EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

380/110/13.8kV Substation
 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Basic Data
2.1 Description of site
2.2 Network data
2.3 Specific soil resistivity
2.4 Earthing Design Software

3. Thermal design of earthing conductors and earth electrodes

3.1 380kV,132kV and 13.8kV Level
3.2 Software output for conductor sizing

4. Resistance to earth

5. Tolerable Touch and Step Potential

6. Determination of maximum grid current and ground potential rise

6.1 Determination of maximum grid current
6.2 Determination of ground potential rise

7. Design of earth grid with respect to touch and step voltages

7.1 Step Voltage of the designed Earthing Grid
7.2 Touch Voltage of the designed Earthing Grid

8. Earthing system
8.1 Foundation earth electrodes
8.2 Indoor earthing system
8.3 Outdoor earthing system
8.4 Precaution for laying of Earthing Grid

9. Summary

10. Input to Software

11. Soil Resistivity Test Result

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 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

1. Introduction

High voltage installations requires an earthing system to protect human life against excessive step and touch voltages and to keep
transferred potential to a minimum. The increase of fault currents to earth affects the importance of earthing systems and the need for a
low resistance of the earth grid.

The design calculations of the earthing system are based on the IEEE standard 80-2000 and TES-P-119.10. The basic values for these
procedures are the maximum earth fault currents and the fault duration at the different voltage levels.

As parts of the fault current return within the earthing system (i.e. via transformer neutrals, earth wires, cable sheath, etc.) only the
remaining part has to be considered for the design of the earthing system. Determination of the resulting current flowing into the earth
electrodes is therefore an important task.

Another factor of importance is the knowledge of the decisive soil resistivity for an extended earthing system.

2. Basic Data

2.1. Description of site

* 380kV GIS Building

* 110kV GIS Building
* 13.8kV Switchgear Building
* Control Building
* Outdoor
(a) 502MVA Transformer four numbers
(b) 67MVA Transformer three numbers
(c) 120 MVA Reactor one number
(d) 7MVAR Capacitor Bank three numbers

2.2. Network data

380kV Network
Frequency: f = 60Hz
Type of Neutral treatment Grounded Neutral
Maximum 3 phase short-circuit current:
Ik3' = 63kA
(according to specification)
Maximum 1 phase short-circuit current:
Ik1' = 63kA
(for thermal design)
Fault duration:
- for thermal design tc = 1s
- for correct operation of protection ts < 0.5s

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 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

2.3. Specific soil resistivity

Geotechnical Investigation is conducted by Company and on site, measurements of specific soil resistivity with readings from
1.5m, 3m, 4.5m, 6m, 9m, 15m, 30m and 45m electrode spacing were made on site. The measured soil resistivity for different points are
indicated as under.

Line 1 : South to North Line 2 : North to South

35.00
35.00

H HHI
ER - 01
30.00 H HHI ER - 01
ER - 02
30.00

ER - 02
25.00

4-
25.00 ER - 03
ER - 03
Resistivity (Ohm-m)

Resistivity (Ohm-m)
ER - 04 20.00 ER - 04
20.00
ER - 05 ER - 05
15.00
15.00 ER - 06
ER - 06
10.00 ER - 07
10.00 ER - 07
ER - 08 5.00
ER - 08
5.00
ER - 09
ER - 09
!

R
v<
a:
0.00
3

ER-10
kx
tl

0.00 ER - 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
\

0 10 20 30 40 50 -5.00
-5.00 Electrode Spacing (m)

Electrode Spacing (m)

Line 3 : West to East Line 4 : East to West

35.00
35.00

H HHI
ER - 01
H HHI

ER - 01 30.00
30.00 ER - 02
ER - 02
25.00 ER - 03
25.00 ER - 03
Resistivity (Ohm-m)

:
Resistivity (Ohm-m)

ER - 04
20.00 ER - 04 20.00
£

ER - 05
ER - 05
$*¥ÿ

15.00
15.00 ER - 06
ER - 06
10.00 ER - 07
10.00 ER - 07
ER - 08
ER - 08 5.00
/

5.00 ER - 09
I

ER - 09
I
::
rV

ry
VV

0.00 ER-10
A

::

0.00 ER-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40 50 -5.00
-5.00 Electrode Spacing (m)

Electrode Spacing (m)

4
 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

Line 5 : SouthWest to NorthEast Line 6 : NorthEeast to SouthWest

40.00 35.00

IHH H
H HHI
ER - 01

IHH H
35.00 30.00
ER - 01
ER - 02
30.00 ER - 02 25.00
ER - 03
ER - 03

Resistivity (Ohm-m)
25.00 20.00 ER - 04
Resistivity (Ohm-m)

ER - 04
20.00
ER - 05
ER - 05 15.00
ER - 06
15.00 ER - 06
10.00 ER - 07
ER - 07
10.00 ER - 08
ER - 08 5.00
ER - 09

1
5.00 ER - 09

1
r,
y 4
0.00
ER-10
ER - 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
13
+-

0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 -5.00

-5.00 Electrode Spacing (m)

Electrode Spacing (m)

Line 7 : SouthEast to NorthWest Line 8 : NorthWest to SouthEast

40.00 40.00

IHH H
H HHI
ER - 01
H* H

35.00 ER - 01 35.00
Mÿsk=*

ER - 02
ER - 02 30.00
30.00
ER - 03
ER - 03
25.00
Resistivity (Ohm-m)

25.00 ER - 04
Resistivity (Ohm-m)

ER - 04
20.00 ER - 05
20.00 ER - 05
15.00 ER - 06
ER - 06
15.00
ER - 07
ER - 07 10.00
10.00 ER - 08
ER - 08 5.00
ER - 09
ER - 09
1
5.00
I
i:
-

ER-10
13

0.00
ER-10
»

0 10 20 30 40 50
::
* *K

0.00
:

0 10 20 30 40 50 -5.00

-5.00 Electrode Spacing (m)

Electrode Spacing (m)

Measured readings show that the soil structure is not uniform in nature and the pattern can best be described by a two layer or multi-layer
configuration. All resistivity values have been used as input to the software and an cumulative pattern has been used to represent the soil
model. The earthing grid would be placed in the top 0.5 meter.

2.4 Earthing Design Software

A top of the line grounding analysis software, CDEGS (MultiGround & AutoGrid Pro, by Dr. Farid Dawalbi’s Safe Engineering Co. Ltd.,
Montreal, Canada, Inputs to which are provided) was used to determine the most suitable soil model from the above mentioned site
readings. And consequently come up with profiles of Touch & Step Voltages.

As per TES-P-119.10 Clause 6.2 for Soil resistivity values less than 500 Ohm-Meter if the percentage difference between maximum and
minimum values is greater than 30%, uniform soil assumption can't be used. In such a case a software shall be used to simulate two layer
or multilayer model.

5
 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

The cumulative model of all sounding locations can be represented by the resultant curve and respective layers resistivity and thickness is
shown in the attached figure.

Metric/Logarithmic X and Y LEGEND

2
10
1 1 1 i i

Measured Data
Computed Results Curve
Soil Model
i
r

Measurement Method..: Wenner

RMS error...........: 31.86%

1
: Layer Resistivity Thickness
10 Number (Ohm-m) (Meters)
T1 1 1

====== ============== ==============

rfi*
111III

Air Infinite Infinite

i i

2 24.25722 3.640661
Apparent Resistivity (Ohm-meters)

3 0.6719381 infinite
i
r

0
10
Trm n
r

-1
10
-2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10 RESAP <Scenario 1 >

Inter-Electrode Spacing (meters)

3. Thermal design of earthing conductors and earth electrodes

3.1. 380, 132 and 13.8kV Level
The selection of earthing conductor sizes is carried out with respect to the fault current, the maximum fault duration, the final temperature
and the mechanical stresses. In line with the contract specifications, it is proposed to use bare, soft drawn stranded copper for the earthing
conductors and earth mesh. Considering multiple faults it is common practice to carry out the thermal design of earthing systems with
respect to rated current of the switchgear. According to IEEE standard 80-2000, Eq.41, the minimum required cross section for earthing
conductors and earth electrodes carrying the maximum earth fault current can be calculated as:

If
Amm2 TES-P-119.10, (Eq.10-13)
4
TCAP 10 K Tm
ln 0
tc r r K 0 Ta
Where :
A = Cross section of conductor
Ik1' = 63 kA Maximum earth-fault current
o
Tm = 1083 C Copper fusing Temp.
o
Ta = 50 C Ambient Temperature
o
Ko = 234 C Material Constant for Copper IEEE 80-2000, Table-1, Pg.41
3 o
Tcap = 3.422 J/(cm x C) Thermal capacity factor for Copper
o
r = 0.0039 C Thermal coefficient of resistivity for Copper
r = 1.7241 cm Specific resistivity for copper
tc = 1 Maximum Duration of fault

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 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

3.2 Conductor Size Calculated by Software based on above formula:

Ampacity Function
Ampacity Report
FunctionReport
CDEGSConductor
CDEGS AmpacityCalculation
ConductorAmpacity IEEEStandard
(perIEEE
Calculation(per StandardSO)
BO)

Computation Results

Minimum Conductor Size:

456 5180 MCM
231.2654 stj. mm
0.3378 ri (radius)
8 5800 mm (radius)

Input Data

Symmalneal RMS Current Magnitude: 63 kA

Uanm um Fault Duration: 1 s

Ambient Temperature: 50 =C

Maximum AJkmtirWB Temperature 1083.0000 nC [Fusing temperature)

Conductor Type: Copper, annealed soft drawn [lOOÿfe conductivity}

Oecrem ent Factor'. 1.0223

X/R; 17
Frequency 60 {Hz)

Material Constant* of Conductor.

Name: Copper, annealed soft drawn <100% conductivity)

Reference Tern per alure for Material Constants: 20.000*3 rC

Thermal Coefficient of RosisUviLy at Reference Temperature: 0 00393 ire

Fusing Temperature of Conductor 1083.0000 72

Resistivity of Conductor at Reference Temperature 1 ,7200 pti-cm

Thermal Capacity per Unit Volume: 3.420D J/cm3 'C

Based on JablD D:I1 Jeddah Central (JDGj'.Main grid earthing',Rfl'iEarthtncj caiciiEations'rSceriarin 1 Computed al 4.' 14/2013

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 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

Hence
* Copper conductor cross-section proposed for the mesh conductor is 1 x 240mm sq.
* Conductor cross-section for equipment connections at two diagonally opposite points is defined by TES-P-119.10 Table
10-3, :
* Conductor is not proposed under the buildings.
* Conductor can be rearrange onsite as per site conditions.

4. Resistance to earth

An ideal grounding system should provide a near zero resistance to remote earth. For most generating stations and other large
substations, a ground resistance of about 1 ohm or less is recommended. For smaller distribution substations, the acceptable range is
from 1 to 5 ohms, depending on local conditions.

The resistance to earth of the earth grid lies within the values, which can be calculated for a solid plate covering the same area and a
single earth electrode surrounding the whole area.
The earthing system comprising of a combination of horizontal mesh conductors and vertical earthing rods has been considered.
IEEE80-2000 gives no formulae to calculate the resistance of an earth grid such as the one under consideration, placed in a complex
multilayered soil model. Therefore for calculation of the earthing resistance as well as touch and step voltages the proposed earth grid
of the Hail-2 S/S substation was modeled in the AutoGrid Pro.

The soil structure is computed as a two layer soil model. The following resistance to earth is calculated by software tool for the
modeled shape of the earth grid:

RG= 0.009024 Ohm

As per SEC Engineering Standard TES-P-119.10 Rev. 0, Para. 5.2, substation ground resistance of 1 ohm or less is
required. Calculated resistance of 0.009024 Ohm is less than minimum required in the specification.

In addition to the earth grid of the substation itself there are further resistances to earth which are in parallel, such as, building
foundations, transformer foundations, earthed water pipes, screen of control cable, cable sheaths and tower foot resistance which will
provide additional earth electrode effect. For the substation under consideration, these parallel resistances to earth have not been
taken into account, giving a very conservative value of the grid resistance.

8
 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

5. Tolerable Touch and Step Potential

IEEE standard 80-2000 gives formulae to calculate touch and step voltages for regular earth grids.

Ground Potential Rise is defined as the maximum voltage that a station-grounding grid may attain relative to a distant grounding point
assumed to be at the potential of remote earth.

Touch voltage is defined as the potential difference between the Ground Potential Rise and the surface potential at the point where a
person is standing, while at the same time having his hands in contact with a grounded structure during a fault. To ensure that the earth
grid design is safe the calculated touch voltage for the earth grid should be lower than the tolerable touch voltage.

Step voltage is defined as the difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of one meter with his feet, without
contacting any other grounded object during a fault. To ensure that the earth grid design is safe the calculated step voltage for the earth
grid should be lower than the tolerable step voltage.

Considering a body resistance of 1000 ohm and the resistance of two feet in parallel the tolerable step and touch voltages can be derived
as: (Formula for a body weight of 50kg is considered in accordance with SEC TES-P-119.10.
According to IEEE standard 80-2000, Equation 29 and Equation 32, page number 27 formulae for maximum allowable
step voltage and maximum allowable touch voltage for 50 kg body weight is given below respectively.

Considering a 50kG and a body resistance of 1000 and the resistance of two feet in parallel the tolerable step and touch voltages can be
derived as:
1000 6 CS S 0.116
E Step
L> L>

tS Maximum tolerable step voltage IEEE Std 80-2000 Eq (28)

1000 1.5 C S S 0.116

E Touch
tS Maximum tolerable touch voltage IEEE Std 80-2000 Eq (32)

Where :

0.09 1 -
Cs = 1 - s Correction factor for surface resistivity TES-P-119.10 Para. 3.4
2hs + 0.09

s = 3000.00 M Asphalt resistivity (Wet)

hs = 0.10 M

ts = 0.5s Duration of shock current (clearing time of the back-up protection)

Based on above formula Tolerable Touch and Step Voltage as calculated by Software is as follows (See Annexure)

Tolerable Touch Voltage = 662 Volts

Tolerable Step Voltage = 2176.3 Volts

9
 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

6. Determination of maximum grid current and ground potential rise

6.1 Determination of maximum grid current

The earth fault current IK1' entering the earth grid returns via different paths such as:

* Parts of the earth current return to the transformer neutral within the substation area (acc to IEEE 80-2000; chapter 15.8)
* Due to inductive coupling, parts of the earth current return via earth wires or cable sheath to its source (acc.to IEEE 80-2000, chapter
15.6)

* Part of the earth fault current flows via earthing impedance’s which are in parallel to the considered grid.

The remaining part flows between the earthing system of the substation and the surrounding earth. It is important to assess the type
and location of those ground faults that are likely to produce the greatest flow of current between the grounding grid and the
surrounding earth, and hence the greatest rise in grid potential and largest local surface potential gradients in the substation area.

It is this ground fault current which is decisive for calculation of potential rise (GPR), touch and step voltages.

Grid current:
The grid current, which is decisive for calculation of touch and step voltages is only a part of the whole earth fault current. The ratio
between this grid current and the earth fault current is described by the current division factor Sf (acc to IEEE 80-2000, chapter 15.1).
Current division factor relating the magnitude of fault current to that of its portion flowing between the grounding grid and surrounding
ground. This factor is normally computed per IEEE standard 80.
Df is the decrement factor for the entire duration of fault tf, given in seconds
According to IEEE 80 the grid current can be calculated as follows:

IG = Sf x Df x Ik1' TES-P-119.10 Para. 4.1

IG = 0.70 x 1.0 x 63.0kA

IG = 44.10 kA

6.2 Determination of ground potential rise:

The maximum potential rise of the earth grid with respect to the remote earth is described by the earth electrode voltage and can be
calculated by the resistance to earth and the grid current flowing between earthing system of the substation and earth.

GPR = IG x Rg TES-P-119.10 Para. 3.2.2

GPR = 44.10 x 0.009024

GPR = 0.39796 kV (earthing electrode voltage)

10
 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

7. Design of earth grid with respect to touch and step voltages

IEEE standard 80-2000 gives formulae to calculate touch and step voltages for regular earth grids.

Touch voltage is defined as the potential difference between the Ground Potential Rise and the surface potential at the point where a
person is standing, while at the same time having his hands in contact with a grounded structure during a fault. To ensure that the earth
grid design is safe the calculated touch voltage for the earth grid should be lower than the tolerable touch voltage.

Step voltage is defined as the difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of one meter with his feet, without
contacting any other grounded object during a fault. To ensure that the earth grid design is safe the calculated step voltage for the earth
grid should be lower than the tolerable step voltage.

Considering a body resistance of 1000 ohm and the resistance of two feet in parallel the tolerable step and touch voltages can be derived
as: (Formula for a body weight of 50kg is considered in accordance with SEC TES-P-119.10.
According to IEEE standard 80-2000, Equation 29 and Equation 32, page number 27 formulae for maximum allowable
step voltage and maximum allowable touch voltage for 50 kg body weight is given below respectively.

Considering a 50kG and a body resistance of 1000 and the resistance of two feet in parallel the tolerable step and touch voltages can be
derived as:

1000 6 CS S 0.116 Maximum tolerable step voltage IEEE Std 80-2000 Eq (28)
E Step
L> L>

tS
1000 1.5 C S S 0.116 Maximum tolerable touch voltage IEEE Std 80-2000 Eq (32)
E Touch
tS

Single-Electrode/Touch Voltages/Worst Spherical [ID:Scenario 1]

LEGEND

Maximum Value : 328.082

300
Minimum Value : 0.276E-01
V/

328.08
V/

200 295.28
V/

262.47
Y AXIS (METERS)

V/

229.67

100
V/

196.86
mm

V/

164.05
r»

,1
»j

L j

V/

131.25
m

HM
IS
is
m

lQll
[•j

0
V/
[

98.44
V/

65.64
V/

32.83
-100
-70 30 130 230 330
X AXIS (METERS)
Touch Voltage Magn. (Volts) [Wors]

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 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

Single-Electrode/Touch Voltages/Worst Spherical [ID:Scenario 1]

LEGEND
Maximum Value : 328.082
300 Minimum Threshold : 661.900

200
Y AXIS (METERS)

100

0 m

-100
-70 30 130 230 330
X AXIS (METERS)
Touch Voltage Magn. (Volts) [Wors]

Single-Electrode/Step Voltages (Spherical)/Worst Spherical [ID:Scenario 1]

LEGEND

Maximum Value : 109.375

300
Minimum Value : 0.273

< 109.38

200 < 98.47

< 87.55
Y AXIS (M ETERS)

< 76.64

100 < 65.73

nnnil < 54.82

HI HIM!r
HI HIIHÿ < 43.91
0 HHHIi HIT I EiiinJllSBlHIHIt
< 33.00

< 22.09

< 11.18
-100
-70 30 130 230 330
X AXIS (METERS)
Step Voltage-Worst Magnitude (Volts)

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 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

Single-Electrode/Step Voltages (Spherical)/Worst Spherical [ID:Scenario 1]

LEGEND
Maximum Value : 109.375
300 Minimum Threshold : 2176.300

200
Y AXIS (METERS)

100 r
]

-100
-70 30 130 230 330
X AXIS (METERS)
Step Voltage-Worst Magnitude (Volts)
7.1 Step Voltage of the designed Earthing Grid

Step voltage is the potential difference, which could be picked off between the feet of someone standing in the substation or just outside it
during a fault.

In order to check the step voltages of the designed earth grid a detailed surface potential of the whole substation area was plotted. The
calculated profile graphs are shown in above Figures.
The calculated step voltages inside the substation are lesser compared with the tolerable value. The maximum step voltage for the substation
is as followed:

E(Step) = 110 V Threshold = 2176.00

(Maximum)

All calculated step voltages are clearly lower than tolerable value. Therefore the ground grid of the substation is sufficient with respect to step
voltage.

7.2 Touch Voltage of the designed Earthing Grid

In order to check the mesh and touch voltage of the designed earth grid a detailed surface potential profiles of the whole substation area was
plotted. The calculated profile graphs are shown in above Figures.

The touch voltage picked up by a person is the voltage difference between local surface potential under the feet and the potential of the
touched conductive part.

The calculated voltage profile show the difference between earth potential rise and any surface inside the converter station area is lower than
the maximum allowed, tolerable touch voltage. Outside the station area no conductive parts connected to the earthing system are touchable.
Within the substation area the maximum touch voltage is as under:

E(Touch) = 328 V Threshold = 662

(Maximum)

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 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

All calculated step voltages are clearly lower than tolerable value. Therefore the ground grid of the substation is sufficient with respect to step
voltage.

Conclusions:

*
The calculated mesh voltage is less than the tolerable touch voltage, the earth grid is sufficient with respect to touch
voltages.
*
The calculated step voltage of the designed earth gird is less than the tolerable step voltage, the earth grid is safe with
respect to step voltages.

8. Earthing system

8.1. Foundation earth electrodes

Reinforced concrete foundations are normally used as foundation earth in new buildings. The required equipotential bonding in buildings with
electrical installations is made much more effective by these foundation earth electrodes.

Basically the reinforcement of foundations can be used as earth electrodes. As welding of structural steel mats is often not allowed, the use of
special earth electrodes for foundation earth is recommended in GIS room.

Cu. electrodes should be laid in the lowest concrete layer, for example on the lowest steel mat. So Cu. electrodes are throughout covered with
concrete and protected from corrosion. The minimum distance to the foundation sub grade should be 5cm. The Cu electrodes should form a
meshed grid with the maximum mesh width of 10m. The Cu. electrodes should be welded at each node of the grid. It is recommended to wrap
some Cu. electrodes and structural steel mats together.

For the connection of the indoor earthing system (main earthing conductor, equipotential bonding) several risers from the foundation should be
provided.

8.2. Indoor earthing system

The Control Building shall have a foundation earth electrode. In the parts of the building with high voltage equipment there shall be main
earthing conductors with minimum copper cross sections of:

1 x 240mm sq. connected at diagonally opposite points.

All earthing conductor should be connected to the main earthing conductor. TES-P-119.10 requires all HV electrical equipment installed inside
substation buildings to be connected to the earthing system via two separate earthing conductors at two separate points. Further metal
enclosures of boxes/cabinets, doors of cabinets or junction boxes and metallic conduits shall be connected to the earthing system.

* At the cable sealing end the interconnection between switchgear enclosure and cable sheath has to be carried out in a low inductive
manner.

* Cables for secondary control wiring shall be screened and the screens shall be earthed on both sides in a low inductive manner.

* The screen of cables leading into control and protection cubicles has to be connected to the metal enclosure of the cubicle immediately
when entering.

The earthing of the low voltage system and the indoor earthing system should be interconnected. For this purpose links between PE
conductors and main earthing conductors are required.

The outdoor earthing system has to be connected to the main earthing conductor in the building not less than 4 points. Although care should
so as not to cause any closed loops for aiding circulating currents in the system.

14
 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

8.3. Outdoor earthing system

In the open air area of the substation a meshed earth grid of buried bare stranded copper conductor of 1 x 240 sp.mm having a mesh width of
about 15m x 15m in the center and denser around the periphery of the S/S buried at a depth of 500mm has to be installed below graded level.
Vertical earthing rods of copper clad steel of 19mm dia. and 3000mm long shall be installed at the corners of the grid, test pits Auxiliary
transformer, LA earthing and lightning protection. The area shall be covered with asphalt of at least 100mm thick. The earthing grid shall
extend 1.5m outside substation fence.

For buried earth electrodes which are remote to possible 380kV fault locations a cross section of 120mm sq. copper is sufficient.
Nevertheless a uniform cross-section of 240 mm sq. for buried earthing mesh is recommended.

Potential grading earth electrodes comprising of 240 mm sq. copper conductor shall surround the building and the transformer foundations at a
distance of 1-1.5 meter. The potential grading electrodes should be buried at a depth of 500mm and shall be connected to indoor earthing
system.

Auxiliary Transformers should be connected to the earth grid by copper earthing conductors with a cross section of 2 x 240 sq.mm at
diagonally opposite points.

The lightning protection system comprising of lightning rod with spikes shall be provided for the substation building which shall be sufficient to
cover substation and equipment installed outdoor against damage due to effect of lightning. The lightning protection system shall be connected
to the main earthing grid.

8.4. Precautions for laying of Earthing Grid

Earthing grid shall not be laid below basement. Earthing grid shall not be laid beneath power and station service transformer foundations.

9. Summary

earthing system is designed according to the standard IEEE 80-2000

The calculation of the designed earthing grid according to IEEE has shown that the ground grid meets the requirements with respect to touch
and step voltages. Earthing mesh has not been introduced beneath the buildings and the building structural earthing conductor/rebar has been
modeled with a conservative mesh.

References

1) ANSI/IEEE Standard 80-2000. Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

2) IEC 364-4-41: Erection of power installations with nominal voltages up to 1000V; protective measures; protection against electric shock.
3) IEC 364-5-54: Erection of power installations with nominal voltages up to 1000V; selection and erection of equipment earthig.
4) TES-P-119.10: SEC S/S Design Standard; Grounding

15
 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION

8. TABLE 1
INPUT TO SOFTWARE (AUTOGRID)

As per Electricial
Field Resistivity Measurement Method Wenner
Resistivity Test Data
Soil Resiatance for As per Electricial
Field Resistivity Measurement Results
all Test Locations Resistivity Test Data
Fault clearing time 0.5 sec TES-P-119.10 clause 7.2
Insulating surface layer resistivity 3000 ohm-m TES-P-119.10 clause 3.3
Surface layer thickness 10cm TES-P-119.10 clause 3.3
Body resistance 1000 Ohm IEEE 80-2000, Sec 7.1
Frequency 60 Hz SEC Specs
Default Units Meters Design Input
For 50kg Body
Fibrillation current calculation method TES-P-119.10 clause 3.1
weight
Foot resistance calculation method IEEE 80-2000, Sec 7.1
Grid Current 63 kA
Length of ground rods 3m Design Input
Cross Section of Conductor 240 sq.mm As per conductor sizing

15
Annexure
"Soil Resistivity Report"
 SUMMARY OF EARTH RESISTIVITY READINGS

Test # 1 Test # 2 Test # 3 Test # 4 Test # 5 Test # 6 Test # 7 Test # 8 Test # 9 Test # 10
Location no. ER - 01 ER - 02 ER - 03 ER - 04 ER - 05 ER - 06 ER - 07 ER - 08 ER - 09 ER - 10
Spacing, m Direction Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m
1.5 19.00 24.80 20.20 22.20 18.90 21.90 22.20 24.70 18.70 26.80
3 12.80 23.40 13.60 28.70 25.30 26.20 24.30 26.80 17.30 27.30
4.5 10.50 15.30 8.20 21.80 20.90 22.10 23.80 18.90 12.20 18.70
LINE - 1
6 9.00 0.00 7.90 11.70 15.80 13.60 13.90 0.00 9.80 0.00
(South to
9 North) 6.80 0.00 6.20 0.00 14.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00
15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.5 22.20 14.70 21.80 25.60 21.30 25.80 25.60 26.70 19.20 20.60
3 15.50 22.10 15.30 24.70 28.50 27.50 0.00 32.40 22.10 17.30
4.5 12.40 17.50 11.90 16.70 17.80 23.20 0.00 22.30 15.00 17.50
LINE - 2
6 9.40 9.00 8.70 12.10 0.00 15.50 0.00 14.30 0.00 0.00
(North to
9 South) 7.90 7.40 7.40 2.30 0.00 5.70 0.00 11.30 0.00 0.00
15 0.00 7.50 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.70 20.40 20.60 20.10 20.40 13.40
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.40 23.40 25.80 0.00 27.00 21.30
4.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.20 19.20 23.20 0.00 13.60 16.70
LINE - 3
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.80 12.10 16.20 0.00 9.00 7.20
(West to
9 East) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 2.30 4.00 0.00 7.40 5.10
15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.90 1.90
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.50 24.70 18.90 24.70 25.60 18.00
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27.00 29.00 23.40 26.80 22.80 22.10
4.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.50 0.00 0.00 20.60 0.00 0.00
LINE - 4
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(East to
9 West) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.90 26.50 20.00 20.00 25.80 25.80
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.00 30.50 26.20 23.80 34.10 28.70
4.5 LINE - 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.50 0.00 19.20 0.00 14.70 17.20
6 (Southwest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.00 0.00 11.70 0.00 9.80 0.00
9 to 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 5.70 0.00
Northeast)
15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.00 2,8 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1
 SUMMARY OF EARTH RESISTIVITY READINGS

Test # 1 Test # 2 Test # 3 Test # 4 Test # 5 Test # 6 Test # 7 Test # 8 Test # 9 Test # 10
Location no. ER - 01 ER - 02 ER - 03 ER - 04 ER - 05 ER - 06 ER - 07 ER - 08 ER - 09 ER - 10
Spacing, m Direction Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m Ohm-m

1.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.40 18.90 25.60 24.60 19.80 19.00
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.40 23.90 0.00 28.70 23.80 21.90
4.5 LINE - 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.40 17.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.50
6 (Northeast 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.20 8.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.70
9 to 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.80
Southwest)
15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.80
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.80 26.50 24.60 20.50 20.60 20.00
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.70 30.30 28.80 33.90 28.70 23.40
4.5 LINE - 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.20 23.20 0.00 22.90 12.40 14.40
6 (Southeast 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.90 14.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.30
9 to 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Northwest)
15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.70 21.80 19.50 20.10 18.90 25.60
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.10 30.50 23.40 24.90 21.90 30.30
4.5 LINE - 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.40 0.00 16.70 24.00 8.20 17.50
6 (Northwest 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.70 0.00 13.60 0.00 4.10 0.00
9 to 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
15 Southeast) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00