity) expressed as MVA or
voltage as kV. Let begin with 3- base quantity of
where Vbase = line voltage, Ibase= line or phase current

Per phase base impedance,

V base
3
Z base  ----- (ii) This is line-to-neutral impedance
I base
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Combining (i) and (ii) yields,
V base
Z base 
3
Z base 
kVbase 2
S base
MVAbase
3V base
where kVbase and MVAbase are 3- qualtities

(ii) Changing base impedance (Znew]

Sometimes the parameters for two elements in the same circuit
(network) are quoted in per-unit on a different base. The changing
base impedance is given as,
2
 kVbase OLD  MVAbase NEW
Z NEW  pu   ZOLD  2

 kVbase NEW  MVAbase OLD

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Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1
1. Pick a 1 VA base for the entire system, SB
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage
level, VB. Voltage bases are related by
transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to
neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB
4. Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB
5. Convert actual values to per unit
Note, per unit conversion affects magnitudes, not
the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
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Three Phase Per Unit
Procedure is very similar to 1 except we use a 3
VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
1. Pick a 3 VA base for the entire system, S B3
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage
level, VB. Voltages are line to line.
3. Calculate the impedance base

VB2, LL ( 3 VB , LN ) 2 VB2, LN
ZB   
S B3 3S 1B S 1B
Exactly the same impedance bases as with
single phase!
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Three Phase Per Unit, cont'd

4. Calculate the current base, IB

S B3 3 S 1B S 1B
I3B     I1B
3 VB , LL 3 3 VB , LN VB , LN

Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!

5. Convert actual values to per unit

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Per Unit Calculations

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Per Unit Calculations

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Per Unit Calculations

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Per Unit Calculations

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Per Unit Calculations

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Per Unit Calculations

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Per Unit Calculations

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 Per-Unit System
Assume:
Vb  Vrated
Sb  Srated
Then compute base values for currents and
impedances:
2
Sb Vb V
Ib  Zb   b
Vb Ib Sb
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 Per-Unit System
And the per-unit system is:
Vactual I actual
V p.u .  I p.u. 
Vb Ib
S actual Z actual
S p.u.  Z p.u . 
Sb Zb

Z %  Z p.u. 100% Percent of base Z

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 Example 1
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts.
Compute the per-unit and percent impedance of the
lamp. Give the p.u. equivalent circuit.

Solution:
(1) Compute lamp resistance
2 2 2
V (120)V
P R   28.8
R P 500

Z  28.80
power factor = 1.0

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 Example 1
(2) Select base quantities
Sb  500VA
Vb  120V

(3) Compute base impedance

Vb2 (120) 2
Zb    28.8
Sb 500
(4) The per-unit impedance is:
Z 28.80
Z p.u.    10 p.u.
Zb 28.8
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 Example 1
(5) Percent impedance:
Z %  100%

(6) Per-unit equivalent circuit:

VS  10 p.u. Z  10 p.u.

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 Per-unit System for 1-  Circuits
One-phase circuits
Sb  S1  V I
where
V  Vlinetoneutral
I  I linecurrent
VbLV  VLV VbHV  VHV
Sb Sb
I bLV  I bHV 
VbLV VbHV
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Per-unit System for 1-  Circuits
VbLV (VbLV ) 2 VbHV (VbHV ) 2
Z bLV   Z bHV  
I bLV Sb I bHV Sb

S
S pu   V pu I pu
*

Sb
P
Ppu   V pu I pu cos 
Sb
Q
Q pu   V pu I pu sin 
Sb
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Transformation Between Bases
Selection 1
Sb1  S A Vb1  VA
Then
Vb21 ZL
Z b1  Z pu1 
Sb1 Z b1
Selection 2
Sb 2  S B Vb 2  VB
Then
2
V ZL
Zb2  b2
Z pu2 
Sb 2 Zb2

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Transformation Between Bases
Z pu2 Z L Z b1 Z b1 Vb21 Sb 2
     2
Z pu1 Z b 2 Z L Z b 2 Sb1 Vb 2
2
 Vb1   Sb 2 
Z pu2  Z pu1     
 Vb 2   Sb1 
“1” – old
“2” - new
2
 Vb,old   Sb,new 
Z pu,new  Z pu,old   
 S


V
 b,new   b,old 
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 Transformation Between Bases
Generally per-unit values given to another base can be
converted to new base by by the equations:
Sbase1
( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base_ 2  ( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base_1
Sbase2
Vbase1
V pu _ on _ base_ 2  V pu _ on _ base_1
Vbase2
(Vbase1 ) 2 Sbase2
( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base_ 2  ( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base_1
(Vbase2 ) 2 Sbase1

When performing calculations in a power system, every per-

unit value must be converted to the same base.
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Per-unit System for 1- Transformer
Consider the equivalent circuit of transformer referred
to LV side and HV side shown below:
RS XS
RS  jX S 2
j 2
a a

VLV VHV VLV VHV

N1 N2 VLV N1
Define a  1
VHV N 2

(1) Referred to LV side (2) Referred to HV side

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Per-unit System for 1- Transformer
Choose:
Vb1  VLV ,rated Normal choose rated
values as base values
Sb  Srated
Compute: VHV 1
Vb 2  Vb1  Vb1
VLV a
Vb21 Vb22
Z b1  Zb2 
Sb Sb
Z b1 Vb21 Vb21
 2   a2
Z b 2 Vb 2 ( 1 V ) 2
b1
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Per-unit System for 1- Transformer
Per-unit impedances are:
RS  jX S
Z p.u.1 
Z b1

RS jX S RS jX S
 2  2
a 2
a a 2
a RS  jX S
Z p.u .2   
Zb2 Z b1 Z b1
a2
Per-unit equivalent
So:
Z p.u.1  Z p.u.2
circuits of transformer
referred to LV side and HV
side are identical !!

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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
Three 25-kVA, 34500/277-V transformers connected in
-Y. Short-circuit test on high voltage side:
VLine,SC  2010V
I Line,SC  1.26 A

P3 ,SC  912W

Determine the per-unit equivalent circuit of the
transformer.

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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
(a) Using Y-equivalent
RS  jX S
I SC  1.26
2010
VSC  Sb  25000VA
3
34500
277
3
2010
VSC   1160.47V
3
1160.47
Z SC   921.00
1.26

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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
912 P 304
P   304W RS    191.48
3 2
I SC 1.26 2

XS  Z SC  RS2  9212  191.482  900.86

2

So Z SC  191.48  j900.86
34500
Sb  25000VA Vb, HV   19918.58V
3
19918.582
Z b,HV   15869.99
25000
191.48  j900.86
Z SC, pu,Y   0.012  j 0.0568 pu
15869.99
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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
(b) Using -equivalent
1.26
I SC  Z SC,
3

VSC  2010 Sb  25000VA

34500 277

1.26
VSC  2010V I SC   0.727 A
3
2010
Z SC,   2764.79
0.727

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Per-unit System for 3- Transformer
912 P 304
P   304W RS ,  2
 2
 575.18
3 I SC 0.727
2
X S ,  Z SC,  RS2,  2764.792  575.182  2704.30

So Z SC  191.48  j900.86

Sb  25000VA Vb, HV  34500V

345002
Z b,HV   47610
25000
575.18  j1704.30
Z SC, pu,   0.012  j 0.0568 pu
47610
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