ghlk; 4.

mZ mikg;G

,g;ghlj;jpy; ehk; fw;ftpUg;gJ :

 mZf; nfhs;iffs; (lhy;ld;> jhk;rd;> &jh;Nghh;L)

 mbg;gil mZj;Jfs;fs; (GNuhl;lhd>;
vyf;l;uhd;> epA+l;uhd;)
 mZ vz; kw;Wk; epiw vz;
 ,izjpwd;

mZ : xU jdpkj;jpd; Ntjpg;gz;gpid jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sj;jf;f kpfr;rpwpa JfNs mZ. mZtpd;

ngUk;ghd;ikahd gFjp ntw;wplk;.

mZf; nfhs;iffs;

lhy;ld; : gUg;nghUs;fs; kpfr;rpwpa Jfs;fshy; Mdit. Jfs;fis gpsf;f ,ayhJ. Nfhs; tbtk;.

jhk;rd; : Xh; mZtpy; Neh; kw;Wk; vjph; kpd;D}l;lq;fs; rk vz;zpf;ifap;y; fhzg;gLtjhy; mZthdJ
vt;tpj kpd;RikAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. vjph; kpd;RikAila vyf;l;uhid fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.

&jh;Nghh;L : mZtpd; ikaj;jpYs;s mZf;fUthdJ Neh;kpd; jd;ik nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ. vjph;kpd; jd;ik
nfhd;l vyl;uhd;fs; mZf;fUtpidr; Rw;wp xU Fwpg;gpl;l tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. mZtpd;
msNthL xg;gpLk;NghJ mZf;fUthdJ mstpy; kpfkpfr; rpwpaJ.

mZtpd; mbg;gilj; Jfs;fs;

GNuhl;lhd; (p) : mZf;fUtpDs; mike;Js;s Neh; kpdd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jfs;. Neh;kpd;D}l;lj;jpd;

kjpg;G vyf;l;uhd;fs; ngw;Ws;s vjph;kpd;D}l;l kjpg;;gpw;F rkkhFk;.

epA+l;uhd;fs; (n) : mZf;fUtpDs; mike;Js;s kpd;Rikaw;w Jfs;.

vyf;l;uhd;fs; (e) : ,it vjph; kpd;D}l;lk; ngw;w Jfs;. ,it Fwpg;gpl;l tl;;lg;ghijapy; mZf;fUtpidr;
Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epA+l;uhdpd; epiwAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Xh; vyf;l;uhdpd;
epiw Gwf;fzpf;fjf;f mstpy; cs;sJ.

mZf;fUtpd; ntspNa fhzg;gLk; midj;J vyl;uhd;fspd; nkhj;j vjph; kpd;D}l;lkhdJ

mZf;fUtpd; cs;Ns fhzg;gLk; GNuhl;lhdpd; nkhj;j Neh; kpd;D}l;lj;jpw;Fr; rkkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
mZf;fs; kpd; eLepiyAld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mZ vz; (Z) : xU mZtpy; fhzg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; my;yJ GNuhl;lhd;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifNa mZ

vz;

epiw vz; my;yJ mZepiw (A) : mZf;fUtpDs; cs;s nkhj;j GNuhl;lhd;fs; kw;Wk; epA+l;uhd;fspd;
nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifNa epiw vz; my;yJ mZ epiw vdg;gLk;. A = p + n

,izjpwd; : Xh; mZ gpw mZTld; ,izaf;$ba jpwNd ,izjpwd; vd;gLk;.

Xw;iw ,izjpw; nfhz;l jdpkq;fs; : i`l;u[d;> Nrhbak;

,ul;il ,izjpwd; nfhz;l jdpkq;fs; : Mf;rp[d;> fhy;rpak;

Kk;ik ,izjpwd; nfhz;l jdpkq;fs; : iel;u[d;> mYkpdpak;.