University of Santo Tomas

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems Lab

(ME 515L)

Design of an Air-conditioning and Ventilation System

in a 1,300 m2 Three-Storey Hospital

This Design presented to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department

In Partial Fulfilment for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Designed by:

Submitted to:
Engr. Mark Ivan C. Espinosa

December 2019
 CHAPTER 1
PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1. Introduction

This culminating design project introduces the mechanical engineering students

to the preliminary considerations and project aspects for cooling load, air flow & static
pressure calculation, selection of an air-conditioning system, & equipments and duct
sizing of a commercial space. The design output must satisfy multiple constraints
together with trade-off analysis in order to determine the best air-conditioning system to
be used. All calculations is to be guided by codes, standards and manuals specifically
by ASHRAE, Carrier Handbook, etc.
There is a big gap between a customer who thinks in terms of simple relief
cooling in a room or small establishment and the one who builds a monumental building
representing the epitome of an integrated concept of a structure and the environment
within, whether architectural, acoustical or air conditioning. Complete air conditioning
provides and environment of correct temperature, humidity air movement, air
cleanliness, ventilation and acoustical level. Anything less is a compromise and is not
termed air conditioning. Therefore the particular system involved should be identified
with the function which the system design is to accomplish, whether heating, cooling
humidity control ore complete year round air conditioning. There must be compete
fusion of system and building to lead to a natural and normal behavior as a whole in
disposing of the heat gains or offsetting the heat losses.
To realize a substantial advantage from an operation of air conditioning in a
space or a complete building the design engineer must consider fundamental situations.
He must first define the problem. He must be able to anticipate the behavior of the
contemplated air conditioning system. For given conditions of external environment and
internal load, the system must integrate with the space or the building which it is to
serve. The system must satisfy the maximum instantaneous or actual thermal load and
be operable at any partial load conditions.
 Each space or building presents an individual problem to resolve. There is no
universal solution to a system selection even after it is defined, the system selection
even after it is defined, the physical circumstances evaluated, and the actual load of
cooling requirement established. The design engineer must have an appreciation of the
structure, its thermal capacity behavior and the response accorded it by the
contemplated system. The designer must understand the interaction of space or
building with external and internal thermal loads and the cancellation of these loads by
the system. There should be a full realization that the equipment installed the control of
the air conditioning system and the buildings are irrevocably integrated into one whole.
To be successful these elements must be coordinated to operate as entity.

1.2. Project Objectives

The designers aim to design a centralized air-conditioning ventilation system to
a three-storey hospital. To achieve this goal, the following objective is needed
to achieve
1. To estimate the cooling load of the building using the “as-built” plan
provided following the ASHRAE codes and standards in calculation.
2. To design the most suitable air-conditioning system for the project using
of trade-off analysis and multiple constraints (Economic, Environmental
and Sustainability)
3. To design a ducting system that can provide the required air flow without
sacrificing the static pressure and cooling capacity
4. To size the appropriate Air-conditioning equipments for the project.

1.3. Scope and Limitations

The following are covered by the project:
1. Cooling load of the whole building and each rooms in the building
2. Air flow requirement for each rooms of the building
3. The duct sizing and static pressure calculation
4. The sizing of the equipments and the layout of installation
5. The bill of quantities and project estimate
 The following are the limitations of the project.
1. The ducting and equipment installations
2. The installation cost estimates

1.4. The Client

The main beneficiary of this project is the Marilao Medical Center. It is a

secondary hospital located in Marilao, Bulacan. It is one of the hospitals own and
operated by Philippine Medical Associations Inc., a subsidiary of Metropolitan
Investments Corporation. HVAC system is crucial to the clients and the main necessity
for them is to have the appropriate thermal comfort for the patient with good air quality.

1.5. Project Specifics

In this section, all the data and drawings needed for the cooling load calculations
and ducting design is provided. The drawings provided are “as-built” plan meaning
limited amount of details were provided. The designer is free to estimate any data
needed given that it is not provided in the drawings and specifics such as dimensions,
lightings, occupants, plug loads, etc.

GENERAL INFORMATION
Project Name: Air-Conditioning and Ventilation
design of a Three-Storey Hospital
Building Name: Marilao Medical Center
Project Design Deadline: November 26, 2019
Location Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines
Latitude 14o 35’N
CLIMACTIC CONDITIONS
Dry-Bulb Temp. 91 oF
Wet-Bulb Temp. 81 oF
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Material Concrete
External Wall
Thickness 8 in.
Single Glass w/ Metal
Description Frame. No indoor
shade
Glass Door 2.5m x 2.2 m
2.2m x 2m
2.2m x 1.5m
Material Maple Wood
Thickness 2 inch
2.5m x 2.2 m
Wooden Door
2.2m x 2m
2.2m x 1.5m
Single glass with metal
Description
sash; 80% glass with
(1st floor)
no indoor shade
Dimension 700mm x 700mm
Windows Double glass, ¼ “ air
Description space, metal sash; 80%
(2nd floor) glass with no indoor
shade
Dimension 1,200 mm x 1,200 mm
Material Concrete
Partition Walls
Thickness 4 in.
Material Concrete
Roof
Thickness 4 in
Suspended ceiling,
Ceiling Description
0.375” plywood

*Note: All external doors are made of glass and all internal doors are made of wood
Look for elevation plan for the wall height and guide for window constructions
Ceiling air space can be seen at the elevation plan

CHAPTER 2
CODES, STANDARDS & TRADE-OFFS
2.1. Codes and Standards
2.2. Design Constraints
2.2.1. Economic Constraint
2.2.2. Environmental Constraint
2.2.3. Sustainability Constraint
2.3. Trade-off Analysis
2.4. Trade-off assessments
 CHAPTER 3
Cooling Load & Air Flow Calculation

In this chapter, calculation for cooling load and air flow is shown in tabulated manner. The calculations were guided
by codes and standards by ASHRAE which was referenced from ASHRAE Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual.
Before the load was estimated, the architectural plan was comprehensive surveyed to assure accurate evaluation of the
load components. The building facilities and the actual instantaneous load within the hospital were carefully studied to
assure an economical equipment selection and system design can result, and smooth, trouble free performance is
possible. Load calculation provide information for equipment selection and HVAC system design. It also provide data for
evaluation of the optimum possibilities for load reduction. It permits analysis of partial loads as required for system design,
operation and control. These objectives can be obtain not only by making accurate load calculations but also by
understanding the basis for the loads.

3.1. Cooling Load Calculation

ROOM SPACE NAME

EXTERNAL LOADS
Roofing
Color Adjustment
Length Height U-value CLTD LM TR To CLTDAdjusted Q
Factor, K

External Walls
Color Adjustment
Length Height U-value Direction CLTD LM TR To CLTDAdjusted Q
Factor, K

Wooden Door
Length Height U-value Direction CLTD Color Adjustment LM TR To CLTDAdjusted Q
 Factor, K

Windows/ Glass Door

Type Length Height Shading Coeff. Solar heat gain F. CLF Q
Solar
Type Length Height U-value Adjustment Factor CLTD Q
Cond.
INTERNAL LOADS
Partition Wall
Length Height U-Value Tconditioned TUnconditioned Q

Door/Window
Length Height U-Value Tconditioned TUnconditioned Q

Infiltration
dt dW CFM Area (ft2) people/ft2 cfm/person Q(Btu/hr) Q
Qsensible
Qlatent
People
# people Sensible H.G. CLF Lat. H.G Q
Qsensible
Qlatent
Lights
Appliances
Q(Btu/hr) Q
TOTAL Q

3.2. Cooling Load Calculation

ROOM SPACE NAME

Length Width No. of person/1000ft2 floor area CFM per person CFM
 CHAPTER 4
DUCT SIZING
This chapter provides the duct sizes that is needed to provide the appropriate
amount of airflow per zone in the conditioned spaces. All duct that were stated in the
design were sized using Ductulator. The conditions that were used to determine size of
the air ducts were CFM requirements and the recommended air velocity. The air
flowrate (CFM) requirement was shown in Chapter 3 which were calculated using
ASHRAE Codes and Standards. On the other hand, the recommended air velocity
came from the Carrier System Design Manual. The function of a duct system is to
transmit air from air handling apparatus to the space to be conditioned. To fulfill this
function in a practical manner, the system must be designed within the prescribed limits
of available space, friction loss, velocity, sound level, heat and leakage losses and
gains.

4.1. Duct Sizes

4.2. Static Pressure Calculation
 CHAPTER 5
EQUIPMENT SIZING
 CHAPTER 6
DUCTING & EQUIPMENT LAYOUT
 CHAPTER 6
PROJECT ESTIMATE