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 jL 
1/ 2
L
Z C  Z S       a pure resistance
  jC  C 

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 Lossless Transmission Lines
For a lossless line the characteristic impedance, Z c ,
is known as the surge impedance.
j l l
Zc    (a real value)
j c c
If a lossless line is terminated in impedance Z c then:
VR
Zc 
IR
Then I R Z c  VR so we get...

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Lossless Transmission Lines
V ( x)  VR cosh( x)  I R Z c sinh( x),
 VR cosh  x  VR sinh  x,
 VR (cosh  x  sinh  x).
VR
I ( x)  I R cosh( x)  sinh( x)
Zc
VR V
 cosh  x  R sinh  x,
Zc Zc
VR
 (cosh  x  sinh  x)
Zc
V ( x)
That is, for every location x,  Zc .
I ( x)
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 Lossless Transmission Lines
Since the line is lossless this implies that for
every location x, (V ( x) I ( x)*)
 ( Z c I ( x) I ( x)*)  ( Z c | I ( x) |2 )  Z c | I ( x) |2
is constant so, V ( x)  VR and I ( x)  IR
2
V ( x)
Define to be the "surge impedance loading"
Zc
(SIL). If load power P > SIL then line
consumes vars; otherwise line
generates vars.
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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Ferranti effect

A long transmission line draws a substantial

quantity of charging current. If such a line is open
circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving
end, the voltage at receiving end may become
greater than voltage at sending end. This is
known as Ferranti Effect
The capacitance (and charging current) is
negligible in short line but significant in medium
line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this
phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines.

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Ferranti effect

 The Ferranti Effect occurs when current drawn by the distributed

capacitance of the transmission line itself is greater than the
current associated with the load at the receiving end of the line.
 Therefore, the Ferranti effect tends to be a bigger problem on
lightly loaded lines, and especially on underground cable circuits
where the shunt capacitance is greater than with a corresponding
overhead line.
 This effect is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance
(due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end
voltages.
 As this voltage drop affects the sending end voltage, the receiving
end voltage becomes greater.
 The Ferranti Effect will be more pronounced the longer the line and
the higher the voltage applied.

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Ferranti effect

• The Ferranti Effect is not a problem with lines

that are loaded because line capacitive effect
is constant independent of load, while
inductance will vary with load. As inductive
load is added, the VAR generated by the line
capacitance is consumed by the load.

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Ferranti effect

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Ferranti effect

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Power flow through a transmission line

• Generally, loads are expressed in terms of

active and reactive powers. Consider a single-
line diagram of a three-phase transmission
line with a two-bus system as shown in figure
below.

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 Power flow through a transmission line

Let us the voltage at the receiving-end as a reference

And then the sending-end voltage would be

Here δ is the torque angle (δ is the angle between VS and VR). Now, the complex
power per phase at the sending-end is

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Power flow through a transmission line

And the complex power per phase at the receiving-end is

Where, IS* and IR* are complex conjugate of IS and IR, respectively

A transmission line on a per phase basis can be regarded as a two-port network,

wherein the sending-end voltage VS and current IS are related to the receiving-
end voltage VR and current IR through ABCD constants as

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Power flow through a transmission line

Where A, B and D Are the transmission line constants and are

expressed as,

Substituting IR in

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 Power flow through a transmission line

Similarly, power supplied from the sending-end per phase is

Expressing the SS in real and imaginary parts, and writing the active and
reactive powers at the receiving-end, we get

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Power flow through a transmission line

Similarly, the active and reactive powers at the sending-end are

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Power flow through a transmission line

The receiving power Pr will be maximum

when δ=β

PR

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus