CITRIC ACID AND LEMON OIL FROM LEMON

[EIRI/EDPR/4032] J.C.: 2164XL

INTRODUCTION

Citric acid was first isolated from lemon juice and crystallised as a solid by
Scheele in 1784. It is found as natural constituent of citrus fruits, pine apples,
peaches, figs and other fruits and tissues. The citric acid extracted from these
products is known as a "natural citric acid" in contrast to "fermentation citric
acid" lemons, limes and pine apples are the principal sources of natural citric
acid, which is produced chiefly in Italy, especially Sicily and also in California,
Hawai and the West Indies.

It has made the United States self sufficient in respect to the citric acid supply
and greatly changes the commerce of the world in citric acid and calcium citrate.

Recent developments in the citric acid fermentation include the change from the
older established shallow pan method to a deep tank submerged method.

A group headed by S.M. Martin of the National Research laboratory of Canada has
been especially active in the development of the submerged production of citric
acid from ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses by Aspergillus Niger.

In Russia, Imshenetskiietal through the use of ultraviolet radiation obtained an A.

Niger mutant that produced 16-22% more citric acid than parent strain, which is
used in Commercial production of this product. The mutant strain produced 25-
30% less mycellium than the parents yet it consumed 26-51% more sucrose per
gram of dry mycellium. The yield of citric acid from the sugar consumed varied
from 57-74%.

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Lemon Essential Oil has a refreshing scent that is thought to stimulate the liver
and has a gentle, calming effect. Lemon oil is thought to promote clarity of mind
and purpose, as well as generally increasing one's well-being and physical energy.

The oil is produced from the outer peel of the lemon fruit through cold pressing.
Lemon is considered one of the lightest in aromatherapy, a nice bright 'top note'.

Lemon oil's aroma is warming, enhancing and invigorating, and studies have
shown it to have antidepressant effects. Lemon oil apparently has a significant
effect on one's ability to concentrate: During a university study in Japan, various
essential oils were diffused into an office. When Lemon Essential Oil was diffused,
54% fewer errors were made, with Jasmine Oil, 33% fewer errors, and with
Lavender Oil, 20% fewer. Diffusion of essential oils was found to increase test
scores by up to 50% when diffused into study and test-taking areas.

In addition to its uplifting and clarifying nature, emotionally, lemon oil is

considered an opener of the heart. It is said to alleviate fears of losing oneself,
bringing trust and security.

Lemon essential oil has been shown to eliminate many types of bacteria, and may
be the most effective oil for disinfecting a room using a diffuser. It is often used in
disinfecting blends. In many European countries, the oil is considered somewhat
of a 'cure all', particularly with infectious illness. Lemon Oil also serves well as an
insect repellent, alone or in blends.

Like Bergamot and grapefruit oils, the only caution noted is possible phototoxicity
- it may make skin to which it is applied more sensitive to sunlight.

Lemon essential oil information

Lemon essential oil is extracted from the Citrus lemon (also known as Citrus
Limon), of the Rutaceae family and is also known as cedro oil (which refers to
terpeneless oil).

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This clean smelling lemon essential oil is not only good for helping you make
decisions and to improve your concentration, but cuts down on acidity in the
body - thereby assisting the digestion, as well as with rheumatism, arthritis and
gout, while also sorting out cellulite, abscesses, boils, carbuncles and acne.

Lemon Oil by virtue of its wide field of application is a medicinal floavour, food
flavour, bakery products, carbonated soft drinks its demand is increasing at a
considerable pace.

It contains upto 50 % aldehydes mostly citral and is a rich source of vitamin-C,

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 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES
TABLE 1. DENSITIES OF AQUEOUS CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONS AT 15OCA
TABLE 2. FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION AND BOILING POINT ELEVATION
OF AQUEOUS CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONSA
TABLE 3. SOLUBILITY OF ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN WATERA
TABLE 4. SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AT 25OCA
TABLE 5. SOLUBILITY OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID IN
SOME ORGANIC SOLVENTS AT 25OCA,B
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PARTICLE SIZE SPECIFICATIONS:-
SHIPMENT AND STORAGE:-
USES AND APPLICATION OF CITRIC ACID
PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LEMON OIL
OIL PROPERTIES
ORIGIN OF LEMON OIL
EXTRACTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
PRECAUTIONS
THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES
USES AND APPLICATION OF LEMON OIL
USES
LEMON ESSENTIAL OIL
BOTANICAL
EXTRACTION
AROMA
AROMATIC
LEMON
DESCRIPTION
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
VARIETIES
CLIMATE
SOIL
PROPAGATION
CULTURE
YIELD
STORAGE

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PESTS AND DISEASES
FOOD USES
TOXICITY
OTHER USES
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
QUALITY TESTING OF CITRIC ACID
1. DETERMINATION OF CITRIC ACID CONTENT
2. DETERMINATION OF SULPHATED ASH
3. TEST FOR HEAVY METALS (AS PB)
STANDARD LEAD SOLUTION:-
OUTLINE OF THE METHOD
REAGENTS
PROCEDURE
MARKET OVERVIEW OF CITRIC ACID
CONSUMPTION OF CITRIC ACID
EXPORT OF CITRIC ACID
IMPORT OF CITRIC ACID
TOP FIVE EXPORT DESTINATION OF CITRIC ACID (2017-18)
TOP FIVE IMPORT DESTINATION OF CITRIC ACID (2017-18)
MARKET POSITION OF CITRUS OIL AND LEMON OIL
RAW MATERIALS
LEMON:-
COMPOSITION OF LEMON:-
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:-
PREPARATION OF CITRIC ACID FROM LEMON JUICE
USES
SAFETY
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PROCESS FLOW SHEET FOR CITRIC ACID FROM LEMON
METHOD OF EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL
STEAM AND HYDRO DISTILLATION
ABSOLUTES
CO2'S AND SCO2'S
COLD PRESSING
THE PROCESS
CLEANER PRODUCTION INITIATIVE
ADVANTAGES OF THE PROCESS
PROCESS FLOW SHEET OF LEMON OIL
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF JUICE EXTRACTION
TECHNICAL DATA:
PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS OR FABRICATORS
PLANT AND MACHINERY SUPPLIERS [GLOBAL]
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
LEMON

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CITRIC ACID CONSULTANTS

APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

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 COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity 1,28,197 MT/Day

Land & Building (8000 sq.mt.) Rs. 17 Lac
Plant & Machinery Rs. 10.50 Cr
Working Capital for 1 Month Rs. 5.43 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 20.54 Cr
Rate of Return 42%
Break Even Point 46%

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