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Design - Guide - For - Midas - Civil - AASHTO LRFD - Lite
Design - Guide - For - Midas - Civil - AASHTO LRFD - Lite
AASHTO LRFD
Prestressed Concrete Girder Design
Steel Composite Girder Design
Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating
dŚĞŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĚĞƐŝŐŶŐƵŝĚĞŝƐƚŽŽƵƚůŝŶĞƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ
ĂůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶŵŝĚĂƐŝǀŝůĮŶŝƚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚ
analysis and design system. The guide aims to provide
ƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƵƐĞƌƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ƐĐŽƉĞ͕ůŝŵŝƚĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĨŽƌŵƵůĂƐĂƉƉůŝĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ
features and to provide relevant references to the clauses
in the Design standards.
DISCLAIMER
Developers and distributors assume no responsibility for
the use of MIDAS Family Program (midas Civil, midas FEA,
midas FX+, midas Gen, midas Drawing, midas SDS, midas
'd^͕^ŽŝůtŽƌŬƐ͕ŵŝĚĂƐE&y͖ŚĞƌĞŝŶĂŌĞƌƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽĂƐ
“MIDAS package”) or for the accuracy or validity of any
results obtained from the MIDAS package.
Organization
dŚŝƐŐƵŝĚĞŝƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽŚĞůƉLJŽƵƋƵŝĐŬůLJďĞĐŽŵĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞǁŝƚŚ
ƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽƉƟŽŶƐŽĨ^,dK>Z&͘
ŚĂƉƚĞƌϭƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͕
h>^ͬ^>^ĐŚĞĐŬƐ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶŽƵƚƉƵƚƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƉƌĞƐƚƌĞƐƐĞĚĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞ
ŐŝƌĚĞƌĚĞƐŝŐŶƚŽ^,dK>Z&͘
ŚĂƉƚĞƌϮƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͕
h>^ͬ^>^ĐŚĞĐŬƐ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶŽƵƚƉƵƚƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƐƚĞĞůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞŐŝƌĚĞƌ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶƚŽ^,dK>Z&͘
ŚĂƉƚĞƌϯƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͕
h>^ͬ^>^ĐŚĞĐŬƐ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶŽƵƚƉƵƚƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƐƚĞĞůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞďƌŝĚŐĞ
ůŽĂĚƌĂƟŶŐƚŽ^,dK>Z&Z͘
Contents
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Concrete Girder Design ;^,dK>Z&Ϳ 01
Strength Limit States
1. Flexural resistance 03
2. Shear resistance 16
3. Torsion resistance 28
ŚĂƉƚĞƌϮ͘
Steel Composite Girder Design ;^,dK>Z&Ϳ 55
/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ϭ͘^,dK>Z&ϬϳĂŶĚϭϮ^ƚĞĞůŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ 57
Ϯ͘ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ^ƚĞĞůŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĞƐŝŐŶ 59
ϯ͘ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨWůĂƐƟĐDŽŵĞŶƚĂŶĚzŝĞůĚDŽŵĞŶƚ 59
ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ^,dK>Z&ϭϮ
ϭ͘/'ŝƌĚĞƌ^ĞĐƟŽŶ 87
Ϯ͘ŽdžͬdƵď'ŝƌĚĞƌ^ĞĐƟŽŶ 111
3. Shear Connector 127
ϰ͘^ƟīĞŶĞƌ 131
ϱ͘ŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞĞƚǁĞĞŶ^,dKͲ>Z&ϰƚŚ(2007) and 6th(2012) 135
^ƚĞĞůŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĞƐŝŐŶZĞƐƵůƚ
ϭ͘^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞZĞƐƵůƚ 138
Ϯ͘^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞZĞƐƵůƚ 141
ϯ͘ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟďŝůŝƚLJZĞƐƵůƚ 142
ϰ͘&ĂƟŐƵĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞZĞƐƵůƚ 145
ϱ͘^ŚĞĂƌŽŶŶĞĐƚŽƌZĞƐƵůƚ 146
ϲ͘^ƟīĞŶĞƌZĞƐƵůƚ 147
7. Span Checking 148
8. Total Checking 149
Chapter 3.
^ƚĞĞůŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌŝĚŐĞ>ŽĂĚZĂƟŶŐ ;^,dK>Z&Ϳ 151
/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ϭ͘^,dK>Z&ZϮϬϭϭƌŝĚŐĞ>ŽĂĚZĂƟŶŐ 153
Ϯ͘>ŽĂĚZĂƟŶŐ>ĞǀĞůƐ 155
ϯ͘WƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨ>ŽĂĚZĂƟŶŐ 157
ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ^,dK>Z&Zϭϭ
ϭ͘ZĂƟŶŐ&ĂĐƚŽƌĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶ 171
Ϯ͘^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞ 178
ϯ͘^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞ 180
ϰ͘&ĂƟŐƵĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞ 181
ƌŝĚŐĞ>ŽĂĚZĂƟŶŐZĞƐƵůƚ
ϭ͘ZĞƐƵůƚdĂďůĞƐ 186
Ϯ͘ZĂƟŶŐĞƚĂŝůdĂďůĞ 191
ϯ͘>ŽĂĚZĂƟŶŐZĞƉŽƌƚ 194
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Concrete
Girder Design
hůƟŵĂƚĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞƐ
&ůĞdžƵƌĂůZĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ
^ŚĞĂƌZĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ
dŽƌƐŝŽŶZĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ
^ƚƌĞƐƐĨŽƌĐƌŽƐƐƐĞĐƟŽŶĂƚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞůŽĂĚƐ
WƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůƐƚƌĞƐƐĂƚĂĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐƚĂŐĞ
Check crack
Chapter 1. Prestressed Concrete Girder Design:AASHTO-LRFD 7th (2014)
I 0.75 if H t d 0.002
dt
I 0.583 0.25 if 0.002 H t 0.005 (1.1)
c
I 1.0 if H t t 0.005
Where,
dt : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the extreme tension steel element
c : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
εt : Net tensile Strain
In midas Civil, εt is applied as strain of a reinforcement which is entered at the extreme tensile
fiber.
Rebar coordinate
at the section
Once reinforcement is entered at the PSC section, the rebar which is placed at the closest
position to the extreme compression fiber will be used to calculate the strain. In short, the rebar
at the bottom most is used under the sagging moment. And the rebar at the top most is used
under the hogging moment.
Input tendon profile to be used in PSC design in the dialog box below.
Load>Temp./Prestress>Section Manager >Tendon Profile
[Fig.1.3] Tendon Profile
4 Design Guide for midas Civil
1.2 Calculate neutral axis depth
Neutral axis is determined by the iteration approach as shown in the figure below.
Initial c = H/2
Assume neutral axis depth, c
(H=Section Height)
(4)
NO
Cc+Cs-(Ts+Tps)=0?
YES
Where,
f 'c : Specified compressive strength of concrete for design
Compressive strength to be used in PSC design is defined in PSC Design Material dialog box.
E 0.85 if f 'c d 4.0ksi
0.85 0.05( f 'c 4.0) t 0.65 if f 'c ! 4.0ksi
Ac : Concrete area of compressive zone (E1c) u width
Concrete
Enter the concrete and reinforcement grade to be used in PSC design. The strength can be
checked for the selected material grade according to the selected material code. When
“None” is selected in Code field, the strength of concrete and reinforcement can be directly
entered.
AASHTO LRFD14
(5.7.2.2)
For the composite type PSC sections, the Design Material window changes to allow users to
define the material properties of the slab. The concrete and rebar material properties
entered for slab are used for every calculation such as the neutral axis calculation.
6 Design Guide for midas Civil
(2) Calculate force of reinforcement, Ts, Cs.
Tensile resistance due to longitudinal reinforcement (Ts)and compression resistance due to
concrete (Cs) is calculated as shown in the following equation.
Where,
As, As’ : the cross sectional area of tensile and compressive reinforcement
It is entered in Section Manager>Reinforcements as shown in the Fig1. 2.
fs , fs’: the stress of tensile and compressive reinforcement
In order to calculate the tensile stress of reinforcement, midas Civil calculate the
corresponding strains as per the strain compatibility condition. And then the related tensile
stresses are calculated by the stress-strain relationship. The equation is shown as follows.
▪ Strain
dt c c dc
Hs H cu , H s ' H cu (1.4)
c c
Where,
εs : the strain of tensile reinforcement.
εs’ : the strain of compressive reinforcement.
εcu : the ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (εcu = 0.003)
c : the neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance from the compression fiber of concrete to the extreme tensile fiber of reinforcement
dc : Distance from the compression fiber of concrete to the extreme compressive fiber of reinforcement
▪ Stress
If the tensile stress of reinforcement reaches its yield stress limit, tensile stress will be
applied as yield stress. If not, the tensile stress will be calculated as “εs x Es”.
H s Es ( fs d f y ) H s ' Es ( fs ' d f y )
fs ® , fs ' ® (1.5)
¯ fy ( fs ! f y ) ¯ fy ( fs ' ! f y )
Where,
Es : Modulus of elasticity in reinforcement
Fy : Yield tensile stress in reinforcement
Tps ¦A p f ps (1.6)
Where,
Ap : the cross sectional area of tendon.
fps : the stress of tendon.
Tensile stress of prestressing steel fps can be calculated by code or strain compatibility as
specified in PSC design Parameter dialog box. When code is selected in flexural strength option,
the tensile stress fps is calculated by the equation as per AASHTO-LRFD for bonded and
unbounded tendon respectively. When strain compatibility is used, the tensile stress fps is
calculated by the stress-strain relationship.
Tendon Type
Total Tendon Area
fpu
fpy
Bond Type
▪ Bond Type
Bonded: Section properties reflect the duct area after grouting.
When tendon type is specified as Internal (Pre-Tension), bond type will be taken as Bonded
Type.
Unbonded: Section properties exclude the duct area.
8 Design Guide for midas Civil
When tendon type is specified as external, bond type will be taken as Unbonded Type.
[Table1. 1] Applicable Bond Type by Tendon Types
Tendon Type Bond Type
Internal (Pre-tension) Bonded
Bonded
Internal (Post-tension)
Unbonded
External Unbonded
▪ fpu, fpy
Enter the ultimate strength fpu and yield strength fpy of prestressing steel.
Tensile stress of prestressing steel fps will be calculated as shown in the following table.
§ f py · AASHTO LRFD14
k 2 ¨1.04 ¸ (1.8)
¨ f pu ¸¹
(5.7.3.1.1)
© (Eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
Where,
fpy: Yield strength of prestressing steel
fpu: Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
dp: Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
c: Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face
C
1.0 0.001 (Tolerance) (1.11)
T
where,
ac, as, as’, api : the distance from neutral axis depth, c to concrete, reinforcement rebar, tendon.
10 Design Guide for midas Civil
0.85f˅c
Cs
As˅
a
Cc
as'
ac
ap
as
Ap Tps
As
Ts
[Fig.1. 10] Forces and distances from neutral axis depth for Mn
If a tendon in tension is located at the upper part from the neutral axis under the sagging
moment, the flexural resistance will have (-) sign and it will reduce the total moment
resistance.
Mn
Cc ac Cs as ' Ts as ¦ Tps a pi Tps' a 'pi (1.13)
where,
Mn : nominal resistance
Φ : resistance factor
M r t max(1.33M u , M cr ) (1.15)
ª § Sc ·º AASHTO LRFD14
M cr J 3 «(J 1 f r J 2 f cpe )Sc M dnc ¨ 1¸ » (1.16) (5.7.3.3.2)
¬ © Snc ¹¼ (Eq. 5.7.3.3.2-1)
The Mdnc is taken from the Muy caused by the dead load of girder section during the
construction stage analysis.
The Snc value is obtained from the section modulus of the pre-composite section under the
tensile stress. The Sc value is taken from the section modulus of the post-composite section
Where,
γ1 : flexural cracking variability factor
1.2 for precast segmental structures
1.6 for all other concrete structures
γ3 : ratio of specified minimum yield strength to ultimate tensile strength of the reinforcement
0.67 for A615 ,Grade 60 reinforcement
0.75 for A706, Grade 60 reinforcement
1.00 for prestressed concrete structures
fcpe : compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after allowance for all
prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied
loads (ksi)
It is obtained in elastic state (uncracked section) and the following equation has been
applied in midas Civil.
f cpe
¦A f
ps e
¦A fe
ps e p
(1.18)
Ag S
Where,
f e : Effective prestress forces of prestressing tendons
e p : Distance from the neutral axis to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
Aps : Area of prestressing tendon
Ag : Gross area of cross-section
S : Sectional modulus in compression
In midas Civil, construction type of PSC section is determined in PSC design parameter dialog
box.
12 Design Guide for midas Civil
PSC> Design Parameter> Parameters…
AASHTO LRFD14
(3.4.1)
[Fig.1. 5] Load Combinations and Load factors for strength limit state
Active:
Strength/Stress
Active:
Serviceability
The verification of flexural moment obtained from Strength/Stress type load combination
can be divided into two following cases.
1) No need to satisfy minimum reinforcement
M r t Mu (1.19)
M r t M u and M r t M cr (1.20)
14 Design Guide for midas Civil
Elem : Element number
Part : Check location (I-End, J-End) of each element.
Positive/Negative : Positive moment, negative moment.
LCom Name : Load combination name.
Type : Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case or settlement load case for
which the maximum stresses are produced.
CHK : Flexural strength check for element
Muy : Design moment
Mcr : Crack Moment
Mny : Nominal moment resistance.
PhiMny : Design moment resistance.
Ratio : Muy/ PhiMny : Flexural resistance ratio, The verification is satisfied when it is less than 1.0.
PhiMny /min(1.33Muy, Mcr) : Verification of minimum reinforcement. The verification is satisfied when
it is less than 1.0. If the verification of minimum reinforcement is not required, it will be displayed as
1.0.
Refer to the clause 2.3 Torsion Resistance for the verification of shear resistance where the
effects of torsion are required to be considered. In AASHTO-LRFD (2012), the design for
shear and torsion will be performed for segmental and non-segmental box girders.
Effective web width (bv) is taken as web thickness. For PSC multi-cell girder, web thickness AASHTO LRFD14
can be automatically taken as a summation of thickness for all webs. Also this value can be (5.8.3.3.3)
entered by the user directly as shown in the figure below.
16 Design Guide for midas Civil
Property > Section Property > Section >PSC
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation AASHTO LRFD14
below. (5.8.2.9)
§ Mn ·
dv min ¨ , 0.9de , 0.72h ¸ (1.22)
¨ As f s Aps f ps ¸
© ¹
Aps f ps d p As f s d s
de (1.23)
Aps f ps As f s
Where,
dp : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
ds : Distance from extreme fiber to the centroid of nonprestressed tensile reinforcement
dv : 0.8h or the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing
reinforcement , whichever is greater (in.)
AASHTO LRFD14
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation (5.8.6.5)
below.
Where,
h = Total height of a section
dt = Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
Where,
0 d H s d 0.006
f po 0.7 f pu
M u t Vu Vp dv
As and Ap are taken as area of nonprestressing and prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the
member respectively.
dv : 0.8h or the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing
reinforcement , whichever is greater (in.)
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation
below.
18 Design Guide for midas Civil
Where,
h : Total height of a section
dt : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
Vn Vc Vs Vp (1.27)
AASHTO LRFD14
(5.8.3.3)
(Eq. 5.8.3.3-1)
Vn 0.25 fc'bv dv Vp (1.28) (Eq. 5.8.3.3-2)
Where,
Vc : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the concrete
Vs : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the transverse reinforcement
Vp : shear resistance component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force.
In midas Civil, shear resistance due to prestressing force, Vp, includes primary prestress force. The
secondary effects from prestressing shall be included in the design shear force obtained from the load
combinations.
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause
1.2.2.1 Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
Where,
Vc : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the concrete
Vs : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the transverse reinforcement
Vp : shear resistance component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force.
In midas Civil, shear resistance due to prestressing force, Vp, includes primary prestress force. The
secondary effects from prestressing shall be included in the design shear force obtained from the
Where,
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause
1.2.2.1 Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
β : Factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension and shear as
specified in Article 5.8.3.4
AASHTO LRFD14
For the sections containing at least the minimum amount of transverse reinforcement : (5.8.3.4.2)
4.8
E
(1 750H s ) (1.32)
When sections do not contain at least the minimum amount of shear reinforcement:
4.8 51
E
(1 750H s ) (39 S xe )
1.38
S xe Sx 12.0(in.) d S x d 80.0(in.)
ag 0.63 (1.33)
,
Where,
Sx: The lesser of either dv or the maximum distance between layers of longitudinal
crack control reinforcement, where the area of the reinforcement in each layer is
not less than 0.003bvsx, as shown in Figure 5.8.3.4.2-3(in.) . In midas Civil, it is applied as dv.
ag : maximum aggregate size(in.)In midas Civil, it is applied as “1in.”.
εs: net longitudinal tensile strain in the section at the centroid of the tension reinforcement.Refer to the
clause 1.2.2.3 Net longitudinal tensile strain.
Where,
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause
1.2.2.1 Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
K: Stress variable K shall not be taken greater tham 1.0 for any section where the stress in the
extreme tension fiber, calculated on the basis of gross section properties, due to factored load
and effective prestress force after losses exceeds 0.19√f’c in tension
20 Design Guide for midas Civil
f pc AASHTO LRFD14
K 1 (1.35) (5.8.6.3)
0.0632 f c ' (Eq. 5.8.6.3-3)
Where,
fpc : Unfactored compressive stress in concrete after prestress losses have occured either at the
centroid of the cross-section resisting transient loads or at the junction of the web and flange
where the centroid lies in the flange (ksi)
In midas Civil, fpc is calculated as follows.
When the centroid lies in the flange, verify the stress at a junction of the web and
flange.
f pc
¦A ps fe
¦A ps feep
y jo int
Nu
(1.36)
Ag Ig Ag
Where, yjoint is a distance from the centroid to the junction of the web and flange
When the centroid lies in the web, verify the stress at the centroid of the cross-section.
f pc
¦A ps fe
Nu
(1.37)
Ag Ag
Where,
dv:Refer to 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
θ: angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as determined in Article 5.8.3.4 (degrees)
; if the procedures of Article 5.8.3.4.3 are used, cotθ is defined therein.
T 29 3500H s (1.39)
AASHTO LRFD14
(5.8.3.4.2)
(Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-3)
Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Transverse
Reinforcement
22 Design Guide for midas Civil
AASHTO LRFD14
Av f y dv (sin D cot D ) (5.8.3.3.3)
Vs (1.40) ((Eq. 5.8.6.5-4)
s
Where,
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Segmental Box Girders)
α: angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis (degrees)
Vu IV p AASHTO LRFD14
vu (1.41) (5.8.2.7)
I bv dv (Eq. 5.8.2.9-1)
Where,
Φ = Use the shear strength reduction factor of 0.9.
bv: refer to 1.1.2.1 Effective web width
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
2) Calculate smax differently, depending on whether the section is Segmental Box Girder or
not and on the range of vu.
3) Compare the entered spacing of transverse reinforcement with smax.
x If vu < 0.125f’c
AASHTO LRFD14
smax = 0.8dv ≤ 24.0 in.
(5.8.2.7)
x If vu ≥ 0.125f’c
smax = 0.4dv ≤ 12.0 in.
Where,
dv: refer to 2.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
x If vu < 0.19√f’c
AASHTO LRFD14
smax = 0.8dv ≤ 36.0 in. (5.8.6.6)
x If vu ≥ 0.19√f’c
AASHTO LRFD14
smax = 0.4dv ≤ 18.0 in. (5.8.2.7)
Where,
dv: refer to 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Segmental Box Girders)
midas Civil calculates vu using Eq. 5.8.2.9-1 for the shear check and using Eq. 5.8.6.5-5
for the torsion check.
bv s
Av ,min 0.0316 fc' (1.42) AASHTO LRFD14
fy (5.8.2.4)
(Eq. 5.8.2.5-1)
▪ For Segmental Box Girders
bs
Av ,min 0.05 w (1.43) (Eq. 5.8.2.5-2)
fy
▪ For Vu ≥ 0.5Φ(Vc+Vp)
Av ,req1
^V u 0.5I (Vc Vp )` s
I f y dv (sin D cot D )
(1.44)
Av,req 2 Av ,min
Av,req min( Av,req1 , Av,req 2 )
If the area of transverse reinforcement (Av) is greater than or equal to Av,req , it says OK.
The area of transverse reinforcement (Av) is Aw which is entered from Fig.1.22.
24 Design Guide for midas Civil
2.8 Interface Shear
For the composite sections, the Shear Friction caused during construction sequences needs
to be considered. Therefore, the Interface Shear check function is activated for the pre-
composite section design check.
The Vni value is calculated based on the above calculation. The A cv is the Interfacial Shear
section area. The Acf value is the cross section of the shear reinforcement of the Interfacial
Shear section. The following equation (5.8.4.4-1) needs to be satisfied about the minimum
shear reinforcement rea.
The Pc value is the compressive force acting on the interface. In the program, the Pc value is
calculated based on the selfweight of slab.
The program suggests the factors used in design. In midas Civil, they are applied as shown
below:
Table. The design factors used in midas Civil
AASHTO-LRFD12 Standard
In Acv = bci x Lvi, bci value is taken from the Bvi input by the user and the Lvi value is taken
from the girder length of the program model.
The Vri value is calculated based on the above equation (5.8.4.1-1). Also, the Vri value
should be equal to or greater than Vui.
For PSC design check, the Ż is taken as 1.0.
The Interface Shear check result can be also checked in the Shear Resistance Results table.
26 Design Guide for midas Civil
Vs : Shear resistance of shear reinforcement.
Vp : Shear force of the effective prestressing force.
PhiVn : Design Shear resistance.
de : Effective web width
dv : Effective depth for shear
ex : Longitudinal Strain
theta : Angle of inclination of transverse compressive stresses
beta : Factor indicating ability of transversely cracked concrete to transmit tension
and shear
Avs : Area of shear reinforcement
Ast : Area of longitudinal reinforcement
Al : Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement
bv : Effective width
Avs_min : Minimum required transverse reinforcement
Avs_req : Required transverse reinforcement
Al_min : Minimum longitudinal torsional reinforcement
bv_min : Minimum effective web width
Ao : Area enclosed by the shear flow path, including any area of holes therein (in2)
midas Civil uses the area of the closed section enclosed by the torsion reinforcement, instead of the
shear flow path.
Ph : Perimeter of the centerline of the closed transverse torsion reinforcement (in)
Acp : Total area enclosed by outside Perimeter of the concrete section (in2)
P : The length of the outside perimeter of concrete section (in)
$RSK
$FSSF
**Additional information for the torsional area Ac and circumference Ph calculation of the composite
section.
In midas Civil, when Ao section is applied for the composite section, the girder and slab sections
(section areas with the Torsion Thk Offset applied in the Section Manager) are calculated separately
and then added. The Ph circumference is calculated based on the same approach but the value of
bw*2 is substracted in order to consider the contact area between the girder and slab.
ex)
Where,
fpc: compressive stress in concrete after prestress losses have occurred at either the centroid of
the cross-section resisting transient loads or at the junction of the web and flange where the centroid
lies in the flange (ksi)
f pc
¦A ps fe
¦A ps feep
y jo int (1.46)
Ag Ig
Where, yjoint is the distance from the centroid to the junction of the web and flange.
If the centroid lies in the web: calculate at the centroid of the corss-section.
f pc
¦A ps fe
(1.47)
Ag
Acp2
pc shall be less than or equal to 2Aobv for a box section.
be : effective width of shear flow path, but not exceeding the minimum thickness of the webs
or flanges comprising the closed box section (in.). be shall be adjusted to account for
presence of ducts as specified in Article 5.8.6.1. midas Civil uses bv.
AASHTO LRFD14
Tu ! 0.25ITcr (1.49) (5.8.2.1)
(Eq. 5.8.2.1-3)
Where,
At: area of one leg of closed transverse torsion reinforcement in solid menbers, or total area of
2
transverse torsion reinforcement in the exterior web of cellular members (in. ). Awt of Torsional
Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used.
s :Pitch of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used.
Θ: angle of crack as determined in accordance with provisions of Article 5.8.3.4 with the
modifications to the expressions for v and Vu herein (degrees). The same equation, which was used for
the shear check, will be used:
Where,
At : Awt of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used.
s : Pitch of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used.
The reinforcement data used for the torsion check are as follows:
Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Torsional
Reinforcement
2 2
Mu 0.5 Nu §V · § 0.45 phTu · AASHTO LRFD14
Aps f ps As f y t cot T ¨ u Vp 0.5Vs ¸ ¨ ¸ (5.8.3.6.3)
I dv I © I ¹ © 2 AoI ¹ (Eq. 5.8.3.6.3-1)
(1.54)
Where,
dv: refer to 2.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
The Code suggests that the reinforcement for resisting torsion is limited to the
following equation for box sections:
Tn ph AASHTO LRFD14
Al (1.55) (5.8.3.6.3)
2 Ao f y (Eq. 5.8.3.6.3-2)
midas Civil incorporates the above equation to check the longitudinal torsional
reinforcement. The Alt of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used. Alt is
only for resisting warping torsion and is used only for box sections.
(Tu / I ) ph
Alt t (1.56) AASHTO LRFD14
2 Ao f y (5.8.6.4)
(Eq. 5.8.6.4-3)
Where,
bv: refer to 1.1.2.1 Effective web width
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Segmental Box Girders)
be : effective thickness of the shear flow path of the elements making up the space truss model
resisting torsion calculated in accordance with Article 5.8.6.3 (in). midas Civil uses bv.
midas Civil calculates the maximum combined stress using the equation below.
Vu Tu
d 0.474 f c' (1.58)
bv dv 2 Aobe
32 Design Guide for midas Civil
3.6.2 by Excel Report
Detail verification results can be checked in MS Excel report as shown in the figure below.
Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Calculation…
AASHTO LRFD14
(5.9.4.1.2)
Other Than
Without bbonded
ondd reinforcement and
a bonded Ə ta
a
= 0.0948f'ci 0.2
Joint
Reinforcementnt stress
reinforcement
reinf ment oor bond
bonded
stre s > 0.5fy Ə ta
a = 0.0
vG
tend
tendon
Ə = 0.0
Segment
ta
a
Non Joint
With bonded
tendon
nded re
reinforcement or bonded
nded
stress 0kksi
si)) Ə
If reinforcementnt st > min(0.5fy, 30ksi) ta
a = 0.0
vG Ə ta
a = 0.0
As shown in Fig.2.2, if elements 1, 2 and 3 are assigned as one segment, i-end of element 1
and j-end of element 3 become the joints and the rest become the non-joints. AASHTO LRFD14
(C 5.9.1.4)
Bonded reinforcement
It is assumed that the tensile reinforcement or the tendon defined as Bond Type in Fig.1. 7
are bonded reinforcement.
Based on the aforementioned, if tensile reinforcement or bonded tendon is present in the
tension zone, it is assumed that bonded reinforcement exists.
Stage Additional
Steps
Activation
36 Design Guide for midas Civil
Additional Step>age:
Define the specific days for the analysis steps within the construction stage.
Within a construction stage where the model and boundary conditions remain unchanged,
changes in load application timing or additional loads may be incorporated through
additional steps.
Activation>Group List>age:
Select relevant element groups, which are applicable to the current stage, in the Group List
and activate the selected groups by moving them to Activation Group List. Specify the Age of
the selected element groups.
The age entered here will be used to reflect the effects of creep and shrinkage that took
place prior to the current construction stage. The age of the element, which is casted at the
start of the current construction stage, is zero. The age typically represents the time span
from the time of concrete casting to the time of removal of formwork during which the
concrete is considered as a structural element, that is to say the curing period of concrete.
Based on the inputs shown in Fig.2.4, midas Civil takes the following days for the
construction stage analysis:
The duration of the construction stage CS1 is 30 days, the duration of the additional step
within CS1 is 15 days, and the Activation age is 5 days.
The actual duration of CS1 is 35 days (Stage Duration + Activation age).
The compressive strength of concrete is computed at 5 days, 20 days and 35 days for CS1.
If the next stage CS2 is defined with the duration of 20 days, CS2 starts at 35 days and ends AASHTO LRFD14
at 55 days. (5.7.2.2)
The development of concrete compressive strength with days is defined in the dialog
below.
Development of Strength:
Define the function to compute the compressive strength of concrete during the
construction stages. Define a function by selecting ACI, CEB-FIP or Structural Concrete
Design Code, or directly define the values.
The compressive strength of concrete is computed by reflecting the variation of the modulus
of elasticity with concrete ages.
For CS1 the compressive strengths of concrete are computed at 5 days, 20 days and 35 days,
and they are compared to the corresponding stresses.
1.4 Check the stress results for cross section at a construction stage
1.4.1 by Result Tables
The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
Design>PSC Design >PSC Design Result Tables>Check stress for cross section
at a construction stage…
Girder/Slab : The girder of the composite section is indicated as Girder(composite); the slab of the
composite section is indicated as Slab(composite); the non-composite PSC section is indicated as
Girder(PSC).
38 Design Guide for midas Civil
1.4.2 by Excel Report
Verification results can be checked in MS Excel report as shown in the figure below.
Design>PSC Design >PSC Design Calculation…
The Code suggests that the stresses in PSC structures after losses shall be checked for the AASHTO LRFD14
(5.9.4.2.1)
followings:
(5.9.4.2.2)
Check compressive stress: for the load combinations of Service Limit state 1
Check tensile stress: for the load combinations of Service Limit state 3
In midas Civil, the Load Cases to check compressive stress and tensile stress after losses can
be selected via the dialog box shown in Fig.2.9.
The Load Cases in Service Limit1 will be used to check compressive stress, and the Load
Cases in Service Limit3 will be used to check tensile stress.
40 Design Guide for midas Civil
2.1 Allowable stress of concrete
(1) Allowable compressive stress of concrete AASHTO LRFD14
(5.9.4.2.1)
midas Civil calculates the allowable tensile stress of concrete using Fig.2.11, as stated in the
table below:
Without
W bo
bonded
nded
d reinforcement
r and bonded Ə ta
a = 0.0
Other Than Precompressed Tensile Zone Ə ta
a = 0.0
With bonded
nded reinforcement
re or bonded If reinforcement
nt stre
stress min(0.5fy, 30ksi) , Ə ta
a = 0.19*SQRT(f'c)
tendon
st > min(0.5fy, 30ksi)
stress
tend
Non Joint If reinforcement
nt Ə ta
a = 0.0
vG Ə = 0.0
ta
a
Corrosion Condition
The data for Corrosion Condition can be entered in the dialog box below:
The input parameters and the corresponding terms defined in the Code are listed in the
table below:
42 Design Guide for midas Civil
[Table1.5] corrosion condition
Input parameter Term of the Code
Severe Severe
Moderate/Mild Not worse
V c d V ca , V t d V ta (1.62)
2.3 Check the stress results for cross section at service loads
2.3.1 by Result Tables
The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check stress for cross section at service
loads…
Girder/Slab : The output is presented separately for the Composite Section as the Girder(composite)
and Slab(Composite).
**The stress result is output separately for the Girder/Slab with the addition of the Composite Section
Design.
AASHTO LRFD14
(5.9.3)
44 Design Guide for midas Civil
Tendon Type can be specified from the Design parameters dialog.
PSC> Design Parameter> Parameters…
In the graph above the stress at the beginning represents the stress in tendon at anchorage
after immediate losses (FDL1), and the largest stress in the graph represents the maximum
stress in tendon elsewhere along length of member away from anchorages immediately
after anchor set (FDL2).
46 Design Guide for midas Civil
[Fig.1.46] Excel Report for tensile stress for prestressing tendons
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
V ps
1ª
V x V z r V x V z 2 4W s W t W p 2 º» (1.64)
2 «¬ ¼
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
Results>Result Tables>Beam>Stress(PSC)…
V ps d V ta
(1.65)
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
V ps
1ª
V x V z r V x V z 2 4W s W t W p 2 º» (1.67)
2 «¬ ¼
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
V ps d V ta
(1.68)
Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables > Result table for principal stress at service
loads(excluding torsional shear stress)…
[Fig.1.50] Result table for principal stress at service loads (excluding torsional shear stress)
[Fig.1.51] Excel report for principal stress at service loads (excluding torsional shear stress)
50 Design Guide for midas Civil
6. Principal stress at service loads
Find the maximum principal tensile stress among the stress check points 1~10 of the cross-
section at service loads and compare it to the allowable stress. Here both shear and torsion
will be reflected in the stress calculation. In other words, maximum principal tensile stress ≤
allowable stress.
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
V ps
1ª
V x V z r V x V z 2 4W s W t W p 2 º»
2 «¬ ¼ (1.70)
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
V ps d V ta
(1.71)
7. Check crack
The limit state for crack can be checked by comparing the applied spacing of tensile
reinforcement with the maximum spacing of reinforcement.
In accordance with AASHTO-LRFD, the crack limit shall be checked for the “mild steel
reinforcement”. The applied spacing of tensile reinforcement shall be compared to the
computed maximum spacing of reinforcement.
In other words, applied spacing of reinforcement ≤ maximum spacing of reinforcement
dc
Es 1 (1.73)
0.7(h dc )
dc: thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of the flexural
reinforcement located closest thereto (in.)
fss: tensile stress in steel reinforcement at service limit state (ksi)
fss is computed according to the following steps:
1) Compute the concrete stress (fcs) at the location of tensile reinforcement using
52 Design Guide for midas Civil
the extreme fiber tension stress and the extreme fiber compression stress.
2) Compute the strain of concrete (εcs=fcs/Ec) with regard to fcs.
3) Compute fss (fss = Es εcs).
γe :exposure factor
1.00 for Class 1 exposure condition
0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition
Exposure condition can be entered in the PSC Design parameters dialog.
Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Spacing of
reinforcements
When the positive moment is checked, the spacing of bottom reinforcements will be used.
When the negative moment is checked, the spacing of top reinforcements will be used.
If the compressive stress is applied at the design check location, the crack check is omitted.
For the Composite Section, the deck crack is ignored. Therefore, the crack check at the slab
top of the composite section is not provided in midas Civil.
**Degree of Continuity at Various Limit States(5.14.1.4.5)
54 Design Guide for midas Civil
Chapter 2.
Steel Composite
Girder Design
AASHTO LRFD 6th (2012)
ŚĂƉƚĞƌϮ͘
Steel Composite Girder Design ;^,dK>Z&ϭϮͿ
^ƚĞĞůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞŐŝƌĚĞƌƐŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽƐĂƟƐĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐůŝŵŝƚƐƚĂƚĞƐ͘
ŚĞĐŬ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞ
ŚĞĐŬ&ĂƟŐƵĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞ
Check Constructability
ŚĞĐŬ>ŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů^ƟīĞŶĞƌ
Chapter 2. Steel Composite Girder Design : AASHTO-LRFD 4thand6th (2007 & 2012)
Introduction
1. AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 Steel Composite
1.1 Check List of AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12Steel Composite
For AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 Steel Composite Design, Limit State Design is applied. The criteria
that Steel Composite Section must follow for Limit State Design is as follows.
(4) Constructibility
Review on shear and flexure occurring from load combinations during construction stages
Compact Type
(4) Compact Type : Compact / Noncompact / Slender
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.2)
Type Description
A composite section in positive flexure, which satisfies specific steel
grade, web slenderness, and ductility requirements, is capable of
Compact
developing a nominal resistance exceeding the moment at first yield,
but not to exceed the plastic moment.
A composite section in positive flexure for which the nominal
Noncompact
resistance is not permitted to exceed the moment at first yield.
Cross-Section of a Compression member composed of plate
Slender components of sufficient slenderness such that local buckling in the
elastic range will occur.
Type Description
In order to find and portray the Steel Composite Section Design Process within the program,
utilize the Construction Stage function.
▪ Modular ratio is the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete. The short-term
modular ratio "n" is used for transient loads in the program. Long-term modular ratio "3n" is used
for permanent loads acting after composite action. For normal-weight concrete, AASHTO-LRFD 07
and 12 recommend the values of the short-term modular ratio.
1) Web Proportions
[Table 2.5] Web Proportions
Case Condition
WEB
D
Web with longitudinal stiffener d 150 For I section
AASHTO LRFD 12
tw (6.10.2.1.1-1)
(6.10.2.1.2-1)
D
Web without longitudinal stiffener d 300
tw For Box/Tub Section
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.11.2.1.2-1)
(6.11.2.1.3-1)
2) Flange Proportions
[Table 2.6] Flange Proportions
Section Type
Where,
Iyc : moment of inertia of the compression flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in the
plane of the web
Iyt : moment of inertia of the tension flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in the plane
of the web
3 3
t fc b fc t ft b ft
I yc , I yt (2.1)
12 12
min( F yc , F yt ) d 70 . 0 ksi No
d / t w d 150 :Curved Bridge
D cp Es
2 d 3 . 76 No
tw F yc
Yes
End
[Fig.2.2] Section Classification of Negative Positive Moment
Where,
ܦ : depth of the web in compression at the plastic moment determined as per Article D6.3.2
Where,
ܦ : Distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at the
plastic moment
ܦ௧ : Total depth of the composite section
ୡ ୵ ୲ െ ୱ െ ୰୲ െ ୰ୠ
ഥ
ൌ ൬ ൰ ͳ൨
ʹ ୡ
In Top Pt Pw Pc
ǥ
flange t Ps Prb Prt § Pc · 2
M ¨¨ ¸¸[Y (t Y ) 2 ]
© 2t c ¹
[ Ps d s Prt d rt Prb d rb Pw d w Pt d t ]
ୡ ୵ ୲ െ ୰୲ െ ୰ୠ
Pt Pw Pc ഥ
ൌ ሺ ୱ ሻ ൨
ୱ
Concrete §c ·
Ǧ Deck, t ¨¨ rb ¸¸ Ps Prb Prt §Y 2P ·
Below Prb © ts ¹ M ¨ s ¸
¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
[ Prt d rt Prb d rb Pc d c Pw d w Pt d t ]
Y C rb
Pt Pw Pc Prb
Concrete
ǧ Deck, §c ·
at Prb
t ¨¨ rb ¸¸ Ps Prt § Y 2P ·
© ts ¹ M ¨ s ¸ [ Prt d rt Pc d c Pw d w Pt d t ]
¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
ª P Pw Pt Prt Prb º
Y (t s ) « c »
Concrete Pt Pw Pc Prb ¬ Ps ¼
Ǩ
Deck, §c · § Y 2P ·
Above Prb t ¨ rt ¸ Ps Prt ¨ ¸
¨t ¸ M s
Below Prt © s ¹ ¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
[ Prt d rt Prb d rb Pc d c Pw d w Pt d t ]
Y C rt
Pt Pw Pc Prb Prt
Concrete
ǩ Deck, §c ·
at Prt
t ¨¨ rt ¸¸ Ps § Y 2P ·
© ts ¹ M ¨ s ¸ [ Prb d rb Pc d c Pw d w Pt dt ]
¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
ªP P P P P º
Y (t s ) « rb c w t rt »
Pt Pw Pc Prb Prt ¬ Ps ¼
Concrete
Ǫ Deck, §c · § Y 2P ·
Above Prt
¨¨ rt ¸¸ Ps ¨ s ¸
M
© ts ¹ ¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
[ Prt drt Prbdrb Pc dc Pwd w Pt dt ]
Where,
M D1 M D 2 M M_ytop
Fy AD (2.5) AASHTO LRFD 12
S Bot S Bot (3n ) S Bot ( n ) (Eq. D6.2.2-2)
M yBot M D1 M D 2 M AD
Where,
: Non-composite section modulus
ଷ୬ : Long-term composite section modulus
୬ : Short-term composite section modulus
ୈଵ : Moment of non-composite section
ୈଶ : Moment of long-term composite section
ୈ : Additional yield moment of short-term composite section
2) Flange proportions
[Table 2.9] Flange Proportions
Section Type : I / Box / Tub
bf
d 12.0
2t f
D
bf t
6
t f t 1.1t w
I yc
0.1 d d 10
I yt
୲ ୵ ୡ െ ୰୲ െ ୰ୠ
ഥ
ൌ ൬ ൰ ͳ൨
ʹ ୲
In Top
ǥ Pc Pw Pt t Prb Prt
flange ୲ ଶ
୮ ൌ ഥ ሺ ୲ െ
ሾ ഥሻଶ ሿ
ʹ
ሾ୰୲ ୰୲ ୰ୠ ୰ୠ ୵ ୵ ୡ ୡ ሿ
Where,
ܲ௧ ൌ ܨ௬௧ ܣ௧ (by reinforcement)
ܲ ൌ ܨ௬ ܣ (by reinforcement)
ܲ ൌ ܨ௬ ܾ ݐ (by steel girder)
ܲ௪ ൌ ܨ௬௪ ݐܦ௪ (by steel girder)
ܲ௧ ൌ ܨ௬௧ ܾ௧ ݐ௧ (by steel girder)
My in Negative
(4) Yield Moment in Negative Moment (My) Moment
AASHTO LRFD 12
When Appendix A6 is used for negative flexure, My is calculated and utilized. My is calculated (D6.2.3)
as shown below in Equation 2.7.
My Min(M yTop , M yBot ) (2.7)
Where,
MyTop : Yield Moment of Top Flange
MyBot : Yield Moment of Bottom Flange
M D1 M D 2 M
Fy AD
S Bot S Bot ( R ) S Bot ( R )
(2.10)
M yBot M D1 M D 2 M AD (2.11)
Where,
ୖ : Long-term composite section modulus with longitudinal reinforcements
$POUFOUT &YQMBOBUJPO
Figure
2) Pitch (do)
Pitch refers to transverse stiffener spacing. At
[Fig.2.12] Stiffener Type Dialog Box the strength limit state, this can be used to
distinguish between stiffened and unstiffened
webs or calculate shear strength of the web.
Contents Explanation
where,
C = ratio of shear-buckling resistance to the shear
yield strength
Vp = plastic shear force.
(1) Category
Category defined by 75yr-(ADTT)SL equivalent to
Infinite Life (Table 6.6.1.2.3-2)
(2) Fu
Shear Resistance of Shear Connector
(2) (ADTT)SL
Number of trucks per day in a single-lane
averaged over the design life (3.6.1.4.2)
(ADTT)SL can be manually calculated as per
3.6.1.4.2-1.
(3) N
Number of stress range cycles per truck passage
Value can be taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2.
[Fig.2.25] Deck Overhang Loads Dialog Box The fl value is generated by combining the values
produced from the analysis and the value inputted
in this dialog box. If this feature is not used, fl value
only from the analysis results will be used. Lateral
bending moment due to uniformly distributed
lateral bracket force (Fl) is estimated as:
2
Fl Lb
Ml (c6.10.3.4-2)
12
where,
Ml : flange lateral bending moment due to the eccentric
loadings from the forming brackets
[Fig.2.26] Deck Overhand Bracket
Fl : uniformly distributed lateral force
Lb : unbraced length
Using the Auto Generation feature of the program, the load combinations regulated by the design code can be
automatically generated. Load factors are considered for each load combinations in this program. Load factors are
considered only within the program, and γp value can be designated by Auto Generation feature.
(1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations (1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations
Result > Combination > Load Combination > This feature automatically generates load
combinations under provision of AASHTO LRFD 12.
Composite Steel Girder Design > Auto Generation ...
1) Design Code
When load combinations are generated, they
strictly follow the design code selected by the
user.
ηi = ηD ηR ηI 0.95
ηi = 1/(ηD ηR ηI ) ≤ 1.0
Where,
ηD: a factor relating to ductility as per 1.3.3
ηR: a factor relating to redundancy as per 1.3.4
ηI: a factor relating to operational classification as per
1.3.5
If a user wishes to review limit states based on the load combinations defined manually, it can be done by
selecting the load combination of interest in Load Combination Type as in Section 1.4.2.
Contents Explanation
[Table 2.13] Modeling Construction Stage Cases for Steel Composite Design
Case Construction Stage Time Dependent Material(Creep / Shrinkage)
Case 1 Defined
Defined
Case 2 Not Defined (Apply modular ratio of 3n)
1.5.1 Member forces and stresses used in steel composite section design
(1) Member forces
For design of steel composite section, member forces per construction stage of steel composite section must be
calculated. The program considers two main factors for design and review of construction stage of steel
composite section.
▪Construction stages of steel composite section
▪Time dependent material properties of Concrete (Creep, Shrinkage and Compression Strength)
Member forces before the concrete deck is activated. Only steel section properties
Dead (Before)
are used.
Member forces occurring due to erection load cases defined by user with the time
Dead (After) dependent material properties (Creep & Shrinkage) of concrete Long term section
properties are used.
Member forces from the post-construction state and load cases not included in
Short Term
the above categories. Short term section properties are used.
(2) Stress
Bending stress (fbu) used for design of steel composite section is calculated as in equation 2.12.
M D1 M D 2 M AD
f bu (2.12)
S NC S LT S ST
Where,
Md1 : moment of non-composite section
Md2 : moment of long-term composite section
MAD : additional yield moment of short-term composite section
SNC : non-composite section modulus
SLT : long-term section modulus
SST : short-term section modulus
fbu : largest value of the flexural stress in the flanges at the section under consideration
On the other hand, lateral bending stress (fl) is calculated as in equation 2.13.
M uz M lat
fl d 0.6 Fyf (2.13)
Sl
Where,
fl : flange lateral bending stress
Sl: lateral section modulus of the flanges about z-axis
Muz : flexural moment about z-axis
Mlat : lateral bending moment in the flange calculated from the overhang loads
Fyf : specified minimum yield strength of a flange
1.5.2 Case 1
In Case 1, construction stages and time dependent material properties of concrete (Creep/Shrinkage) are defined.
Composite sections for Construction Stages function must be defined as well; otherwise, the sections shall be
excluded from design. If time dependent material property information is inputted as well as long-term modulus of
elasticity, long-term modulus of elasticity has higher priority in consideration of calculation.
Contents Explanation
Composite Section for Construction Stage Composite Section for Construction Stage
Load >Load Type> Construction Stage > Composite For definition of construction stage, information
in this window must be defined.
Section for C.S...
(1) Active Stage
Construction stage where steel composite
section should be activated is inserted.
3) Age column
Age information when each part is activated is
input. Information in this column has higher
priority over the age input during definition of
construction stage.
$POUFOUT &YQMBOBUJPO
1.5.3 Case 2
In Case 2, construction stages are defined without the time dependent material property (Creep/Shrinkage)
information. Long term effects are considered using the long term modular ratio entered in the Section Data dialog
box. Sections for different construction stages must be defined and differentiated using the Composite Section for
Construction Stage definition. Otherwise, they will not be considered for the design check.
1) Data Selection
Check the box corresponding to Section Stiffness Scale Factor. As explained earlier, Section Stiffness Scale
Factors are used for considering the long term section properties.
Application of AASHTO
LRFD 12
1. I Girder Section
1.1. Introduction
The program designs I-girder sections according to the orders in the flow chart below. This
chapter demonstrates how the AASHTO LRFD 12 is applied in the program.
Check Ductility
6.10.7.3
1.2.1 Ductility
Ductility shall be checked to prevent premature crushing of concrete. For the verification of a
web section that is under positive flexure, the ductility shall be verified as:
D p d 0.42 Dt (2.14)
Ductility
Where, AASHTO LRFD 12
Dp :distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at the plastic (Eq.6.10.7.3-1)
moment
Dt : total depth of the composite section
Compact
No Use Optional
Section? No
APPENDIX A6?
Yes Yes
End
1
Mu f l S xt d I f M n (2.15) Flexural Resistance
3 AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq. 6.10.7.1.1-1)
Where,
fl : Flange lateral bending stress
Mn : Nominal flexural resistance of the section.
Mu : Bending moment about the major-axis of the cross-section.
Ԅ : Resistance factor for flexure.
Case Mn
Mn
Dp d 0.1Dt Mn M p AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq. 6.10.7.1.2-1)
§ D ·
Otherwise Mn M p ¨¨1.07 0.7 p ¸¸ AASHTO LRFD 12
© Dt ¹ (Eq. 6.10.7.1.2-2)
Where,
3) Especially, the following requirement regarding the nominal flexural resistance must be
satisfied when " M n d 1.3Rh M y in Positive Flexure and Compact Sections" is checked at
Composite Steel Girder Design Parameters>Options for Strength Limit State. (Fig.2.41)
Nominal flexural
resistance
M n d 1.3Rh M y (2.16) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq. 6.10.7.1.2-3)
6.10.7.2.1-1, 6.10.7.2.2-1
End
[Fig.2.42] Case 2 : Flow chart of flexural resistance of Positive Flexure Moment in Noncompact Section
1) Compression flange
At the strength limit state, the compression flange shall satisfy the below criteria
regarding the flexure:
f bu d I f Fnc (2.17) Compression flange
AASHTO LRFD 12
Fnc Rb Rh Fyc (2.18) (Eq.6.10.7.2.1-1)
(Eq.6.10.7.2.2-1)
Where,
fbu : Flange stress calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending.
Fnc : Nominal flexural resistance of the compression flange.
Tension flange
The tension flange shall satisfy the below criteria regarding the flexure:
1
f bu f l d I f Fnt (2.19) Tension flange
3 AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.7.2.1-2)
Fnt Rh Fyt (2.20) (Eq.6.10.7.2.2-2)
Where,
fl: Flange lateral bending stress, ݂ ͲǤܨ௪
Fnt : Nominal flexural resistance of the tension flange.
Rb : Web load-shedding factor.
(3) Case 3: Negative flexural moment in composite section and noncomposite section
Where,
Fnc Min( Fnc( FLB ) , Fnc( LTB) ) (2.22)
Where,
୬ୡሺሻ : Local Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange
୬ୡሺሻ : Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange
in which:
ߣ : Slenderness ratio for the compression flange
ߣ : Limiting slenderness ratio for a noncompact flange
Rb : web load-shedding factor determined as specified in Article 6.10.1.10.2
Rh : hybrid factor determined as specified in Article 6.10.1.10.1
b fc
Of (2.23)
2t fc
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.2-3)
E
O pf 0.38 (2.24)
Fyc
AASHTO LRFD 12
E (Eq.6.10.8.2.2-4)
Orf 0.56 (2.25)
Fyr
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.2-5)
Fyr : compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
residual stress effects, but not including compression-flange lateral bending, taken as the
smaller of 0.7Fyc and Fyw, but not less than 0.5Fyc .
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where, (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-3)
Cb: Moment gradient modified
Lb : Unbraced length.
E (2.26)
L p 1.0rt
Fyc AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.3-4)
E
Lr Srt (2.27)
Fyr AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.3-5)
Cb RbS E 2
(2.28)
Fcr
( Lb / rt ) 2
AASHTO LRFD 12
1 Dc t w (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-8)
rt b fc / 12(1 ) (2.29)
3 b fc t fc AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.3-9)
Lr : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the onset of nominal yielding in either flange under uniform
bending with consideration of compression flange residual stress effect (in).
ୡ୰ : Elastic lateral torsional buckling stress.
rt : effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
Fyr : compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
Dc : depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as per D6.3.1
fmid : Stress without consideration of lateral bending at the middle of the unbraced length of the
flange under consideration, calculated from the moment envelope value that produces the largest
compression at this point, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression
Calculate
Yes 2 D cp No
d O pw ( D cp ) Web plastification Factor
: Compact web tw : Noncompact web
Mp ª § R h M yc ·§ O w O pw ( Dc ) ·º M p Mp
R pc R pc «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸» d
M yc «¬ © Mp ¸¨ O O ¸ » M yc M
¹© rw pw ( Dc ) ¹¼ yc
Mp ª § R h M yt ·§ O w O pw ( Dc ) ·º M p Mp
R pt R pt «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸» d
M yt
«¬ © Mp ¸¨ O O ¸ » M yt M yc
¹© rw pw ( Dc ) ¹¼
Discretely Braced
Compression Flange?
No
Yes :continuously
braced
Local Buckling Resistance
O f d ORf No
: Noncompact flange
Mu d I f RpcM yc
No Built-up
:Rolled section Section?
Yes Mu d I f RptM yt
Yes kc 4 / D / tw
: Compact flange kc 0.76
0.35d kc d 0.76
ª § Fyr S xc ·§ O f Opf ·º
M nc( FLB) Rpc M yc M nc( FLB) «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸» RpcM yc
«¬ © RpcM yc ¸¹¨© Orf Opf ¸¹»¼
Yes Lb d L p No L p Lb d L r No
Yes
End
If Appendix A6 is applied at the strength limit state, the following four requirements
regarding flexure shall be satisfied. The design verification is done for the compression
and tension flanges.
Where,
Ԅ : Resistance factor for flexure.
fl : Flange lateral bending stress, ݂ ͲǤܨ௬
Mnc : Nominal flexural resistance based on the compression flange.
Mu : Bending moment about the major-axis of the cross-section.
Myc : Yield moment with respect to the compression flange.
Mnt : Nominal flexural resistance based on the tension flange.
Myt : Yield moment with respect to the tension flange.
Sxc : Elastic section modulus about the major axis of the section to the compression flange taken as
Myc/Fyc
Rpc : Web plastification factor for the compression flange.
Rpt : Web plastification factor for the tension flange.
in which:
Mp: Plastic moment
Dc : Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as per D6.3.1.
Dcp : Depth of the web in compression in the plastic moment.
My : Yield moment taken as the smaller of Myc and Myt.
Mnc(LTB)
¤ Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance (M nc(LTB)) AASHTO LRFD 12
(A6.3.3)
The lateral torsional buckling resistance is calculated as shown in the following table:
AASHTO LRFD 12
ª § Fyr S xc ·§ Lb L p ·º (A6.3.3-2)
L p Lb d Lr M nc( LTB) C b «1 ¨1 ¸¨ ¸» R pc M yc d R pc M yc
«¬ ¨© R pc M yc ¸¹¨© Lr L p ¸¹»¼ AASHTO LRFD 12
(A6.3.3-3)
Lb ! Lr M nc( LTB) Fcr S sc d R pc M yc
Where,
Lp : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal flexure resistance RpcMyc under uniform
bending
Lp
Lp 1.0rt
E (2.38) AASHTO LRFD 12
Fyc (A6.3.3-4)
Lr : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal onset of yielding in either flange under
uniform bending with consideration of compression flange residual stress effects
E J § Fyr S xc h ·
2 Lr
Lr 1.95rt 1 1 6.76¨¨ ¸¸ (2.39) AASHTO LRFD 12
Fyr S xc h © E J ¹ (A6.3.3-5)
▪ Cb: moment gradient modifier, is divided into two cases and calculated according to
either A6.3.3-6 or A6.3.3.3-7 of AASHTO LRFD 12. For the detailed calculations, please
refer to the section "3.2 Strength Limit State > (1) Flexural Resistance > Case 3".
Where,
ܨ௬ : compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
residual stress effects, but not including compression-flange lateral bending, taken as the smaller
of 0.7ܨ௬ , ܴ ܨ௬௧ , ܵ௫௧ /ܵ௫ and ܨ௬௪ , but not less than 0.5 ܨ௬ .
h : Depth between the centerline of the flanges.
ܯௗ : Major-axis bending moment at the middle of the unbraced length, calculated from the
moment envelop value that produces the largest compression at this point in the flange under
consideration, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression. ܯௗ shall be due to
the factored loads and shall be taken as positive when it causes compression and negative when it
causes tension in the flange under consideration.
ܯ : moment at the brace point opposite to the one corresponding to ܯଶ , calculated from the
moment envelope value that produces the largest compression at this point in the flange under
consideration, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression(kip-in). M0 shall be
due to the factored loads and shall be taken as positive when it causes compression and negative
when it cause tension in the flange under consideration.
ܯଶ : Except as noted below, largest major-axis bending moment st either end of the unbraced
length causing comrpession int the flange under consideration, calculated from the ciritical
moment envelop value. ܯଶ shall be taken as positive. If the moment is zero or cause tension in
the flange under consideration at both ends if the unbraced length, ܯଶ shall be taken as zero.
ܯ௬ : Yield moment with respect to the compression flange.
ܯ௬௧ : Yield moment with respect to the tension flange.
Stiffened
No Yes
web?
Calculate V n Calculate V n
2Dtw
Vn V cr CV p Vn V cr CV p b t bfttft
fc fc
d 2.5
Vp 0 . 58 F yw Dt w Vp 0 . 58 F yw Dt w No Yes
6.10.9.2-1 6.10.9.3.3-1
6.10.9.2-2 6.10.9.3.3-2
Calculate V n Calculate V n
ª º ª º
« » « »
« 0 . 87 (1 C ) » « 0 . 87 (1 C ) »
Vn V p «C » Vn V p «C
2 »
2
« § d0 · d0 » « §d ·
1 ¨ ¸ 1 ¨ 0 ¸ »»
¬« © D ¹ D ¼» «
¬ © D ¹ ¼
6.10.9.3.2-8 6.10.9.3.2-2
Check V n
Vu d IV V n
6.10.9.1-1
End
The program distinguishes Unstiffened and Stiffened webs according to the following
criteria:
1) Unstiffened Webs
The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened webs shall be taken as:
Unstiffened Webs
(2.46) AASHTO LRFD 12
Vn Vcr CV p
(6.10.9.2)
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.47)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq. 6.10.9.2-1)
Where, (Eq. 6.10.9.2-2)
ୡ୰ : Shear -buckling resistance
୮ : plastic shear force
C : Ratio of shear-buckling resistance to shear yield strength
£ End panels
The nominal shear resistance, Vn, of a web end panel shall be taken as:
Vn Vcr CV p (2.49)
End panels
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw AASHTO LRFD 12
(2.50) (6.10.9.3.3)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-1)
(Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-2)
¤ Interior web panels
There are two cases of an interior web panel as shown in the following table:
Interior web panel
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.9.3.2)
[Table 2.25] Calculation of Vn and Vp of Interior web panel
Case Vn , V p
ª º
« »
« 0.87(1 C ) »
Vn V p «C
2 Dtw 2 »
d 2.5 « § do · »
1 ¨ ¸
(b fct fc b ft t ft ) «¬ © D ¹ »¼ AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.2-2)
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw
ª º
« »
« 0.87(1 C ) »
Vn V p «C »
2
« §d · d »
Otherwise 1 ¨ o ¸ o
« ©D¹ »
¬ D ¼ AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.2-8)
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw
Where,
݀ : Transverse stiffener spacing
ܸ : Nominal shear resistance of the panel
¥ User's option
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 101
Users need to specify that the web is stiffened by checking the check box at:
User's option
Composite Steel Girder Design Parameters >Options for Strength Limit State AASHTO LRFD 12
>'Post-buckling Tension - Field Action for Shear Resistance (6.10.9.3.2)'. Depending (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-2)
on the user's verification, the calculation will differ as shown in the following table:
[Table 2.26] User's option: Post-buckling Tension-field Action for Shear Resistance
Check Vn , V p
ª º AASHTO LRFD 12
« »
« 0.87(1 C ) » (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-8)
Vn V p «C
2 Dtw 2 »
d 2.5 « §d ·
1 ¨ o ¸ »
(b fct fc b ft t ft ) «¬ © D ¹ »¼
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw
On
ª º
« »
« 0.87(1 C ) »
Vn V p «C
2 »
Otherwise « § do · »
1 ¨ ¸
«¬ © D ¹ »¼
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw
Vn Vcr CV p
Off Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw
At the completion stage of the construction, the program applies Service II load combination,
specified in AASHTO LRFD 12 Article 6.10.4.2, and reviews the permanent deformation.
Therefore, the permanent deformation is reviewed only for the composite section since the
section cannot be non-composite in the completed state. But, the software can assume the
concrete deck in the composite section to be ineffective as per 6.10.4.2.1, which states that the
concrete deck may be assumed to be ineffective for both positive and negative flexure, provided
that the maximum tensile stresses in concrete deck at the section under consideration caused by
Service II loads are greater than 2fr. Software performs this check and determines whether to
consider the concrete deck to be effective or not.
The service limit state is reviewed as shown in the flow chart follows:
f f d 0 .95 R h F yf
6.10.4.2.2-1
D
Positive Flexure and d 150 ?
tw
No
End
1.3.1 Flexure
Flange shall satisfy the following requirements at the service limit state for the top and
bottom flanges of the composite sections:
The bottom steel flange of composite section shall satisfy the following requirement.
fl
ff d 0.95Rh Fyf (2.52)
2 Bottom Flange
Where, AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.4.2.2-2)
݂ : Flange stress at the section under consideration due to the Service II loads calculated without
consideration of flange lateral bending
݂ : Flange lateral bending stress at the section under consideration due to the Service II loads
determined, ݂ ͲǤܨ௪
݂௬ :specified minimum yield strength of a flange
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 103
use the service limit state shall be verified according to:
f c d Fcrw (2.53)
Nominal Bend-
Where, buckling Resistance
݂ : Compression-flange stress at the section under consideration due to the Service II loads calculated AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.4.2.2-4)
without consideration of flange lateral bending
Fcrw : Nominal bending-buckling resistance for webs with or without longitudinal stiffeners
0.9 Ek (2.54)
Fcrw 2
d Min ( Rh Fyc , Fyw / 0.7)
§D·
¨¨ ¸¸
© tw ¹ Fcrw
Where, AASHTO LRFD 12
k : bend- buckling coefficient (Eq.6.10.1.9.1-1)
9 (2.55)
k
( Dc / D) 2
k
AASHTO LRFD 12
1.3.3 Concrete Deck (Eq.6.10.1.9.1-2)
The program verifies the stress of the concrete deck for shored construction cases in positive
flexure as per Article 6.10.1.7.
f deck d Mf r (2.56)
Where,
fdeck : longitudinal flexure stresses in the concrete deck with short-term modular ratio,n
Φfr : Φ shall be taken as 0.9 and fr shall be taken as the modulus of rupture of the concrete, 0.24 ČfĜc as
per Article 6.10.1.7
Check Contructibility
6.10.3
The constructibility is checked based on the design member forces under Dead (Before).
1.4.1 Flexure
The program shall verify lateral bending stress in discretely braced compression and tension
flanges during the construction stages, for when slabs are not deflected yet. Therefore, the
program considers all flanges as discretely braced flanges for the design check. Constructibility
is verified in terms of flexural resistance according to the following flow chart:
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 105
nominal yielding
f f f l d I f Rh Fyc (2.57) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.3.2.1-1)
Check local buckling and lateral torsional buckling as per Article 6.10.8.2.2 and Article
6.10.8.2.3 respectively
1 flexural resistance
f f f l d I f Fnc (2.58) AASHTO LRFD 12
3 (Eq.6.10.3.2.1-2)
Check web bend buckling as per Article 6.10.1.9
Only for the sections with slender webs, the following equation shall be checked.
web bend buckling
f bu d I f Fcrw (2.59) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.3.2.1-3)
Where,
ϕf: resistance factor for flexure specified in 6.5.4.2
ୠ୳ : flange stress calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending.
݂ : flange lateral bending stress, ݂ ͲǤܨ௪
݂௪ : nominal bending-buckling resistance for webs.
ܨ : nominal flexure resistance of the flange.
The total tensile force in the concrete deck is transmitted from the deck through the shear
connectors to the top flange. Software assumes the shear connectors to be sufficiently
present at this location to resist the force and prevent potential crushing of concrete.
Software doesn’t calculate the length over which this force must be transmitted. Shear
connector pitch calculations are as per Fatigue and Strength Limit State only.
Fdeck d If r (2.61)
Where,
fr 0.24 f 'c modulus of rupture of the normal-weight concrete
ϕ : 0.9
Fdeck: Longitudinal tensile stress in the concrete deck
My
Fdeck (2.62) AASHTO LRFD 12
In (Eq. 6.10.1.1.1d)
Where,
݊ = Es /Ec
The program checks the nominal resistance for unstiffened webs and stiffened webs with the
same formula as the tension field action is not considered for Constructibility check.
(1) Unstiffened/Stiffened web
1) The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened/stiffened webs shall be taken as: Unstiffened/
Vn Vcr CV p (2.64) Stiffened web
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.65) (Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-1)
(Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-2)
For considering the fatigue live load as specified in code, user will have to define a user defined
vehicle and then manually edit the auto generated load combinations, so that the fatigue moving
vehicle is the only vehicle considered for fatigue check and is only included in fatigue
combination.
For fatigue limit state, software assumes the shear connector to be provided along the entire
length of the girder, ensuring composite action. Therefore, the concrete deck is assumed to be
effective in computing all stresses and stress ranges applied to the composite section in the
subsequent fatigue calculations.
The program verifies the load combinations defined in the Load Combination Type. If users
define '(ADTT)SL 75 year (ADDTT)SL' Equivalent to Infinite Life, the verification shall
consider the Fatigue II Load Combination. Otherwise, this combination of fatigue limit state
shall be skipped and Fatigue I Load Combination shall be considered for verification.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 107
[Fig.2.50] Flow chart of Fatigue Limit Stage
(1) The fatigue limit state shall be verified according to the following.
Fatigue Limit State
J ('f ) d ('F )n (2.68) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.6.1.2.2-1)
Where,
ࢽ : Load factor for the fatigue load combination.
ሺઢሻ : Force effect, live load stress range due to the passage of the fatigue load.
ሺઢ۴ሻ ܖ: Nominal fatigue resistance.
(2) The load factor, , specified in the table below, shall be applied for the fatigue load
combination. These factors are automatically considered by the software, while auto
generating the load combinations.
Nominal fatigue
('F ) n ('F )TH (2.69)
resistance
AASHTO LRFD 12
The program shall apply the nominal fatigue resistance according to Categories A, B, B', C, (Eq.6.6.1.2.5-1)
C', D, E, and E', specified in the table below. For all other cases, the nominal fatigue
resistance shall be considered as 24.0 ksi (165.0 MPa).
(2) Nominal Fatigue Resistance due to the Load Combinations for Fatigue II Limit State
If Fatigue Resistance is verified for Fatigue Load Combination 2, the below equation shall be
used. For the verification, the program uses the design parameter values inputted by users
in the Fatigue dialog box (Fig.2.22).
1
§ A ·3 Fatigue ้
('F )n ¨ ¸ (2.70) AASHTO LRFD 12
©N¹ (Eq.6.6.1.2.5-2)
N (365)(75)n( ADTT ) SL AASHTO LRFD 12
(2.71) (Eq.6.6.1.2.5-3)
Where,
A : Constant taken from Table 2.30
n : Number of stress range cycles per truck passage taken from Table 2.31
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 109
[Table 2.31] Cycles per Truck Passage, n Cycles per
Truck Passage
Span Length AASHTO LRFD 12
Longitudinal Members (Table. 6.6.1.2.5-2)
>40.0 ft 40.0 ft
Simple span Girders 1.0 2.0
Continuous Near interior support 1.5 2.0
Girders Elsewhere 1.0 2.0
Cantilever Girders 5.0
Orthotropic Deck plate Connections
5.0
Subjected to Wheel Load Cycling
Trusses 1.0
Spacing
Transverse Members > 20.0 ft 20.0 ft
1.0 2.0
The n value inputted in the Fatigue Parameter dialog box (Fig.2.22) according to Table 2.31 is
used for the calculation.
Where,
(ADTT)SL : ADTT for single lane
for Webs
1.5.4 Special Fatigue Requirement for Webs AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.5.3)
The fatigue limit state shall be verified in terms of shear buckling resistance as:
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vu d Vcr (2.72) (Eq.6.10.5.3-1)
Where,
Vu : shear in the web at the section under consideration due to the unfactored permanent loads plus the
factored fatigue load
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vcr CV p (2.73) (Eq.6.10.9.3.3-1)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.3-2)
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.74)
2.1 Introduction
Design of Box/Tub steel composite sections follow the same procedure as for I-Girders.
Check Ductility
6.10.7.3
2.2.1 Ductility
Ductility shall be checked to prevent premature crushing of concrete. If a section is under
positive flexure, ductility shall be verified as:
Ductility
DP d 0.42 Dt (2.75) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.7.3-1)
2.2.2 Flexure
(1) Classification of Composite Section for Flexure
There are four cases for checking flexural resistance of Box/Tub composite sections as
shown below.
Straight Compression
Bridge? flange?
Yes No
:Curved
Bridge
Yes No
Compact :Tension
No ΗΝΒΟΘΖ
Section?
Yes
End
The webs that are under positive flexure and satisfy the following requirements shall be
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 111
considered as compact sections. Otherwise, they shall be considered as non-compact sections
for the positive flexure design check. Sections of a curved bridge are considered to be non-
compact.
▪ Flange and web yield strength do not exceed 70 ksi (485 MPa) AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.11.6.2.2)
▪Web satisfies the requirements in Article 6.11.2.1 as shown below.
Webs without longitudinal stiffeners: D/tw 150
Webs with longitudinal stiffeners: D/tw 300
▪ Web slenderness limit satisfies the requirements in Article 6.11.6.2.2-1
2Dcp/tw ≤ 3.76√(E/Fyc)
The classification of the section under negative flexure, as compact /noncompact /slender is not
required for the design checks.
Yes Dp d 0.1Dt No
Calculate Mn Calculate Mn
§ D ·
Mn M p ¨¨1.07 0.7 p ¸¸ Mn Mp
© Dt ¹ Case 1
6.10.7.1.2-2 6.10.7.1.2-1 AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.11.7.1)
Check Flexural Resistance
Mu d I f M n
6.10.7.1.1-1
End
[Fig.2.53] Case 1 : Flow Chart of Flexural resistance for Compact Section in Positive Flexure Moment
For compact sections, flexure at the strength limit state shall be verified as:
Where,
1) Bending moment about the major-axis( Mu)
Mu is the bending moment about the major axis due to the factored loads. The maximum
bending moment from the load combinations, applied to Strength Limit State in the Load
Combination Type (Refer to Chapter "Modeling Design Variable" Section 1.4.2) is applied
as Mu.
If a section is under positive flexure, plastic moment is calculated for the location of the
plastic neutral axis. For more information, please refer to Chapter "Introduction" Section
3.2.
Flexural resistance
3) If factor
AASHTO LRFD 12
Flexural resistance factor are taken as 1.00 in AASHTO LRFD 12. However, if the factor is (6.5.4.2)
defined by users in the design parameter dialog box, the user defined value is utilized as a
priority.
Case 2
AASHTO LRFD 12
(3) Case 2 : Non-compact Section in Positive Moment (6.11.7.2)
For non-compact sections, flexural strength limit state is verified as shown in the flow chart
follows. Webs of a curved bridge is considered to be non-compact sections.
Compression
Yes
flange? No
:Tension flange
Tub Section? No
Yes
:Box Section
End
[Fig.2.54] Case 2 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Non-compact Section in Positive Flexure
Moment
1) Compression Flange
At the strength limit state, compression flanges shall satisfy the following in terms of Compression Flange
flexure. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.7.2.1-1)
f bu d I f Fnc (2.77)
The nominal flexural resistance of the compression flange, Fnc, is taken differently for box
and tub sections as:
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 113
[Table 2.33] Calculation of Fnc Fnc
AASHTO LRFD 12
Section Type Fnc (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-2)
∆ and fv
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where, (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-3)
2 (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-4)
§ f · T (2.78)
' 1 3¨ v ¸ fv
¨F ¸ in which : 2 Aot fc
© yc ¹
Δ : a factor dependent on St. Venant torsional shear stress in the bottom flange od the tub section.
Rb : Web load shedding factor
D Ek
d 0.95
tw Fyc
2 Dc
d Orw
tw AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.1.10.2-3)
§ awc ·§ 2 DC ·
Otherwise, Rb 1 ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ Orw ¸¸ d 1.0
© 1200 300awc ¹© tw ¹
Rh : Hybrid Factor
Hybrid Factor, Rh
[Table 2.35] Calculation of Rh AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.1.10.1)
Case Rh
12 E (3U U 3 ) 2 Dntw
Hybrid Section Rh E
12 2E in which: Afn
Non-Hybrid or
1.0
Web strength > flange strength
For both box and tub type composite sections, the nominal flexure resistance of tension
flange, Fnt shall be calculated as:
Fnt Rh Fyt ' (2.80) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.7.2.1-5)
Where,
2 AASHTO LRFD 12
§ f · T (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-6)
' 1 3¨ v ¸ fv (2.81)
¨F ¸ 2 Ao t ft (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-7)
© yt ¹ in which :
ଶ
ೡ
If ͳ െ ͵ ൬ ൰ ൏ Ͳ, consider οൌ Ͳ so that ܨ௧ ൌ Ͳ
ி
Compression No
Yes
flange? :Tension flange
No No
Yes Stiffened web? Tub Section? :Closed-Box
:Unstiffened Web Yes Section
Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance
Of Longitudinal of Unsiffened Flange of Tension Flange of Tension Flange
Stiffened Flange of Tub Section Closed-box
[Fig.2.55] Case 3 & Case 4 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Negative Flexural Moment
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 115
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.1.1-1)
[Fig.2.56] Case 3 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Compression Flange in Negative Flexure
The program shall distinguish unstiffened and longitudinally stiffened elements depending
on whether the longitudinal stiffener is applied on the compression flanges in the section
property dialog box. At the strength limit state, the following requirement shall be satisfied
in terms of flexure: Unstiffened Flange
AASHTO LRFD 12
1) Unstiffened Flange
For unstiffened flanges, the following requirement shall be satisfied:
b fc Ek Ek
Of , Op 0.57 and Or 0.95 (2.84) AASHTO LRFD 12
t fc Fyc ' Fyr (Eq.6.11.8.2.2-8)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-9)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-10)
For unstiffened flanges, ݇ ൌ ͶǤͲ and ݇௦ ൌ ͷǤ͵Ͷ.
2
§ f · T
' 1 3¨ v ¸ fv
¨F ¸ 2 Ao t fc
© yc ¹ in which : AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-11)
(2.85)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-12)
Fyr : smaller of the compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding, with consideration of
residual stress effects, or the specified minimum yield strength of the web
Ek s Fcv
O f d 1.12 Fcv 0.85Fyc
Fyc AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-5)
Ek s Ek s 0.65 Fyc Ek s
1.12 O f d 1.40 Fcv
Fyc Fyc Of AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-6)
Ek s 0.9 Ek s
1.40 Of Fcv
Fyc Of 2 AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-7)
2
§ f · Fnc
Fnc Fcb 1 ¨¨ v ¸¸ (2.87) AASHTO LRFD 12
© Iv Fcv ¹ (Eq.6.11.8.2.2-1)
For longitudinally stiffened compression flanges, ݇ and ݇௦ are determined depending on
the number and location of stiffeners applied to the flanges.
①Plate-Buckling Coefficient for Uniform Normal Stress(k)
Depending on the number of uniformly spaced stiffeners, ݇ shall be taken as:
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 117
[Table 2.38] Calculation of k
Case n 1 nt2
1 1 K
§ 8I s · 3 § 0.894 I s · 3 AASHTO LRFD 12
k k ¨ 3 ¸ k ¨ 3
¸ (Eq.6.11.8.2.3-1)
© wt fc ¹ © wt fc ¹ (Eq.6.11.8.2.3-2)
1.0 d k d 4.0
[Fig.2.57] Definition of w
Tub Section ?
End
[Fig.2.58] Case 4 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Tension Flange in Negative Moment
2.2.3 Shear
Box and tube type steel composite sections shall be verified for its shear strength as shown in
the flow chart:
End
The program classifies stiffened and unstiffened webs as shown in the table below:
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 119
(1) Shear Strength Verification
Shear strength shall be verified as shown in the flow chart:
Stiffened
No Yes
web?
Calculate V n Calculate V n
2Dtw
Vn V cr CV p Vn V cr CV p b t bfttft
fc fc
d 2.5
Vp 0 . 58 F yw Dt w Vp 0 . 58 F yw Dt w No Yes
6.10.9.2-1 6.10.9.3.3-1
6.10.9.2-2 6.10.9.3.3-2
Calculate V n Calculate V n
ª º ª º
« » « »
« 0 . 87 (1 C ) » « 0 . 87 (1 C ) »
Vn V p «C » Vn V p «C
2 »
« § d · d0 » « §d ·
2
»
1 ¨ 0 ¸ 1 ¨ 0 ¸
«¬ © D ¹ D »¼ « »
¬ © D ¹ ¼
6.10.9.3.2-8 6.10.9.3.2-2
Check V n
Vu d IV V n
6.10.9.1-1
End
1) Unstiffened web
For unstiffened webs, the nominal shear resistance (Vn) shall be taken as: Unstiffened web
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.2-1)
Vn Vcr CVp (2.91)
in which: AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.2-2)
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.92)
Where,
C : ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength
Vp : plastic shear force
② Interior panels
For interior panels, the nominal shear resistance shall be taken as:
Where,
[Table 2.42] Calculation of Ratio of the shear buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C
C
Case C AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.2-4)
D Ek
d 1.12 C 1.0
tw Fyw
AASHTO LRFD 12
1.12 Ek (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-5)
Ek D Ek C
1.12 d 1.40 D Fyw
Fyw t w Fyw
tw
AASHTO LRFD 12
1.57 §¨ Ek ·
¸ (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-6)
Ek D C 2 ¨
¸
1.40 § D · © Fyw ¹
Fyw t w ¨¨ ¸¸
© tw ¹
Where, k
AASHTO LRFD 12
k: shear-buckling coefficient
(Eq.6.10.9.3.2-7)
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 121
(2.95)
5
k 5 2
§ do ·
¨ ¸
©D¹
Vu
Vui (2.96)
cos T
f f d 0 .95 R h F yf
Top steel flange
6.10.1.2.2-1
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.4.2.2-1)
Check Bottom flange of Composite Section
fl
f f d 0 . 95 R h F yf
2
6.10.4.2.2-2
f c d Fcrw
6.10.4.2.2-4
Bend-buckling
AASHTO LRFD 12
End (Eq.6.10.4.2.2-4)
Fcrw
AASHTO LRFD 12
2.3.1. Flexure (Eq.6.10.1.9.1-1)
Flexure shall be verified at top and bottom flanges. As per Article C6.11.4, Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-1 and
6.10.4.2.2-2 are checked only for compact sections in positive flexure. Thus in midas Civil,
these equations are not checked for negative flexure and noncompact sections in positive
flexure. k
AASHTO LRFD 12
(1) Verification of Top steel flange of composite sections for flexure (Eq.6.10.1.9.1-2)
Serviceability of top steel flanges shall be verified by comparing the stress as:
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 123
2.3.2. Web Bend Buckling
Except for sections in positive flexure in which the web satisfies the requirement of Article
6.11.2.1.2, all sections shall satisfy Eq.6.10.4.2.2-4 shown below.
Check Constructibility
6.11.3
Compression No
Yes
flange? :Tension ΗΝΒΟΘΖ
No
Tub Section? :Closed-Box
Yes
Section
Check Flange stress Check Flange stress Check Flange stress Comp. Box Flange
of Tub Section in Compression of Closed-Box in Compression of Closed-Box in Tension AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.3.2-1)
6.10.3.2.1 6.11.3.2-1~2 6.11.3.2-3~5
(Eq.6.11.3.2-2)
End
[Fig.2.63] Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Constructibility Limit State Tension Box Flange
AASHTO LRFD 12
(1) Open Flange (top flange of tub section) in Compression and Tension (Eq.6.11.3.2-3)
(2) Noncomposite box flange (top flange of box section and bottom flange of tub or box
section) in Compression and Tension ( for constructability check, the top flange of box
section is designed as a noncomposite box flange)
2) Noncomposite box flange in tension and continuously braced box flange in tension or
compression shall satisfy the following requirement:
2.4.2 Shear
For the verification of constructibility, shear shall be verified to prevent shear buckling at webs
according to the following requirement. The program shall distinguish end panel and interior
panel for the verification of shear-buckling resistance.
Vu d IvVcr (2.108)
Where,
Vcr CVp in which: Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.109)
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 125
Fatigue Limit State
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.6.1.2.2-1)
[Fig.2.64] Flow Chart of Fatigue Limit State for Flexure
The verification of fatigue resistance shall follow Section 2.5.3(1) for the load combinations of
Fatigue 1 Limit State in Load Combination Type (Chapter "Modeling Design Variables" Section
1.4.2) and Section 2.5.3(2) for the load combinations of Fatigue 2 Limit State. However, if
'(ADTT)SL≤ 75year (ADTT)SL' is inputted, Fatigue II Load Combination is verified. Otherwise, the
verification needs not to be done.
For consideration of these distorsion stresses in the software, Longitudinal Warping Stress
Range input is required in the fatigue parameters dialog box. (Fig.2.21)
Within the program, categories of Nominal Fatigue Resistance, such as A, B, B', C, C', D, E,
and E' are applied as shown in [Table2.29].
(2) The Nominal Fatigue Resistance of Fatigue II Limit State due to load combinations
If fatigue review is performed with consideration to fatigue load combination 2, the
following equation is used to calculate the resistance value of fatigue.
1
§ A ·3
('F ) n ¨ ¸ in which: N (365)(75)n( ADTT ) SL (2.112)
Section Proportion
©N¹ AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.10.1.1)
Where,
A : Constant taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-1
n : Number of stress range cycles per truck passage taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2 Pitch
(ADTT)SL : ADTT for single lane AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.1.2-1)
The value of the Detail Category Constant (A) and 75-yr (ADTT)SL Equivalent to Infinite Life
(n, truck per day) are each respectively applied in [Table2.30] and [Table2.31]. If, the n value
is entered into the Fatigue Parameter, this value will be applied first.
Center-to-Center
2.5.4 Special Fatigue Requirement for Webs Pitch
The program will perform the review of the fatigue due to the shear buckling of the web. AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.10.1.2)
Ffar
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.1.2-4)
3. Shear Connector (Eq.6.10.10.1.2-5)
When the shear connector is defined in the steel composite sections, the review of the shear
connectors is performed. The shear connector performs review of Pitch, Transverse spacing, Cover
and Penetration, Fatigue, Special Requirement for point, and strength limit state.
3.2 Pitch
The pitch is reviewed using the below equation.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 127
nZ r
pd (2.116)
Vsr
Where,
Zr : shear fatigue resistance of an individual shear connector determined as per Article 6.10.10.2
n : number of shear connector in a cross section
Vsr : horizontal fatigue shear range per unit length
Also, the program checks if ൈ ܵ ݎ݁ݐ݁݉ܽ݅ܦ݀ݑݐand ʹͶ݄݅݊ܿ݁ ݏare satisfied as well k
as Equation 2.116. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.3-1)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.3-2)
Vsr V F
fat
2
fat
2
(2.117)
in which :
Vfat: longitudinal fatigue shear range per unit length
Vf Q
V fat (2.118)
I
Ffat : radial fatigue shear range per unit length taken as the largest of either
AbotV f lg l Frc
F fat1 or F fat 2
wR w
(2.119)
in which :
σflg: range of longitudinal fatigue stress in the bottom flange without consideration of flange lateral bending
Abot: area of the bottom flange
Frc : net range of cross-frame of diaphragm force at the top flange
l : distance between brace point
R : minimum girder radius within the panel
w : effective length of deck (in.) taken as 48.0 in., except at end supports where w may be taken as 24.0 in.
effective length of deck distance
Z r Dd 2
Calculate P
Where, AASHTO LRFD 12
75 year ( ADTT ) SL d 960 Case D (Eq.6.10.10.4.2-1)
Stud N 0 34.5
N !0 34.5 4.28 log N
Qr IscQn (2.121)
Where, Calculate P
AASHTO LRFD 12
Qn : nominal shear resistance of a single shear connector determined as in Article 6.10.10.4.3 (Eq.6.10.10.4.2-5)
ϕsc: resistance factor for shear connectors inputted by the user in Composite Steel Design Parameter
(Fig.2.17)
Where,
Pp : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck
P1n , P2n
Pp Max( P1 p , P2 p ) (2.123) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-7)
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-8)
in which :
P1 p 0.85 f s ' bs t s (2.124)
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 129
Fp : total radial force in the concrete deck
I t1 ! I t 2 (2.125) FT
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-9)
in which :
Lp : arc length between an end of the girder and an adjacent point of maximum positive live load plus
impact moment
Where,
Pt : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck between the point of maximum positive live load plus
Qn
impact moment and the centerline of an adjacent interior support AASHTO LRFD 12
PT Pp Pn (2.127)
(Eq.6.10.10.4.3-1)
in which :
Pn : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck over an interior support taken as:
Pn Min( P1n , P2n ) (2.128)
in which :
P1n Fyw Dtw Fyt b ft t ft Fyc b fc t fc (2.129)
Ft : total radial force in the concrete deck between the point of maximum positive live load plus impact
moment and the centerline of an adjacent interior support taken as:
Ln
FT PT (2.130)
R
in which :
Ln : arc length between the point of maximum positive live load plus impact moment and the centerline
of an adjacent interior support inputted by the user in shear connector dialog box (Fig.2.19)
Stiffeners
6.10.11
Where,
tp : thickness of the projecting stiffener element
bf :for I-sections, full width of the widest compression flange. for tub section, full width of the widest top
flange. For closed box section, the limit of bf/4 does not apply. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-3)
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-4)
[Table 2.47] Define bf according to Section Type
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-5)
Section Type bf
Full width of the widest compression flange with in the field section under
I
consideration
Tub Full width of the widest top flange within the field section under consideration
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.11.1.3)
1) Vu>Vn
I t t Min ( I t1 , I t 2 ) (2.131)
Where,
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 131
It : moment of inertia of transverse stiffener
[Table 2.48] Calculation of Moment of Inertia of the transverse stiffener for I girder section, It
Case It
b 3t AASHTO LRFD 12
Single-sided vertical stiffeners It tp
3 (Eq.6.10.11.1.3-9)
§ b 3t 2·
Double-sided vertical stiffeners It 2¨¨ t p bt t p 0.5bt 0.5tw ¸¸ AASHTO LRFD 12
© 12 ¹ (Eq.6.10.11.1.3-10)
3
It1 btw J
1.5
D 4 Ut § Fyw ·
1.3
It 2 ¨¨ ¸¸ (2.132)
40 © E ¹
2.5 AASHTO LRFD 12
J 2.0 t 0.5 (Eq.6.10.11.1.3-11)
( d o / D) 2
Where,
J : stiffener bending rigidity parameter
Ut Max( Fyw / Fcrs ,1.0) (2.133)
2) VuVn
[Table 2.49] Check for Transverse Stiffener when VuVn
I t1 ! I t 2 © IvVn IvVcr ¹
Otherwise It ! It 2
Otherwise It ! It 2
3) The following is calculated when the transverse and longitudinal stiffeners attach to the
web at the same time.
§ b ·§ D ·
I t ! ¨¨ t ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ I l (2.135)
© bl ¹© 3.0d o ¹ AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.3.3-1)
Where, (Eq.6.10.11.3.3-2)
bt : projecting width of the transverse stiffener
bl : projecting width of the longitudinal stiffener
f s d I f Rh Fys (2.136)
Where,
fs : the flexural stress in the longitudinal stiffener
Fys : specified minimum yield strength of the stiffener
β
(2) Projecting width AASHTO LRFD 12
The projecting width of the Longitudinal stiffener is limited as per the following equation. As (Eq.6.10.11.3.3-3)
per Article C6.11.11.2, for the structural tees, b l should be taken as one half the width of the
flange. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.3.3-4)
E
bl d 0.48ts (2.137)
Fys
Z
Where, AASHTO LRFD 12
ts: thickness of the stiffener (Eq.6.10.11.3.3-5)
Case E
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 133
2
0.95d o
Z d 10 (2.139)
Rt w
n 1 0.125k 3
n 2 1.120k 3
The calculation only considers the Fatigue 2 Based on the conditions, the calculation
Load Combination out of the user load considers the Fatigue 1 or 2 Load Combination.
combinations.
AASHTO LRFD07&12
(6.6.1.2.3)
Fatigue Resistance (ΔF)n Calculation Fatigue Resistance (ΔF)n Calculation (6.6.1.2.5)
Fatigue 1 Load Case Combination Is not used in When using the Fatigue 1 Load Case
the calculation. Combination, the value of ΔF)n Is calculated
as such:
The Fatigue resistance(Zr) of the stud type for The Fatigue resistance(Zr) of the stud type for
the Shear Connector is calculated as such: the Shear Connector is calculated as such: AASHTO LRFD07&12
38.0d 2 (6.10.10.2)
Zr Dd 2 t (in SI Unit) Z r Dd 2 (in US Unit)
2
D 238 29.5 log N ( in SI Unit) D 34.5 4.28 log N ( in US Unit)
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 135
5.3 Transverse Stiffener
In both standards, Transverse Stiffener is calculated differently
th th
AASHTO-LRFD 4 Edition (2007) AASHTO-LRFD 6 Edition (2012)
Calculation of the Stiffener bending rigidity Calculation of the Stiffener bending rigidity
parameter(J) parameter(J)
2
§ D · 2.5
J 2.5¨¨ ¸¸ 2.0 t 0.5 J 2.0 t 0.5
© do / D ¹ ( d o / D) 2
AASHTO LRFD07&12
(6.10.11.1.3)
When the Web post buckling or tension-field When the Web post buckling or tension-field
resistance is considered, the following is resistance is considered, the following is
calculated. calculated.
It ! It 2 (1) I t1 ! I t 2
1) Vn ! Vcr
§ V IvVvr ·
I t t I t1 ( I t 2 I t1 )¨¨ u ¸¸
© IvVn IvVcr ¹
2) Other conditions
It ! It 2
(2) I t1 d I t 2
It ! It 2
th th
AASHTO-LRFD 4 Edition (2007) AASHTO-LRFD 6 Edition (2012)
(1) Fnc (1) Fnc
kE 2
1) O f d R1 § f ·
Fyc Fnc I f Fcb 1 ¨¨ v ¸¸
Fnc Rb Rh Fyc '
© Iv Fcv ¹
AASHTO LRFD07&12
1) Fcb
(6.11.8.2.2)
£ O f d Op
kE kE
2) R1 O f d R2 Fcb Rb Rh Fyc '
Fyc Fyc
¤ O p O f d Or
Fcb Rb Rh Fyc u
ª § ' 0.2 ·§ O f O p ·º
ª ª § · º ½º Fcb Rb Rh Fyc «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸»
« °
b
« ¨ R2 fc
F fc
¸ » °»
¬« © Rh ¸¹¨© Or O p ¸¹¼»
« § ·° ¨ ¸ » °»
¸®1 sin «« S ¨
Fyr t fc kE
«' ¨¨ ' ¸ ¸ » ¾» ¥ Or O f
« © R h F yc ¹° « ¨
2 R 2 R1 ¸ » °»
« ° « ¨ ¸ » °» 0.9 ERb k
¬« ¯ ¬ © ¹¼ ¿¼» Fcb
Of 2
3) O f ! R2
kE
2) Fcv
Fyc
£ O f d 1.12
Ek s
2
0.9 ERb k Rb f v k
2
§ b fc · Fyc
Fnc ¨ ¸
§ b fc ·
2 2 ¨t ¸ Fcv 0.85Fyc
¨ ¸
0.9 Ek s © fc ¹
¨t ¸ ¤ 1.12 Ek s O d 1.40 Ek s
© fc ¹ f
Fyc Fyc
0.65 Fyc Ek s
Fcv
Where, Of
R1 : constant which when multiplied by ¥ 1.40 Ek s O
f
Fyc
kE / F yields the slenderness ratio equal to
yc
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 137
Chapter 2. Steel Composite Design : AASHTO-LRFD 4thand6th (2007/2012)
Based on the different search conditions, the result values which appear will vary, as shown
in the table below.
[Table 2.52] Result Case Table for Strength Limit State of Flexure
fle
Applied
xu Section Clause
My Mp Mu phiMn fbu phiFn Dp Dt
re
compact 6.10 & 6.11 O O O O - - O O
(+)
non-
6.10 & 6.11 - - - - O O O O
compact
- 6.10 & 6.11 - - - - O O - -
(-)
- Appendix A6 O O O O - - - -
1) Positive Flexure
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 139
2) Negative Flexure
1.2 Shear
(1) Result Table
As shown in the table below, the results can be checked in the result table.
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Strength Limit State (shear)…
Where,
Vu : shear due to the factored load
phiVn : nominal shear resistance multiplied by resistance factor, phi, for shear
bt_lim1 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, 2.0+(D/30), as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-1
bt_lim2 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, 16tp, as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-2
bt_lim3 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, bf/4, as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-2
bt : projected width of transverse stiffener as per Article 6.10.11.1.2
lt_lim : limiting moment of inertia of transverse stiffener as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.3-3&4
lt : Moment of Inertia of transverse stiffener as per Article 6.10.11.1.3
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Service Limit State…
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 141
(2) by Excel Report
The results can be viewed in an Excel Report as shown below.
3. Constructibility Result
3.1 Flexure
(1) by Result Table
The results can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Constructibility (flexure)...
Where,
fbuw : flange stress calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending
phifcrw : nominal bend-buckling resistance for webs
fbuc : compression-flange stress with consideration of flange lateral stress
phifc : limit of compression-flange stress
fbut : tension-flange stress with consideration of flange lateral stress
phift : limit of tension -flange stress
fdeck : longitudinal tensile stress in a composite section deck
phifr : limit of concrete deck tensile stress. fr shall be taken as the modulus of rupture as per the Article
6.10.1.7
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 143
2) Negative Flexure
3.2 Shear
(1) by Result Table
The results can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Constructibility (shear)...
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Fatigue Limit State...
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 145
(2) by Excel Report
The results can be viewed in an Excel Report as shown below.
6. Stiffener Result
(1) by Result Table
The results can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Longitudinal Stiffener...
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 147
(2) by Excel Report
The results can be viewed in an Excel Report as shown below.
7. Span Checking
(1) by Result Table
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Table...
Most critical member results in each span can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
The results of the span group defined by the span information can be checked here. The flexure
and shear results based on distance or node can be checked here. The current applied member
force or elasticity is marked in red while the strength or elasticity is marked in green.
8. Total Checking
(1) by Result Table
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Table...
Summary results for each member can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD4th and6th (2007/2012) 149
Chapter 3.
Steel Composite
Bridge Load Rating
AASHTO LRFD 2nd (2011)
Chapter 3.
^ƚĞĞůŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌŝĚŐĞ>ŽĂĚZĂƟŶŐ ;^,dK>Z&ZϭϭͿ
^ƚĞĞůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞďƌŝĚŐĞůŽĂĚƌĂƟŶŐŶĞĞĚƐƚŽƐĂƟƐĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐůŝŵŝƚƐƚĂƚĞƐ͘
>ŽĂĚZĂƟŶŐŽĨ
Steel Composite Bridge
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^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞ
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Chapter 3. Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating : AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011)
Introduction
1. AASHTO LRFR 2011 Bridge Load Rating
1.1 Definition of Load Rating
The NBIS (National Bridge Inspections Standards Regulation) regulations define load rating as
“The determination of the live load carrying capacity of a bridge using as-built bridge plans and
supplemented by information gathered from the latest field inspection.”
Load ratings are expressed as a rating factor (RF) or as a tonnage for a particular vehicle.
Emphasis in load rating is on the live-load capacity and dictates the approach of determining
rating factors instead of the design approach of satisfying limit states.
In most cases, a lower target reliability than design has been chosen for load rating at the
strength limit states to rating is done on a more selective basis than is prescribed for design
in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
154 Design Guide for Midas Civil
2. Load Rating Levels
The LRFR methodology consists of three distinct levels of evaluation:
(1) Design load rating
(2) Legal load rating
(3) Permit load rating
The result of each evaluation serve specific purpose and also inform the need for further
evaluations. The important factors of each load rating level are summarized as shown below.
(3) purpose
Design load rating can serve as a screening process to identify bridges that should be load
rated for legal loads.
Bridges the pass the design load check (RF1) at the Inventory level will have satisfactory
load rating for all legal loads that fall within the LRFD exclusion limits.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 155
structure for an indefinite period of time.
(3) purpose
Bridges that do not have sufficient capacity under the design-load rating shall be load rated
for legal loads to establish the need for load posting or strengthening.
(3) purpose
Permit load rating checks the safety and serviceability of bridges in the review of permit
application for the passage of vehicles above the legally established weight limitations.
156 Design Guide for Midas Civil
3. Process of Load Rating
Flow Chart
AASHTO LRFR 11
( APPENDIX A6A)
The process starts with a bridge first being rated at the Design Inventory level under HL- 93
load model. If the bridge is found to be satisfactory at this level of rating, it’s considered not to
require posting for “AASHTO legal loads and state legal loads within the LRFD exclusion limits”,
and hence the bridge can be evaluated directly for permit load vehicles.
However if the rating factor at the Design Inventory level is found to be less than 1.0, the
bridge must be evaluated under either the Design Operating level or the Legal load level.
At these levels of rating if the bridge is found to be satisfactory it is considered not to require
posting for “AASHTO legal loads and state legal loads having only minor variations form the
AASHTO legal loads”, and the bridge can be evaluated for permit load vehicles.
If, however, the bridge is found to be not satisfactory, load posting will be required for legal
loads and no permit analysis is allowed.
There is however the option for higher forms of evaluation, such as load testing of the bridge
or the use of finite element modeling, for when a bridge is found to be unsatisfactory at the
Legal load level and the engineer feels the bridge may not require posting.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 157
Chapter 3. Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating : AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011)
%QPVGPVU 'ZRNCPCVKQP
1.1.1 Rating Design Code 1.1.1 Rating Design Code
Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> Rating The program performs the load rating based on the
code selected in this dialog box.
Design Code ...
1.1.2 Steel Bridge Load Rating Parameters 1.1.2 Steel Bridge Load Rating Parameters
Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> Rating (1) The system factor is inputted according to the
Parameters ... System Factor, ߮௦ , provided in AASHTO LRFR
2011 (Table 3.6).
The system factor is multiplied to the flexural
strength (Mn) and shear strength (Vn) and,
therefore, applied to all elements.
158 Design Guide for Midas Civil
sections are considered as noncompact section; if
the Multiple Box Section option is selected, the
sections are considered as compact sections.
□ Consider St.Venant Torsion and Distortion Stress
If the Multiple Box Section option is selected,
lateral bending stress is considered in
accordance with St. Venant Torsion and
Distortion Stress. If the Single Box Section
option is selected, the lateral bending stress is
not considered.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 159
If this option is checked, the program checks the
Fatigue Limit State according to AASHTO LRFR 11
6A.6.4.
[Fig.3.5] Unbraced Length Dialog Box
(2) Fu
Shear Resistance of Shear Connector
160 Design Guide for Midas Civil
(2) (ADTT)SL
Number of trucks per day in a single-lane
averaged over the design life (3.6.1.4.2)
Value can be manually calculated as per 3.6.1.4.2-
1.
(3) n
Number of cycles per truck passage
Value can be taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 161
Bending Stress Range and Longitudinal Warping
Stress Range.
[Fig.3.8] Fatigue Parameters Dialog Box
1.1.6 Curved Bridge Information
1.1.6 Curved Bridge Information
ඖ Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> Curved
Once the girder radius value of the element units in
Bridge Info ...
the steel composite section is entered, the
corresponding elements are categorized as curved
bridges. The inputted girder radius is used for the
following equations.
162 Design Guide for Midas Civil
(2) Radius is used for the review of shear
[Table3.3] Convex and Concave connector's pitch and the moment of inertia of
Convex Concave area for the longitudinal stiffener attached to
web.
Where,
ߚ : Curvature correction factor for longitudinal
stiffener
ܼ : Curvature Parameter
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 163
K 1 K a K b (8.8.2.3.1-1)
where,
Ka : accounts for both the benefit derived from the load
test, if any, and consideration of the section factor (area,
section modulus, ect.) resisting the applied test load
Kb: accounts for the understanding of the load test
results when with those predicted by theory
[Fig.3.10] Diagnostic Test Result Dialog Box
%QPVGPVU 'ZRNCPCVKQP
1.2.1 Rating material 1.2.1 Rating material
Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> In this dialog box, the Material Properties can be
modified for the calculation of the structure
Rating material...
capacity.
164 Design Guide for Midas Civil
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 165
1.3 Settings for Load Rating
In this section, how to define which part of the structure the load rating is performed and factors and rating levels for
each part are explained.
%QPVGPVU 'ZRNCPCVKQP
1.3.1 Rating Group Setting 1.3.1 Rating Group Setting
Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> Rating The Bridge Rating Group Setting Dialog allows users
to apply Condition Factors per different groups
Group Setting...
defined already and i- and j-end check positions.
[Fig.3.13] Rating Group Setting Dialog Box [Fig.3.14] Structure Group Dialog Box
166 Design Guide for Midas Civil
1.3.2 Define Rating Case
Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> Define 1.3.2 Define Rating Case
In Define Rating Case Dialog, Load Factor is
Rating Case...
defined for each of the Service Limit State,
Strength Limit State and Fatigue Limit State.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 167
separately for the Primary Vehicle and Adjacent
Vehicle.
When is clicked, the
load combinations and corresponding Load
Factors are generated. When the load
combination is clicked, the load combination and
load factors are inputted in the Rating Case Dialog
Box.
168 Design Guide for Midas Civil
$POUFOUT ([SODQDWLRQ
Figure
Concrete
Apply None
Slab
[Fig.3.19] Longitudinal Reinforcement Dialog
Reinforce
None Applied
-ment
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 169
$POUFOUT ([SODQDWLRQ
1.4.2 Transverse Stiffener 1.4.2 Transverse Stiffener
Figure 3.20 shows the dialog box in which users can
Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> arrange transverse stiffeners in steel composite section.
Transverse Stiffener... When the transverse stiffeners are installed, the
existence and spacing between stiffeners determine
whether the web is stiffened or unstiffened under
strength limit state.
2) Pitch (do)
Pitch refers to the Transverse Stiffener spacing. At
the strength limit state, this can be used to
distinguish between stiffened and unstiffened webs
or calculate shear strength of the web.
170 Design Guide for Midas Civil
Chapter 3. Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating : AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011)
Application of AASHTO
LRFR 11 in midas Civil
1. Rating Factor Calculation
The Bridge Load Rating function of midas Civil calculates the Rating Factor (RF) at i/j nodes of
elements for the Rating Cases according to AASHTO LRFR 2011 standard and finds the minimum RF.
Rating load carrying papa city needs to be done at three different levels - Design Load Rating, Legal
Load Rating, and Permit Load Rating - according to the AASHTO LRFR 2011. Midas Civil Bridge Load
Rating calculates RF by using the equations (3.3) for Design Load Rating and Legal Load Rating for
the load cases defined in Define Load Case [fig.3.15].
The RF calculated in Midas Civil determines whether it is safe to carry the Primary Vehicle. If RF>1 it
is safe and the larger RF, the greater the load carrying capacity of the bridge.
Where,
RF : Rating factor
C : Capacity
Capacity, C, is calculated as shown in [Table 3.6] for the corresponding Limit State.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 171
IM : Dynamic load allowance
ߛ : LRFD load factor for structural components and attachments
ߛௐ : LRFD load factor for wearing surfaces and utilities
ߛ : LRFD load factor for permanent loads other than dead loads
ߛ : Evaluation live load factor
߮ : Condition factor
߮௦ : System factor
߮ : LRFD resistance factor
Rn : Nominal member resistance
[Fig.3.23] Flow Chart of Load Rating of Steel Composite Bridge in midas Civil
1.2.2 Calculation of RF
Midas Civil's PSC Bridge Load Rating function uses the below equation [3.2] upon the
request of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).
For the Steel Composite Load Rating, the equation [3.2] is modified to reflect the steel
composite bridge characteristics. The equation [3.3] reflects the member force for before
and after the concrete deck is activated and is used to calculate the RF value.
C (J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DCA J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV )
RF (3.3)
J PV PV
Where,
RF : Rating factor calculated by Midas Civil
C : Capacity
172 Design Guide for Midas Civil
The above factors may be explained in terms of the Define Rating Case dialog box as follows.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 173
The values input in the red-colored box are applied as the factors directed with the arrow.
[Fig.3.24] Define Rating Case dialog box where factors are inputted
[Fig.3.25] Limit State in Define Rating Case dialog box [Fig.3.26] Rating Level in Define Rating Case dialog box
The Load Rating is performed for the Limit State selected by user in the right picture above
and the Rating Level selected in the left picture. Therefore, user can create and check load
cases for maximum six different cases (3 Limit States x 2 Rating Levels = total 6 Cases).
The below figure presents which choices need to be selected in Define Rating Case dialog box
and their order in accordance with LRFR Load Rating flow chart.
174 Design Guide for Midas Civil
[Fig.3.27] Flow Chart of LRFR 11 and Define Rating Case dialog box
9ehicle loads can be defined at: Load > Load Type > Moving Load > Moving Load Analysis
Data > Vehicles. If AASHTO LRFD Load is selected for the Standard Name, the vehicle loads are
automatically inputted in accordance with LRFD.
The below figure shows the Define Standard Vehicular Load dialog box and the list of the
vehicular load type supported in midas Civil when AASHTO LRFD Load is selected as the
Standard.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 175
Poor 0.85
176 Design Guide for Midas Civil
when checking flexural and axial effect at the strength limit state of typical spans and
geometries.
The system factor needs to be inputted in the Steel Bridge Load Rating Parameters dialog box
[Fig.3.4] in midas Civil.
Structural Type Ms
System Factor
Welded Members in Two-Girder/Truss/Arch Bridges 0.85 AASHTO LRFR 11
(Table. 6A.4.2.4-1)
Riveted Members in Two-Girder/Truss/Arch Bridges 0.90
Multiple Eyebar Members in Truss Bridges 0.90
Three-Girder Bridges with Girder Spacing 6ft 0.85
Four-Girder Bridges with Girder Spacing 4ft 0.95
All Other Girder Bridges and Slab Bridges 1.00
Floorbeams with Spacing >12 ft and Noncontinuous Stringers 0.85
Redundant Stringer Subsystems between Floorbeams 1.00
A Constant value of ϕs =1.0 is to be applied when checking shear at the strength limit state.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 177
1.4 I and Box Section
In Load Rating, certain items need to be checked in accordance with AASHTO LRFD Design
Article; while some do not. Please refer to the below table for the applicability of each case.
[Table3.12] LRFD Design Articles applied per section type and review criteria
I Section Box Section
I and Box Section
Case
AASHTO LRFR 11
Straight Bridge Curved bridge Straight Bridge Curved bridge ( 6A.6.9.1~6A.6.9.5)
Flexural
6.10.6.2 6.11.6.2 and 6.11.1.1
resistance
Shear
6.10.9 6.10.9 and 6.11.9
resistance
Not considered
୪ 6.10.1.6 - -
in midas Civil
constructability No need to be considered fl
AASHTO LRFR 11
Fatigue
( 6A.6.4.2.2))
requirements No need to be considered
for webs
Composite sections are considered as unshored construction for the load rating in midas Civil
according to LRFR 2011 6A.6.9.2.
AASHTO LRFR 11 provides standards for box sections only but not tub sections. Therefore, the
load rating for tub sections is done in accordance with the box section standards.
2.1 General
Strength Limit State is reviewed for flexural strength and shear strength.
Strength Limit States
LRFR 11 6A.6.4.1 and 6A.4.2.1.
178 Design Guide for Midas Civil
2.2 Load Combination
Different load combinations are applied per load rating levels for the strength limit state check.
C (J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DCA J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV )
RF (3.4)
J PV PV
Where,
C :capacity,
(J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DC A J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV ) :
My from Load Case
(J PV )PV : My from Primary Vehicle(P.V)
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 179
C (J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DCA J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV )
RF (3.5)
J PV PV
Where,
C : V calculated by MIDAS-CIVIL depending on Code of AASHTO LRFD 2012
n
(J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DC A J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV )
: Vz from Load Case
(J PV )PV : Vz from Primary Vehicle(P.V)
3.1 General
The below LRFD Design Article is applied for the Service Limit State check in Load Rating.
C (J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DCA J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV )
RF (3.6)
J PV PV
Where,
C : Stress
(J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DC A J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV )
: Stress from Load Cases
(J PV )PV : Stress from Primary Vehicle(P.V)
180 Design Guide for Midas Civil
Case c
Composite Section C fR 0.95Fyf Capacity
Auto-Calculation AASHTO LRFR 11
Noncomposite Section C fR 0.8Rh Fyf (6A.6.4.2.2)
In Which,
Fyf : Yield Stress
(2) The Fatigue Limit state is only verified for the Design Load Rating level. Legal Load Rating and
Permit Load Rating levels are not verified for the Fatigue Limit State.
C (J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DCA J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV )
RF (3.7)
J PV PV
Where,
C: capacity
(J DCB )( DCB ) J DC A DC A J DW DW J T T J SEC SEC J P P J USER USER J AV ( AV )
: Stress from Load Case
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 181
(J PV )( PV )
:Stress from Primary Vehicle(P.V)
ሺοܨሻ ்ு is constant-amplitude fatigue threshold.
Please refer to [Table 3.20] for the LRFR Design Articles applied in each case.
End
Infinite Fatigue Life
AASHTO LRFR 11
182 Design Guide for Midas Civil
[Fig.3.30] Flow Chart of Fatigue Evaluation of Load-induced Fatigue damage (Eq.7.2.4-2)
In midas Civil, different ሺο ሻୌ , ୖ and values are applied per the Fatigue category
such as A, B, B', C, C', D, E, and E' inputted in the Fatigue parameters dialog [Fig.3.8].
ሺο ሻୌ is taken as 24.0 ksi (165.0 MPa) except the other cases defined in [Table 3.21].
For n, the n value user defined in the Fatigue Parameters dialog box shown in [Fig.3.8] is
used for the calculation.
A 250.0 82.0
A
AASHTO LRFD 12
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 183
B 120.0 39.3 (Table 6.6.1.2.5-1)
In midas Civil, the Fatigue Limit State is verified with the Calculating Estimated Stress Range
method.
Where
ܴ௦ : The stress-range estimate partial load factor. Unless otherwise specified,
ܴ௦ ൌ ܴ௦ ܴ௦௧
ܴ௦ : analysis partial load factor
ܴ௦௧ : truck-weight partail load factor Rs
ο݂ : Measured effective stress range; or 75% of the calculated stress range due to the passage of the AASHTO LRFR 11
fatigue truck as specified in LRFD Design Article 3.6.1.4, or a fatigue truck determined by a truck (Eq.7.2.2.1.1-1)
survey or weigh-in-motion study.
ߛ : Percaentage of cycles at a particular stress range
ο݂ : The particular stress range
184 Design Guide for Midas Civil
and truck weight estimated
through weigh-in-motion study
Stress range by refined analysis,
0.95 1.0 0.95
and truck weight per LRFD 3.6.1.4
Stress range by refined analysis,
and truck weight estimated 0.95 0.95 0.90
through weigh-in-motion study
Stress range by field-measured strains N/A N/A 0.85
For Mean Fatigue Life
All method N/A N/A 1.00
Where
ሺο݂ሻ௧௦ : Factored tensile portion of the stress range due to the passage of a fatigue truck
݂ௗௗିௗ௦௦ : Unfactored compressive stress at the detail due to dead load.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 185
Chapter 3. Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating : AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011)
Where,
Rating Case: Rating Case combination with the minimum RF
Component : Indicates the member type: compression/tension
Minimum Rating Factor: The minimum RF
Location: The Element number and its i/j nodes where the RF is calculated
Relative Location: The relative location from the starting point of the bridge (Refer to Span Information
dialog box)
Allowable Stress: C or allowable stress inputted by the user
Demand: Stress demand
Point : Design point at i/j nodes (e.g., Right Top, Right Bottom, Left Top, Left Bottom)
DC(Before) – Factor : Load Factor for Load Case-DC(Before)
DC(Before) – Stress from DC(Before)
DC(After) – Factor : Load Factor for Load Case-DC(After)
DC(After) – Stress from DC(After)
DW – Factor : Load Factor for Load Case-DW
DW – Stress : Stress from DW
Temperature – Factor : Load Factor for Load Case-Temperature
Temperature – Stress : Stress from Temperature
Permanent – Factor : Load Factor for Load Case- Permanent
Permanent – Stress :Stress from Permanent
Secondary – Factor : Load Factor for Load Case-Secondary
Secondary – Stress :Stress from Secondary
User Defined – Factor : Load Factor for Load Case-User Defined
User Defined – Stress : Stress from User Defined
186 Design Guide for Midas Civil
Pri. LL – Factor : Load Factor for Load Case-Primary live load
Pri. LL – Stress : Stress from Primary live load
Adj. LL – Factor : Load Factor from Load Case-Adjacent live load
Adj. LL – Stress : Stress from Adjacent live load
[Fig.3.32] Excel Report for Service Limit State Summary
Where,
Positive/Negative: Positive/Negative moment
LRFD Resistance Factor: Resistance Factor according to the standard selected for the Rating Design
Code
Demand, Mu: moment due to the factored loads
Capacity, phiMn: nominal flexural resistance of a section multiplied by phi of flexure
Demand, fbu: largest value of the compressive stress throughout the unbraced length in the flange under
condition, calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending
Capacity, phiFn: nominal flexure resistance of a flange
DC(Before) – Force : My from DC(Before)
DC(After) – Force: My from DC(After)
DW – Force: My from DW
Temperature – Force: My from Temperature
T.Gradient – Force: My from T.Gradient
Permanent – Force: My from Permanent
Secondary – Force: My from Secondary
User Defined – Force: My from User Defined
Pri. LL – Force: Pri. My from LL
Adj. LL – Force: My from Adj.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 187
[Fig.3.34] Excel Report for Strength Limit State Summary
Where,
Group : Name of Element Group defined by user
Elem. : Number of Element for which the Rating Factor is calculated
Part : i/j nodes and number of the elements used for design
System Factor: M s used to calculate RF of the element
Condition Factor: M c used to calculate RF of the element
Rating Factor : Rating Factor calculated according to equation (2.1)
Check : Whether the result is OK or NG (OK if RF>1)
[Fig.3.36] Excel Report for Flexure Strength Rating Factor
188 Design Guide for Midas Civil
[Fig.3.38] Excel Report for Flexure Strength Rating Factor
1.5. Steel Stress Rating Factor
The Service Limit State verification result can be viewed for the compressive and tensile stress
per elements and rating cases.
(1) by Result Table
The results may be reviewed in the MS Excel Report form as shown in [Fig.3.39].
Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design > Rating Design Result Tables > Steel Stress
Rating Factor…
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 189
[Fig.3.40] Excel Report for Steel Stress Rating Factor
[Fig.3.42] Excel Report for Fatigue Rating Factor
190 Design Guide for Midas Civil
2. Rating Detail Table
The Rating Detail Table presents the rating factor, capacity, basis of demand calculation, and the
amount of steel per load cases, elements and rating cases.
Where,
phiMn: nominal flexural resistance of a section multiplied by phi of flexure
phiFn: nominal flexure resistance of a flange
Areas–Rebar : Rebar Area
Areas–min :Minimum Rebar Area
Reinforcement Requirement–max: Maximum reinforcement requirement
DC(Before) – Force : My from DC(Before)
DC(After) – Force: My from DC(After)
DW – Force: My from DW
Temperature – Force: My from Temperature
T.Gradient – Force: My from T.Gradient
Permanent – Force: My from Permanent
Secondary – Force: My from Secondary
User Defined – Force: My from User Defined
Pri. LL – Force: My from Pri. LL
Adj. LL – Force: My from Adj. LL
[Fig.3.44] Excel Report for Flexure Strength Rating Detail
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 191
Where,
(delta F)n : Nominal Fatigue Limit State
DC(Before) – Force : Vz due to DC(Before)
DC(After) – Force: Vz due to DC(After)
DW – Force: DW߾ оଞ Vz
Temperature – Force: Vz due to Temperature
T.Gradient – Force: Vz due to T.Gradient
Permanent – Force: Vz due to Permanent
Secondary – Force: Vz due to Secondary
User Defined – Force: Vz due to User Defined
Pri. LL – Force: Vz due to Pri. LL
Adj. LL – Force: Vz due to Adj. LL
[Fig.3.46] Excel Report for Flexure Strength Rating Detail
2.3 Steel Stress Rating Detail
The Steel Stress can be reviewed for all load cases and stress types.
(1) by Result Table
The results may be reviewed in the Result Table as shown below.
Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design > Rating Design Result Tables > Steel Stress
Rating Detail …
192 Design Guide for Midas Civil
Where,
fc : bending stress on web plate
fcrw: bending stress limit on web plate
Rating Factor – Comp.: RF for the allowable compressive stress
Rating Factor – Tens: RF for the allowable tensile stress
Allowable Stress– Comp.: Allowable compressive stress user-defined
Allowable Stress– Tens.: Allowable tensile stress user-defined
DC(Before) -Left Top Stress : Stress at the Left Top due to the DC(Before) Load Cases
DC(Before) -Right Top Stress : Stress at the Right Top due to the DC(Before) Load Cases
DC(Before) -Right Bottom Stress: Stress at the Right Bottom due to the DC(Before)Load Case
DC(Before) -Left Bottom Stress: Stress at the Left Bottom due to the DC(Before) Load Case
ȄG DW, Temperature, Permanent, Secondary,…Adj. LL can be explained the same way as the above DC-
XXXXXX bolded.
[Fig.3.48] Excel Report for Steel Stress Rating Detail
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO LRFR 2011 193
Pri. LL – Stress: Stress due to Pri. LL
Adj. LL – Stress: Stress due to Adj. LL
[Fig.3.50] Excel Report for Fatigue Rating Detail
194 Design Guide for Midas Civil
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AASHTO LRFD