MOD 109 Process Piping B31-3

10/13/2011
Basics of
ASME B31.3
Process Piping
To second half
The Faculty
nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 1
Process Piping
Basics of ASME B31.3

(Process Piping)
Structure & Usage of

The Code Book
For BEGINNERS
THIS GUIDE IS EXCLUSIVELY PREPARED FOR TRAINING PURPOSE. RELEVANT SPECIFICATIONS, CODES
& SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIFIC PROJECT ARE TO BE REFERRED FOR MORE DETAILED
INFORMATION DURING CONSTRUCTION. EXAMPLES PROVIDED ARE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF
ILLUSTRATION.
THE OBJECTIVE IS TO BE FAMILIAR WITH BASIC / FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF THE CODE.
N.RAJASEKARAN (RAJ) +971-50-6682960

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Program
• Historic Development
• Basic Structure of Code
• Impact test requirements
• Discussions
Failures
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Failures
Failures
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Failures
4 Feet
Failures
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Problem ?
Data Conclusion
Data Analysis
Collection wwwh
The History of Development
(PROJECT 31) ASA -1926

ASME sponsor
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Macro Cause
Test
Build
Design
Cause of Failures ?
Design Fabrication
(Welding..) Examination
Material
Testing
Relief CERTIFY
Inspection
American Tentative Code for

Pressure Piping - 1935
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History of Development
B31.1-1942: American Standard Code for Piping

B31.1A-1944: Supplement 1
B31.1B-1947: Supplement 2
B31.1A-1953: Supplement 1
ASA B31.3-1959: Petroleum Refinery Piping Code (First
B31.1-1955 Section 3 Dealt with Process Piping
Edition) superseding section 3 of 1955 edition
ASA B31.3-1962
Code Case 49
ASA B31.3-1966
Q: Is there a code section of ASA 31 by which chemical Process
Industry piping may be designed, fabricated, inspected and
tested?
A: It is the opinion of the committee that until such time as an ASA

Pressure Piping code section specially applying to chemical
process piping has been published, chemical process piping may
be designed, fabricate, inspected and tested in accordance with
the requirements of ASA B31.3 Petroleum Refinery Piping
History of Development
1967 - ASA renamed as “United States of America Standards Institute”

1973 – ANSI B31.3
1974 – ANSI B31.6: Chemical Piping (not issued)
1976 - ANSI B31.3 Chemical & Refinery Piping 1978 Committee B31 was re-
organized as ASME
Pressure Piping,
accredited by ANSI.
1980 – ANSI/ASME B31.3
1981 – B31.10 (Cryogenic Piping) was withdrawn and included into B31.3
1996 – ASME B31.3: a new base code named as “Process Piping”
1999 – ASME B 31.3 : Metric Version included
2002 , 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 - ASME B 31.3 (scheduled to 2012 issue)
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Definitions:
Specify To State or Describe something clearly and exactly.
describes something which must be done,

Mandatory
or demanded by law
the simplest and most

Basics
important facts
Concept Principle or idea
use of principles that govern

Philosophy
and influence judgment
a pressure-tight cylinder used to convey

Pipe
a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure
Application !!!
Which CODE to apply ??? B31.x
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Stress Strain Ratio
UTS
SMYS
UTS
Allowable Stress Allowable Stress
Stress Strain Ratio
60 000 PSI
35 000 PSI Test Pr = 1.5 x 20000 = 30000 (30/35 = 0.857 = 90% app)
20 000 PSI 20/35 = 0.57 = 60%

app Factor of Safety = 3.0 on Ultimate (1/3)
Upto 400 F
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Allowable stress
UTS = 60,000 PSI

SMYS = 35,000 PSI
B 31.3
Allowable
stress upto B 31.1
400ºF Allowable stress
20,000 PSI upto 650ºF
F.S 3 on UTS 15,000 PSI
F.S = 4 on UTS
B31.1 Vs B31.3
UTS = 60,000 PSI

SMYS= 35,000 PSI
-20
Temp
to 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100
F
100
BPVC 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 15.6 13 10.8 8.7 5.9 4 2.5
B31.1 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14.4 13 10.8
B31.3 20 20 20 20 20 20 18.9 17.3 17 16.5 13 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1.6 1
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B31 Codes
•B31.1 Power Piping

•B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping (withdrawn in 1988)
•B31.3 Process Piping
•B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydro Carbons, LPG,
Anhydrus Ammonia & Alcohols
•B31.5 Refrigeration Piping
•B31.6 Chemical Plant Piping (Never Published)
•B31.7 Nuclear Piping (moved to BPVC Sec III)
•B31.8 Gas Transmission and distribution Piping systems
•B31.9 Building Services Piping
•B31.10 Cryogenic Piping (Never Published)
•B31.11 Slurry Piping
•B31.12 Hydrogen Piping (Project started in 2004)
B31.1 – Twin Code
Technical Requirements are dealt in

B31.1
Administrative requirements are defined
in ASME BPVC Sec I
• Code stamping
• Data Reports
• QC
• Inspection
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Failure Theory
Pipes are usually considered to be

either thick -
in which stress concentration due to relative curvature is
significant
or thin
in which stress concentration is negligible.
Other differences are:
Thin Thick
Limiting proportions t < Do/6 t ≥ Do/6 or
By B31.3 P/SE > 0.385
Analytic treatment simple approximation accurate

Statically determinate yes no
Stress state membrane - ie. triaxial
biaxial
Stres - radial, σr zero varies with radius
s
- tangential, uniform varies with radius
σt
- axial, σa uniform uniform
Failure Theory
Failure Theory
• Maximum Principal Stress Failure theory:
Any of Principal stresses [σa, σt, σr ] > SMYS (σy)
• Maximum Shear Failure theory:
Arithmetic average of Max minus Min Principal

stresses > 0.5 x SMYS (σy)
Example:
Pipe OD= 30”; SA 106 Gr B Pipe
Pressure = 600 psi
Thickness = 0.5”
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Failure Theory
σc = p D / 2 t (Circumferential Hoop stress acting on Long seam weld )

= (600x30)/(2x0.5)
= 18000 psi
σl = p D / 4 t (Longitudinal stress acting on cir seam weld)

= (600x30)/(4x0.5)
= 9000 psi
σr = -p (Radial stress, -600 on inner surface & 0 on outer surface)

= -600 psi
By Maximum Principal Stress Failure theory:

[18000, 9000, -600] > 20000 : False and thus SAFE
By Maximum Shear Failure theory:

[18000 – (-600)]/2 = 9300 > 10000: False and thus SAFE
Failure Theory
Other Factors:
Primary Stress:
Design Pressure
Secondary Stress:
Thermal Expansion
Fatigue
Wind, Seismic Loads etc
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Cir seam & Long seam welds
σc = p D / 2 t (Cir seam / Hoop stress acting on Long seam weld )

σl = p D / 4 t (Longitudinal stress acting on cir seam weld)
Conclusion:
Cir seam weld is TWICE stronger than
Long seam
or
Long seams are weaker than Cir

seams by 50%
Thickness Calculation
Code Formula: t = PD / 2(SEW+PY)
Considering Joint Efficiency (quality factor) E,

Weld strength Reduction Factor W and
Temperature coefficient Y.
Preliminary approach (not in use)

Schedule = (1000 x P) / S
P=Pressure
S=Allowable stress
Sch = (1000 x 800) / 20000 = 40 :

sch 40 will suffices 800 psi pressure
with SA106 Gr B @ Room Temp.
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What does the CODE

contain?
(1) List of Materials with stress values,

(2) Standards of acceptable components
(3) Design Guidance (safe stress level, life)
(4) Weld examination (integrity of welds)
(5) Pressure test
(6) Appendices (Requirement or guidance)
Code re issuance indicated within the

edition:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
/ 31-Mar-2011 /
No addenda as on now. 400 pages
Interpretations:
Code Cases:
Process Piping Contents
ASME B31.3:2010
Chapter Subject Parts Series
I Scope and Definitions - 300

II Design 6 301 to 322
III Materials. - 323 & 325 324
Base IV Standards for Piping Components - 326
Code
V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection - 327 to 335 336-339
VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing - 340 to 346
VII Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals 10 A300 to A346
1-10 M300 to M346
VIII Piping for Category M Fluid Service
11-20 MA300 to MA346
IX High Pressure Piping 10 K300 to K346
18 Appendices A to Z (excluding I, N, O, R, T, U, W, Y)
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SCOPE
Piping Scope: 300.1.1
a. This Code prescribes requirements for

materials and components, design,
fabrication, assembly, erection,
examination, inspection, and testing
of piping.
b. This Code applies to piping for all

fluids, including
SCOPE EXCLUSION
Piping Scope Exclusion: 300.1.3
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The Give up
Fluid Service Philosaphy
Fluid service-300.2:
Term concerning application of piping system, considering the
combination of
fluid properties, operating conditions, and other factors that
establish the basis for design of the piping system. (App M.)
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Category D
(a) Category D Fluid Service: a fluid service in which all the

following apply:
(1) fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not

damaging to human tissues
(2) design gage pressure does not exceed 150 psi
(3) design temperature is from −29°C through 186°C
[UTILITY]
Lowest cost
Usually - not fire resistant
- not blow out resistant
Category M
(b) Category M Fluid Service: in which the potential for

personnel exposure is judged to be significant and in which
a single exposure to a very small quantity of a toxic fluid,
caused by leakage, can produce serious irreversible
harm to persons on breathing or bodily contact, even
when prompt restorative measures are taken.
[LETHAL]
High cost
Usually - fire resistant
- blow out resistant
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Category K
(b) High Pressure (K) Fluid Service: a fluid service for which
the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX for piping design
and construction; see also para. K300
[HIGH PRESSURE]
High cost
Usually - fire resistant
- blow out resistant
Normal Fluid Service (NFS)
(b) Normal Fluid Service: not subject to the rules for

Category D, Category M, or High Pressure Fluid Service
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DRAWING PROCESS
DESIGN
301 DESIGN CONDITIONS

qualifications of the Designer,
defines the temperatures, pressures, and forces in
design of piping,
and states the consideration for various effects and their
consequent loadings.
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DESIGN
Material
323.1 Materials and Specifications

323.1.1 Listed Materials. (App A, E )
323.1.2 Unlisted Materials.
(Unlisted materials may be used provided they conform to a published specification covering
chemistry, physical and mechanical properties, method and process of manufacture, heat
treatment, and quality control, and otherwise meet the requirements of this Code. Allowable
stresses shall be determined in accordance with the applicable allowable stress basis of this
Code or a more conservative basis.)
323.1.3 Unknown Materials.

Materials of unknown specification shall not be used for pressure-containing piping components.
323.1.4 Reclaimed Materials.

Reclaimed pipe and other piping components may be used, provided they are properly
identified as conforming to a listed or published specification. Sufficient cleaning and inspection
shall be made
A component ordinarily is not marked to indicate the edition date of the standard to which it is manufactured. It is
therefore possible that an item taken from inventory was produced in accordance with a superseded edition, or an
edition not yet approved by the Code (because it is of later date than that listed and is in use). If compliance with a
specific edition is a requirement of the intended service, it usually will be necessary to state the specific requirement in
the purchase specification and to maintain identification of the component until it is put in service.
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Fatigue !!!
Fluid Service
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Fabrication (Welding)
Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection
328.2 Welding Qualifications
328.2.1 Qualification Requirements
(a) Qualification of the welding procedures to be used and of the performance
of welders and welding operators shall conform to the requirements of the
BPV Code, Section IX except as modified herein.
(b) Where the base metal will not withstand the 180 deg guided bend
required by Section IX, a qualifying welded specimen is required to
undergo the same degree of bending as the base metal, within 5
deg.
(c) The requirements for preheating in para. 330 and for heat treatment in
para. 331, as well as such requirements in the engineering design, shall
apply in qualifying welding procedures.
(d) When impact testing is required by the Code or the engineering design,
those requirements shall be met in qualifying welding procedures.
……………..>>
PQRs
328.2.2 PQR by Others.
Each employer is responsible for qualifying any welding procedure.

Subject to the specific approval of the Inspector, welding procedures
qualified by others may be used, provided that the following conditions are
met:……conditional
Pre Heat
PWHT
Bending / Forming
……….>> etc
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The Inspection
Inspection, Examination and Testing
340: Inspection applies to functions performed for the owner by the owner’s
Inspector or the Inspector’s delegates.
341: Examination applies to quality control functions performed by the

manufacturer (for components only), fabricator, or erector. Reference in
this Code to an examiner is to a person who performs quality control
examinations.
341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. Ref: Table 341.3.2 Service fluid properties,

operating conditions (cyclic) determines acceptance
Inspector shall have not less than 10 years experience in the design, fabrication,
or inspection of industrial pressure piping. Each 20% of satisfactorily completed
work toward an engineering degree recognized by the Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology (Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016) shall be
considered equivalent to 1 year of experience, up to 5 years total.
Progressive Sampling for

Examination.
341.3.4 Progressive Sampling for Examination.

When required spot or random examination reveals a defect, then
(a) two additional samples of the same kind (if welded joints, by the same welder,)
shall be given the same type of examination
(b) if the items examined as required by (a) above are acceptable, the defective item
shall be repaired or replaced and reexamined as specified in para. 341.3.3, and all
items represented by these two additional samples shall be accepted, but
(c) if any of the items examined as required by (a) above reveals a defect, two further
samples of the same kind shall be examined for each defective item found by that
sampling
(d) if all the items examined as required by (c) above are acceptable, the defective
item(s) shall be repaired or replaced and reexamined as specified in para. 341.3.3,
and all items represented by the additional sampling shall be accepted, but
(e) if any of the items examined as required by (c) above reveals a defect, all items
represented by the progressive sampling shall be either (1) repaired or replaced
and reexamined as required, or (2) fully examined and repaired or replaced as
necessary, and reexamined as necessary to meet the requirements of this Code
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Examination Types
Examination, types of: (para. 344.1.3 )
(a) 100% examination

complete examination of all of a specified kind of item in a designated lot of piping
(b) random examination

complete examination of a percentage of a specified kind of item in a designated
lot of piping
(c) spot examination

a specified partial examination of each of a specified kind of item in a designated
lot of piping, e.g., of part of the length of all shop-fabricated welds in a lot of
jacketed piping
(d) random spot examination

a specified partial examination of a percentage of a specified kind of item in a
designated lot of piping2
REPAIR in SPOT RT
Repair
Rectify the repair – all welds accepted
A A
Repair
Repair
Rectify the
OR repair – all
welds
A R R accepted
R
A A A A
A A
Any one in R Fails 100% RT or REPLACE all

welds and rectify the repairs
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Hydro test
345.4.2 Hydrostatic Test Pressure.
Tp=1.5 Dp x (ST/S)
For 500 F design Tp=1.5 x 600 (20000/18900) = 952.4 psi
For 950 F design Tp=1.5 x 600 (20000/4500) = 4000 psi (4.2 times)
For 1000 F design Tp=1.5 x 600 (20000/2500) = 7200 psi (7.5 times)
Documentation
346.3 Retention of Records

Unless otherwise specified by the engineering design,
the following records shall be retained for at least 5 years
after the record is generated for the project:
(a) Examination procedures
(b) Examination personnel qualifications
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Documentation
VII : Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals

A300 makes no provision for piping to be used under severe cyclic conditions.
VIII: Piping for Category M Fluid Service

This Chapter makes no provision for piping to be used under severe cyclic
conditions. The occurrence of such conditions can ordinarily be circumvented by
piping layout, component selection, and other means. If this is not feasible, the
engineering design shall specify any necessary provisions in accordance with
para. 300(c)(5).
IX: High Pressure Piping
K300 GENERAL STATEMENTS
Applicability. This Chapter pertains to piping designated by the owner as being in
High Pressure Fluid Service. Its requirements are to be applied in full to piping so
designated. High pressure is considered herein to be pressure in excess of that
allowed by the ASME B16.5 Class 2500 rating for the specified design
temperature and material group. However, there are no specified pressure
limitations for the application of these rules.
Interpretation
• Interpretation: 20-20
• Subject: ASME B31.3-2002 Edition, Table 341.3.2, Radiography Acceptance

Criteria
• Date Issued: May 20, 2005
• File: B31-04-1250
• Question: Does ASMEB31.3-2002 Edition require more stringent examination

acceptance criteria for sour and hydrogen service designated as Normal Fluid
Service than for other services designated as Normal Fluid Service?
• Reply: No. See paras. 300(c)(5) and F323.
27

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10/13/2011

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 1

Basics of ASME B31.3

Structure & Usage of

N.RAJASEKARAN (RAJ) +971-50-6682960

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 2

• Basic Structure of Code

• Impact test requirements

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 3

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 4

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 5

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 6

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 7

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 8

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 9

The History of Development

(PROJECT 31) ASA -1926

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 10

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 11

American Tentative Code for

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 12

B31.1-1942: American Standard Code for Piping

A: It is the opinion of the committee that until such time as an ASA

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 13

1967 - ASA renamed as “United States of America Standards Institute”

1980 – ANSI/ASME B31.3

1996 – ASME B31.3: a new base code named as “Process Piping”

1999 – ASME B 31.3 : Metric Version included

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 14

Specify To State or Describe something clearly and exactly.

describes something which must be done,

the simplest and most

Concept Principle or idea

use of principles that govern

a pressure-tight cylinder used to convey

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 15

Which CODE to apply ??? B31.x

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 16

Stress Strain Ratio

Allowable Stress Allowable Stress

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 17

Stress Strain Ratio

20 000 PSI 20/35 = 0.57 = 60%

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 18

UTS = 60,000 PSI

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 19

UTS = 60,000 PSI

B31.1 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14.4 13 10.8

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 20

•B31.1 Power Piping

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 21

B31.1 – Twin Code

Technical Requirements are dealt in

Pipes are usually considered to be

Analytic treatment simple approximation accurate

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 23

• Maximum Principal Stress Failure theory:

Any of Principal stresses [σa, σt, σr ] > SMYS (σy)

• Maximum Shear Failure theory:

Arithmetic average of Max minus Min Principal

nrs Piping B31.3 Basics 24

σc = p D / 2 t (Circumferential Hoop stress acting on Long seam weld )

σl = p D / 4 t (Longitudinal stress acting on cir seam weld)