SCIENCE

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS – form your foundation for increased understanding of the world around you
and many scientific phenomena.
1. Observing
2. Inferring
> Observation – a statement of what you actually see, hear, taste, touch, and smell.
> Inference – tentative interpretation or explanation of your observations.
3. Measuring – the act of comparing an unknown quantity with a known quantity.
> Qualitative observations – describe the property of an object.
4. Classifying – putting materials of the same properties together.
5. Organizing Results
6. Working with variables
> Variable – any factor that may change in the course of an investigation.
> Independent variable – one that is intentionally changed in an experiment.
> Dependent variable – also known as respondent variable is one that may respond as the independent variable
changes.
> Controlled variables – variables that are expected to affect the results but are prevented from doing so.
7. Constructing Hypothesis
> Hypothesis – a statement of the most likely to answer a problem. It is an intelligent guess.
8. Interpreting data and results
9. Predicting – stating what a future observation will be.
> Interpolation – prediction made between two observed data or results.
> Extrapolation – prediction made outside the observed data or results.
10. Experimenting
> Experiment – conducted to test whether the hypothesis is supported by the observations and results or not.
PARTS OF AN EXPERIMENT:
1. Problem
2. Hypothesis
3. Materials
4. Procedure – state the step-by-step methods of conducting your experiment.
5. Data and results
6. Interpretation
7. Conclusion – purposed solution to the problem.

SCIENCE – Not only a body of knowledge, but also a way of thinking.

SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES – set of values scientists follow in performing their tasks.

1. Curiosity – scientists never stop asking questions.
2. Cautious – scientists do not believe in hearsays. Instead, they analyze cause-and-effect relationships.
3. Perseverance – scientists work hard.
4. Honesty – scientists record and report what actually happened or what they have observed.
5. Patience – scientists do not give up easily.
6. Resourcefulness – scientists are good at finding materials immediately available or just around them.
7. Humility – scientists do not claim achievements for themselves.
8. Respect for authority – scientists recognize and acknowledge other scientists who went and worked before
them.
9. Open-mindedness – scientists do not jump to conclusions straight away.
 MATTER
Mixtures – forms of matter that are composed of two or more substances that are physically combined.
TYPES OF MIXTURES:
1. Homogeneous Mixture – contains individual substances that cannot be distinguished from each other. Also
referred to as uniform mixtures.
2. Heterogeneous Mixture – also called as nonuniform mixtures. It has two or more distinct phases.

Solution – most common type of homogeneous mixture is when one substance is dissolved in another.
What makes up a solution?
a. Solvent – it is the dispersing or dissolving medium.
b. Solute – it is a substance that is being dissolved.

WATER – it is a universal solvent.

TYPES OF SOLUTION:
1. Liquid Solutions
a. solid in liquid
b. liquid in liquid
c. gas in liquid
2. Gaseous Solutions
a. liquid in gas
b. gas in gas
3. Solid Solutions
a. solid in solid
b. liquid in solid
c. gas in solid
Suspension - is a mixture in which particles settle at the bottom of the container after standing for some time.
3 TYPES OF SUSPENSION:
1. Solid suspended in;
a. gas b. liquid
2. Liquid suspended in;
a. gas b. liquid

3. Gas suspended in;

a. liquid b. solid
Colloid – type of mixture where substances do not dissolve at the bottom, but remain dispersed in the dispersing
medium. It is a mixture in which particles remain suspended in a dispersing medium.

Identify whether the substance is: SOLUTION, SUSPENSION, or COLLOID

Air – SOLUTION Gelatin – COLLOID
Jelly – COLLOID Dust in air – COLLOID
Milk – COLLOID Plant in water – SUSPENSION
Soda – SOLUTION Chocolate drink – SUSPENSION
Blood – COLLOID Chalk dust and water – SUSPENSION

Mixtures – are substances composed of two or more materials that are physically combined.

WAYS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES:

1. Winnowing or picking or sorting – using a current of air to separate rice chaff from the milled rice.
2. Using of magnet – a magnet is used to separate magnetic materials in a mixture.
3. Sedimentation – process that allows particles of a mixture to settle at the bottom.
4. Decantation – it is done by pouring a liquid out of a container after the solid components have settled.
5. Filtration – uses a fine cloth or screen to separate mixtures.
6. Evaporation – dries up the liquid in a mixture and leaves behind the solid particles. It is done through heating
the mixture to dry up and leave the solid particles.
7. Distillation – is a process used to separate the different liquid components of a mixture by boiling.

Electrostatic precipitator – a machine used by industries to clean their waste product air from harmful
chemicals.
Dialysis – procedure that cleanses the blood by passing it through a machine.
Centrifugation – a technique to separate blood.

Identify the appropriate process: DECANTATION. EVAPORATION, FILTRATION, USING OF MAGNET,

PICKING OR SORTING, SEDIMENTATION
1. Oil and water 6. Sugar and water
2. Nails and sand 7. Alcohol and water
3. Salt and water 8. Seeds in rice grains
4. Sand and water 9. Paper clips and sands
5. Vegetable salad 10. Thumbtacks and gravel