Phylum

In biology, a phylum (/ˈfaɪləm/; plural:

phyla) is a level of classification or
taxonomic rank below kingdom and above
class. Traditionally, in botany the term
division has been used instead of phylum,
although the International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
accepts the terms as equivalent.[1][2][3]
Depending on definitions, the animal
kingdom Animalia or Metazoa contains
approximately 35 phyla; the plant kingdom
Plantae contains about 14, and the fungus
kingdom Fungi contains about 8 phyla.
Current research in phylogenetics is
uncovering the relationships between
phyla, which are contained in larger clades,
like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.

The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major

taxonomic ranks. A kingdom contains one or more
phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

General description
The term phylum was coined in 1866 by
Ernst Haeckel from the Greek phylon
(φῦλον, "race, stock"), related to phyle
(φυλή, "tribe, clan").[4][5] Haeckel noted that
species constantly evolved into new
species that seemed to retain few
consistent features among themselves
and therefore few features that
distinguished them as a group ("a self-
contained unity"). "Wohl aber ist eine
solche reale und vollkommen
abgeschlossene Einheit die Summe aller
Species, welche aus einer und derselben
gemeinschaftlichen Stammform allmählig
sich entwickelt haben, wie z. B. alle
Wirbelthiere. Diese Summe nennen wir
Stamm (Phylon)." which translates as:
However, perhaps such a real and
completely self-contained unity is the
aggregate of all species which have
gradually evolved from one and the same
common original form, as, for example, all
vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a]
Stamm [i.e., race] (Phylon). In plant
taxonomy, August W. Eichler (1883)
classified plants into five groups named
divisions, a term that remains in use today
for groups of plants, algae and fungi.[1][6]
The definitions of zoological phyla have
changed from their origins in the six
Linnaean classes and the four
embranchements of Georges Cuvier.[7]

Informally, phyla can be thought of as

groupings of organisms based on general
specialization of body plan.[8] At its most
basic, a phylum can be defined in two
ways: as a group of organisms with a
certain degree of morphological or
developmental similarity (the phenetic
definition), or a group of organisms with a
certain degree of evolutionary relatedness
(the phylogenetic definition).[9] Attempting
to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy
without referring to (evolutionary)
relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a
phenetic definition is useful when
addressing questions of a morphological
nature—such as how successful different
body plans were.

Definition based on genetic relation …

The most important objective measure in

the above definitions is the "certain
degree" that defines how different
organisms need to be members of
different phyla. The minimal requirement
is that all organisms in a phylum should be
clearly more closely related to one another
than to any other group.[9] Even this is
problematic because the requirement
depends on knowledge of organisms'
relationships: as more data become
available, particularly from molecular
studies, we are better able to determine
the relationships between groups. So
phyla can be merged or split if it becomes
apparent that they are related to one
another or not. For example, the bearded
worms were described as a new phylum
(the Pogonophora) in the middle of the
20th century, but molecular work almost
half a century later found them to be a
group of annelids, so the phyla were
merged (the bearded worms are now an
annelid family).[10] On the other hand, the
highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was
divided into two phyla (Orthonectida and
Rhombozoa) when it was discovered the
Orthonectida are probably deuterostomes
and the Rhombozoa protostomes.[11]

This changeability of phyla has led some

biologists to call for the concept of a
phylum to be abandoned in favour of
cladistics, a method in which groups are
placed on a "family tree" without any
formal ranking of group size.[9]

Definition based on body plan …

A definition of a phylum based on body
plan has been proposed by
paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören
Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century
earlier). The definition was posited
because extinct organisms are hardest to
classify: they can be offshoots that
diverged from a phylum's line before the
characters that define the modern phylum
were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's
definition, a phylum is defined by a set of
characters shared by all its living
representatives.

This approach brings some small

problems—for instance, ancestral
characters common to most members of
a phylum may have been lost by some
members. Also, this definition is based on
an arbitrary point of time: the present.
However, as it is character based, it is easy
to apply to the fossil record. A greater
problem is that it relies on a subjective
decision about which groups of organisms
should be considered as phyla.

The approach is useful because it makes it

easy to classify extinct organisms as
"stem groups" to the phyla with which they
bear the most resemblance, based only on
the taxonomically important similarities.[9]
However, proving that a fossil belongs to
the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as
it must display a character unique to a
sub-set of the crown group.[9] Furthermore,
organisms in the stem group of a phylum
can possess the "body plan" of the phylum
without all the characteristics necessary to
fall within it. This weakens the idea that
each of the phyla represents a distinct
body plan.[12]

A classification using this definition may

be strongly affected by the chance survival
of rare groups, which can make a phylum
much more diverse than it would be
otherwise.[13]
Known phyla

Animals …

This section needs additional citations for

verification. Learn more

Total numbers are estimates; figures from

different authors vary wildly, not least
because some are based on described
species,[14] some on extrapolations to
numbers of undescribed species. For
instance, around 25,000–27,000 species
of nematodes have been described, while
published estimates of the total number of
nematode species include 10,000–20,000;
500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[15]
Protostome

Deuterostome Bilateria

Basal/disputed

Others
 Distinguishing
Phylum Meaning Common name Species described
characteristic

Reversible spiny
proboscis that
Thorny-headed
Acanthocephala Thorny head bears many 1,420
worms[16]:278
rows of hooked
spines

Multiple circular
Annelida Little ring [16]:306 Segmented worms 17,000 + extant
segment

Segmented
bodies and 1,250,000+
Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods jointed limbs, extant;[14] 20,000+
with Chitin extinct
exoskeleton

Lophophore and 300-500 extant;

Brachiopoda Arm foot[16]:336 Lampshells[16]:336
pedicle 12,000+ extinct

Lophophore, no
Moss animals, sea pedicle, ciliated
Bryozoa Moss animals mats, tentacles, anus 6,000 extant[14]
ectoprocts[16]:332 outside ring of
cilia

Chitinous
spines either
Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms[16]:342 approx. 100 extant
side of head,
fins

Hollow dorsal
nerve cord,
notochord,
Chordata With a cord Chordates approx. 55,000+[14]
pharyngeal slits,
endostyle, post-
anal tail

Nematocysts
Cnidaria Stinging nettle Cnidarians approx. 16,000[14]
(stinging cells)

Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies[16]:256 Eight "comb approx. 100-150

 rows" of fused extant
cilia

Circular mouth
surrounded by
Cycliophora Wheel carrying Symbion 3+
small cilia, sac-
like bodies

Fivefold radial
symmetry in approx. 7,500
Echinodermata Spiny skin Echinoderms[16]:348 living forms, extant;[14] approx.
mesodermal 13,000 extinct
calcified spines

Inside Anus inside ring

Entoprocta [16]:292
Goblet worms approx. 150
anus of cilia

Hairy Two terminal

Gastrotricha [16]:288
Gastrotrich worms approx. 690
stomach adhesive tubes

Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms[16]:260 approx. 100

Stomochord in
Acorn worms,
Hemichordata Half cord[16]:344 collar, approx. 130 extant
hemichordates
pharyngeal slits

Eleven
segments, each
Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons approx. 150
with a dorsal
plate

Umbrella-like
Loricifera Corset bearer Brush heads scales at each approx. 122
end

Accordion-like
Tiny jaw
Micrognathozoa Limnognathia extensible 1
animals
thorax

Muscular foot
[16]:320
85,000+ extant;[14]
Mollusca Soft Mollusks / molluscs and mantle
80,000+ extinct[17]
round shell

Nematoda Thread like Round worms, Round cross 25,000[14]

 thread worms[16]:274 section, keratin
cuticle

Horsehair worms,
Thread
Nematomorpha gordian approx. 320
form[16]:276
worms[16]:276

A sea Ribbon worms,

Nemertea approx. 1,200
nymph[16]:270 rhynchocoela[16]:270

Legs tipped by
Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms[16]:328 approx. 200 extant
chitinous claws

Single layer of
ciliated cells
Straight
Orthonectida Orthonectids[16]:268 surrounding a approx. 26
swimming[16]:268
mass of sex
cells

Phoronida Zeus's mistress Horseshoe worms U-shaped gut 11

Differentiated
top and bottom
surfaces, two
Placozoa Plate animals Trichoplaxes[16]:242 ciliated cell 3
layers,
amoeboid fiber
cells in between

Platyhelminthes Flat worm[16]:262 Flatworms[16]:262 approx. 29,500[14]

Perforated
Porifera [a] Pore bearer Sponges[16]:246 10,800 extant[14]
interior wall

Priapulida Little Priapus Penis worms approx. 20

Single
anteroposterior
Rhombozoa Lozenge animal Rhombozoans[16]:264 axial cell 100+
surrounded by
ciliated cells

Anterior crown
Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers[16]:282 approx. 2,000[14]
of cilia
Sipuncula Small tube Peanut worms Mouth 144-320
surrounded by
invertible
tentacles

Water bears, Moss Four segmented

Tardigrada Slow step 1,000
piglets body and head

Bilaterian, but
lacking typical
bilaterian
Strange hollow Acoels, structures such
Xenacoelomorpha 400+
form xenoturbellids as gut cavities,
anuses, and
circulatory
systems[18]

Total: 34 1,525,000[14]

Plants …

The kingdom Plantae is defined in various

ways by different biologists (see Current
definitions of Plantae). All definitions
include the living embryophytes (land
plants), to which may be added the two
green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and
Charophyta, to form the clade
Viridiplantae. The table below follows the
influential (though contentious) Cavalier-
Smith system in equating "Plantae" with
Archaeplastida,[19] a group containing
Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta
and Glaucophyta divisions.

The definition and classification of plants

at the division level also varies from
source to source, and has changed
progressively in recent years. Thus some
sources place horsetails in division
Arthrophyta and ferns in division
Pteridophyta,[20] while others place them
both in Pteridophyta, as shown below. The
division Pinophyta may be used for all
gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads,
ginkgos and gnetophytes),[21] or for
conifers alone as below.

Since the first publication of the APG

system in 1998, which proposed a
classification of angiosperms up to the
level of orders, many sources have
preferred to treat ranks higher than orders
as informal clades. Where formal ranks
have been provided, the traditional
divisions listed below have been reduced
to a very much lower level, e.g.
subclasses.[22]

Land plants
Viridiplantae
Green algae

Other algae (Biliphyta)[19]

 Common Distinguishing Species
Division Meaning
name characteristics described

Horn-shaped
Anthoceros-like
Anthocerotophyta[23] Hornworts sporophytes, no 100-300+
plants
vascular system

Bryum-like Persistent unbranched

Bryophyta[23] plants, moss Mosses sporophytes, no approx. 12,000
plants vascular system

Chara-like
Charophyta Charophytes approx. 1,000
plants

(Yellow-)green
Chlorophyta Chlorophytes approx. 7,000
plants[16]:200

Cycas-like
Seeds, crown of
Cycadophyta[24] plants, palm- Cycads approx. 100-200
compound leaves
like plants

Ginkgo, Seeds not protected by

Ginkgo-like only 1 extant;
Ginkgophyta[25] maidenhair fruit (single living
plants 50+ extinct
tree species)

Blue-green
Glaucophyta Glaucophytes 15
plants

Seeds and woody

Gnetum-like
Gnetophyta[26] Gnetophytes vascular system with approx. 70
plants
vessels

Lycopodium-
Lycopodiophyta,[21] Clubmosses
like plants Microphyll leaves,
[27] & 1,290 extant
Lycophyta vascular system
Wolf plants spikemosses

Flowering Flowers and fruit,

Magnolia-like
Magnoliophyta plants, vascular system with 300,000
plants
angiosperms vessels

Marchantiophyta,[28] Marchantia-like Liverworts Ephemeral unbranched approx. 9,000

Hepatophyta[23] plants sporophytes, no

Liver plants vascular system

Polypodiopsida Ferns approx. 10,560

Pinus-like
[21] Cones containing seeds
Pinophyta, plants
Conifers and wood composed of 629 extant
Coniferophyta[29] Cone-bearing
tracheids
plant

Use phycobiliproteins as
Rhodophyta Rose plants Red algae approx. 7,000
accessory pigments.

Total: 13

Fungi …
 Distinguishing Species
Division Meaning Common name
characteristics describe

Tend to have fruiting

bodies
(ascocarp).[30]
Bladder Ascomycetes,[16]:396 sac Filamentous,
Ascomycota
fungus[16]:396 fungi producing hyphae
separated by septa.
Can reproduce
asexually.[31]

Bracket fungi,
Small base toadstools, smuts
Basidiomycota Basidiomycetes[16]:402
fungus[16]:402 and rust. Sexual
reproduction.[32]

Offshoot
Blastocladiomycota branch Blastoclads
fungus[33]

Predominantly
Aquatic saprotrophic
or parasitic. Have a
Little
posterior flagellum.
Chytridiomycota cooking pot Chytrids
Tend to be single
fungus[34]
celled but can also
be
multicellular.[35][36][37]

Mainly arbuscular
mycorrhizae present,
terrestrial with a
Ball of yarn Glomeromycetes, AM small presence on
Glomeromycota
fungus[16]:394 fungi[16]:394 wetlands.
Reproduction is
asexual but requires
plant roots.[32]

Microsporidia Small Microsporans[16]:390

seeds[38]
 Predominantly
New located in digestive
beautiful tract of herbivorus
Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigomycetes
whip animals. Anaerobic,
fungus[39] terrestrial and
aquatic.[40]

Most are saprobes

Pair and reproduce
Zygomycota Zygomycetes[16]:392
fungus[16]:392 sexually and
asexually.[40]

Total: 8

Phylum Microsporidia is generally included

in kingdom Fungi, though its exact
relations remain uncertain,[41] and it is
considered a protozoan by the
International Society of Protistologists[42]
(see Protista, below). Molecular analysis
of Zygomycota has found it to be
polyphyletic (its members do not share an
immediate ancestor),[43] which is
considered undesirable by many
biologists. Accordingly, there is a proposal
to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its
members would be divided between
phylum Glomeromycota and four new
subphyla incertae sedis (of uncertain
placement): Entomophthoromycotina,
Kickxellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and
Zoopagomycotina.[41]

Protista …

Kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is

included in the traditional five- or six-
kingdom model, where it can be defined as
containing all eukaryotes that are not
plants, animals, or fungi.[16]:120 Protista is
a polyphyletic taxon[44], which is less
acceptable to present-day biologists than
in the past. Proposals have been made to
divide it among several new kingdoms,
such as Protozoa and Chromista in the
Cavalier-Smith system.[45]

Protist taxonomy has long been

unstable,[46] with different approaches and
definitions resulting in many competing
classification schemes. The phyla listed
here are used for Chromista and Protozoa
by the Catalogue of Life,[47] adapted from
the system used by the International
Society of Protistologists.[42]
Harosa

Protozoa
 Common Distinguishing Species
Phylum/Division Meaning Example
name characteristics described

Amorphous
Amoebozoa Amoebas Amoeba 2400
animal

Bigyra Two ring

Cercozoa

Funnel
Choanozoa 125
animal

Ciliophora Cilia bearer Ciliates Paramecium 4500

Cryptista

True eye
Euglenozoa Euglena 800
animal

Complex shells with 10000,

Foraminifera Hole bearers Forams one or more Forams 50000
chambers extinct

Haptophyta

Groove
Loukozoa
animal

Metamonada Giardia

Microsporidia Small spore

Suckling
Myzozoa 1555+
animal

Ochrophyta Yellow plant Diatoms

Egg
Oomycota Oomycetes
fungus[16]:184

Percolozoa

Radiozoa Ray animal Radiolarians

Sarcomastigophora

Sulcozoa

Total: 20
The Catalogue of Life includes
Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom
Plantae,[47] but other systems consider
these phyla part of Protista.[48]

Bacteria …

Currently there are 29 phyla accepted by

List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in
Nomenclature (LPSN)[49]

1. Acidobacteria, phenotypically diverse

and mostly uncultured
2. Actinobacteria, High-G+C Gram
positive species
 3. Aquificae, only 14 thermophilic
genera, deep branching
4. Armatimonadetes
5. Bacteroidetes
. Caldiserica, formerly candidate
division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the
sole representative
7. Chlamydiae, only 6 genera
. Chlorobi, only 7 genera, green sulphur
bacteria
9. Chloroflexi, green non-sulphur
bacteria
10. Chrysiogenetes, only 3 genera
(Chrysiogenes arsenatis,
 Desulfurispira natronophila,
Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)
11. Cyanobacteria, also known as the
blue-green algae
12. Deferribacteres
13. Deinococcus-Thermus, Deinococcus
radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus
are "commonly known" species of
this phyla
14. Dictyoglomi
15. Elusimicrobia, formerly candidate
division Thermite Group 1
1 . Fibrobacteres
17. Firmicutes, Low-G+C Gram positive
species, such as the spore-formers
 Bacilli (aerobic) and Clostridia
(anaerobic)
1 . Fusobacteria
19. Gemmatimonadetes
20. Lentisphaerae, formerly clade
VadinBE97
21. Nitrospira
22. Planctomycetes
23. Proteobacteria, the most known
phyla, containing species such as
Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
24. Spirochaetes, species include Borrelia
burgdorferi, which causes Lyme
disease
 25. Synergistetes
2 . Tenericutes, alternatively class
Mollicutes in phylum Firmicutes
(notable genus: Mycoplasma)
27. Thermodesulfobacteria
2 . Thermotogae, deep branching
29. Verrucomicrobia

Archaea …

Currently there are five phyla accepted by

List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in
Nomenclature (LPSN).[49]

1. Crenarchaeota, second most

common archaeal phylum
 2. Euryarchaeota, most common
archaeal phylum
3. Korarchaeota
4. Nanoarchaeota, ultra-small
symbiotes, single known species
5. Thaumarchaeota

See also
Cladistics
Phylogenetics
Systematics
Taxonomy

Notes
a. Paraphyletic
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