1. What is IMS and explain its Call Flow.

Ans: Ims means ip multimedia system. It helps in having call is lte without doing cs fallback

2.how enb now which preamble has to send in rar.

3.

Group 1 and group 2 in ra request

Periodicity of sib 2
 What are video and audio codecs.

ODEC stands for “COder-DECoder,” but is also known as an enCOder-DECoder and COmpression-
DECompression system when used in video systems. Codec's are important as they compress the
voice/video data/packets so less bandwidth is required for the data to be transmitted. At the same
time it has to be borne in mind that the capacity to withstand errors decrease with higher
compression ratio and as a result it may be necessary to change the codecs during the voice/video
call. This calls for flexibility as in case of AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate) Codecs.

llowing codec are available for voice mobile services. Also to mention Enhanced Voice
Service (EVS) codec is the latest one that has been introduced in 3GPP release 12.

 Enhanced Full-Rate (EFR)

 AMR Narrowband (AMR-NB)
 AMR Wideband (AMR-WB)
 Extended AMR-WB (AMR-WB+)
 Enhanced Voice Service (EVS)

2. What are different Category of devices (CAT UE Devices)

3. 3GPP Release 8 defines five LTE user equipment categories depending on maximum
peak data rate and MIMO capabilities support. With 3GPP Release 10, which is referred
to as LTE Advanced, three new categories have been introduced, and four more with
3GPP Release 11.

Max. L1 Max. L1
User Max. number
datarate datarate
equipment of DL MIMO 3GPP Re
Downlink Uplink
Category layers
(Mbit/s) (Mbit/s)
NB1 0.68 1 1.0
Rel 13
M1 1.0 1 1.0
0 1.0 1 1.0 Rel 12
1 10.3 1 5.2
2 51.0 2 25.5
3 102.0 2 51.0 Rel 8
4 150.8 2 51.0
5 299.6 4 75.4
6 301.5 2 or 4 51.0 Rel 10
 Max. L1 Max. L1
User Max. number
datarate datarate
equipment of DL MIMO 3GPP Re
Downlink Uplink
Category layers
(Mbit/s) (Mbit/s)
7 301.5 2 or 4 102.0
8 2,998.6 8 1,497.8
9 452.2 2 or 4 51.0
10 452.2 2 or 4 102.0
Rel 11
11 603.0 2 or 4 51.0
12 603.0 2 or 4 102.0
13 391.7 2 or 4 150.8
14 3,917 8 9,585
Rel 12
15 750 2 or 4 226
16 979 2 or 4 n/a
17 25,065 8 n/a
18 1174 2 or 4 or 8 n/a Rel 13
19 1566 2 or 4 or 8 n/a
4. Note: Maximum datarates shown are for 20 MHz of channel bandwidth. Categories 6 and
above include datarates from combining multiple 20 MHz channels using Carrier
Aggregation. Maximum datarates will be lower if less bandwidth is utilized.

5. What is the bandwidth for WB AMR & NB AMR.

ompared to narrowband speech codecs (like AMR) optimized for traditional telephone
voice quality of 300-3400 Hz, the AMR-WB codec's wider bandwidth of 50-7000 Hz
provides excellent speech quality.

5. What is TDD LTE and FDD LTE.

6. What are the bands used in India for TDD LTE and FDD LTE

BAND 5 LTE FDD (850 Mhz), BAND 3 LTE FDD (1800 Mhz), BAND 40 LTE
TDD (2300 Mhz) and BAND 41 LTE TDD (2500 Mhz). Your best bet is to get a
smartphone that supports BAND 40 or BAND 3, as the majority of the telcos
operate under this BAND.

6. What is a Resource Block in LTE

Resource block is the smallest unit of resources that can be allocated to a user.
A resource block is 180 kz in frequency domain
7. Explain the difference between reference signal and synchronization signal.

Refrence signal are pilot signal they are present only at physical layer .refrence signal is used to
estimate channel bandwidth ome PILOTS are allocated in Down link like [CRS, CSI, MBSFN,
PRS (Positioning RS)] and for Up Link [Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS),
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)].

DL: CRS Cell-specific

Used for EVM Minimization and Equalizer Training, and can be used for synchronization.
used as the power level reference for the rest of the component carrier's channels.
 
DL: CSI Channel State Information
Used by the UE to estimate the channel and report channel quality information (CQI) to the
base station.
 
DL: MBSFN Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network
Used for equalization of PMCH transmissions.
 
UL: DMRS 
Used in UL transmission for channel estimation and for coherent demodulation.

Downlink reference symbols are inserted within the first and third last OFDM symbol of each slot with a
frequency domain spacing of six sub-carrier

9. What is Carrier Aggregation and its Advantages.

10. What is the function of LTE Broadcast Channel: PBCH

01. In power on which Layer activate 1st ?

Ans. The NAS layer activate 1st when our mobile is switch on (power
on).

Q02. What is the 1st job RRC Layer performed during power

on procedure?
Ans. When, our UE is switch on, our UE NAS layer trigger a message
to RRC layer to provide all the plmn list present in a geographical
area. After that RRC Layer start scanning of all plmn’s and make a
list and send it back to NAS layer. 

Q03. How Physical Layer Scan all Frequencies and pick-up 1

frequency?
Ans. When NAS layer select a plmn (available in plmn list), then it
trigger a message towards RRC layer, RRC layer forward this
message to Physical layer to searching best cell behalf of cell access
and cell selection parameters available in SIB1.

Q04. How UE select a Frequency?

Ans. Once UE physical layer select a cell frequency behalf of priority
(set by operators), after that UE will tries to guess middle frequency
called as DC_frequency.

Q05. What is cell selection and re-selection procedure in lte?

Ans. When our UE is switch off it stored previous cell information
eg: previous cell frequency, bandwidth info and TAC like that. So
when UE is switch on it will tries with previous info based cell
selection. But if it’s not present then it will find new cell which
information's are present in SIB1.
The Cell re-selection is based on parameters deviation so our UE try
to find a next strong cell. so the formula is to do cell re-selection is
Srxlev>0 and Squal>0
where
Srxlev=Qrxlevmeas-(Qrxlevmin+Qrxlevminoffset)-pcompensation
Squal=Qqualmeas-(Qqualmin+Qqualoffset).

Q06. How UE guess middle DC frequency of a Bandwidth?

Ans. When UE pick a frequecy according priority it tries to guess
bandwidth middle DC-frequecy. It happen in middle frequency the
power value become 0db. So our UE know that this is middle part of
bandwidth then applied Zadoff-chu angular varience formula.

Q07. How NAS layer select PLMN if no.’s of PLMN information

provided by RRC Layer?
Ans. When RRC layer provide PLMN list to NAS layer, UE NAS layer
applied security level parameters to, every PLMN present in a list.
These security information present in USIM so that a USIM belongs
to particular operators, it will select only that operator network
without any fail.

Q08. What is PSS, which sequence is using in PSS?

Ans. PSS stands for Primary Synchronization Signal.
PSS is generated by Zadoff-chu Angular Varience.

Q09. What kind of information PSS Carry?

Ans. It provide Sector id eg: 0,1, 2.

Q10. What is the location of PSS in Type-1 Frame structure?

Ans. PSS present in every Radio frame and Sub-frame no. 0 and 5
on 1st time slot (ts).

And last OFDM symbol either Normal Cyclic or Extended

Cyclic prefix16. How UE calculate PCI?

Ans. PCI = 3 * Ncellgroupid + Nsectorid
 PCI = 3 * SSS + PSS
 PCI = 3 * 167 + 3
 Total [504] PCI are available in LTE.

Q17. After Calculate PCI how UE validate PCI, is it correct or

not?
Ans. UE read Reference Signal for PCI validation and chennel
estimation.

Q18. What is the role of System Informations in Power on

procedure?
Ans. System Information (SI) carry MIB and SIB1 to SIB12
information. And these SI gathers lots of parameters info which is
usefull to UE.

Q19. What is the difference between MIB and SIB in LTE?

Ans. MIB is 24 bit length system information block called Master
Information Block carry:
 3-bit Bandwidth information
 3-bit Phich information
 8-bit SFN (system frame number)info.
 10-bit Reserved
 And periodicity of 40ms in LTE.
SIB carry
 Cell Access,
 Cell-reselection,
 Frequency band indicator,
 SIB2-to-SIB12 scheduling information and much more.
 SIB1 periodicity in LTE is 80ms and present in subframe no. 5

Q21. What is p-max in p-compensation?

Ans. The p-max is maximum RF output power of the UE, and its measure in
dBm (decibels milliwatt)

Q22. What do you mean by cell priority in lte?

Ans. When our UE is switch on and a operator have multiple RAT available
on a cell then our UE select a 1st frequeny based on priority. For eg TDD
have maximum priority than FDD
Priority RAT technology
7 TDD

6 FDD

5 UTRA

4 GERAN

Note** above table is a example, only for understanding. Operators sets

priority according their network radio conditions.

Q23. How many types of Priority available in lte?

Ans. In LTE there are total 8 [0-7]types of priorities define. Priority 0 is the
lowest and priority 7 is the highest. All priority information present in SIB3
as Cell reselection information elements. And specification no. Is 36.331
(3GPP TS of RRC Layer).

Q24. What is Suitable Cell and Acceptable Cell what is the difference
between them?
Ans. When a UE is switch on it tries to camp on in a normal service, or a cell
provide normal services to every UE is called suitable cell.
Acceptable cell's are restricted for normal services but allow emergency
calls.

Q25. What is Barred Cell and Blacklisted Cell and difference between
them ?
Ans. Barred cell services are barred for normal class users like AC 0-9. But
are available for user who have AC 10-15. for eg AC-15 is for PLMN users
only. In another term its called a user who have class 15 sim-card can utilize
the services of barred cell (reserved cell).
        Blacklisted cell are those cell which are blacklist for a particular radio
network, these blacklisted cell can be inter, intra or inter-rat, A UE should
not consider these cell while sending measurement report, handovers events
or cell-re-selection criteria and save time and select a new cell faster and
reduce the neighbor cell list size.

Q26. What are Access Class (AC), How many AC are available in lte?
Ans. Access Class provide information to network that this is a normal user
or high priority user, behalf of that a EnodeB decide it have to provide the
resource to particular user or not, when EnodeB have less resources
available.
For eg a EnodeB have limited resource and suddenly no. Of users are
increase on site and Enodeb is unable to provide resource to every UE so it
restrict some UE and allocate available resources to particular users only
behalf of their AC.
In LTE we have 16 types of AC
 AC 0-9 for normal users only,
 AC 10 for emergency eg: police, ambulance, fire-brigade etc,
 AC 11 and 15 for PLMN users (operators use)only,
 AC 12 for security services users, eg: policemen, intelligence officers,
detective officers,
 AC 13 for utility services eg: water, electricity, gas services,
 AC 14 for emergency eg: disaster time govt provide some emergency
no.
Q27. From where UE get Barring information?
Ans. Barring information & Barring factor of a AC present in SIB2      MO-
Signalling
AC Barring Factor [0 to 0.95]
AC Barring Time [4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512 seconds]
AC Barring Step [0.05]
MO-Data
AC Barring Factor [0 to 0.95]
AC Barring Time [4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512 seconds]
AC Barring Step [0.05]

Q28. What do you mean by Barring Factor, Barring Step, Barring

Time?
Ans. AC Barring Factor [0 to 0.95] means how long, for a duration a UE treat
this cell as a barred.
Barring Time [4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512 seconds] means how much time
duration a cell is barred for AC user.

Q29. What is the duration's of above Barring Information Elements

have?
Ans. Barring Factor 0 to 0.95
Barring Time 4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512 seconds
Barring Step 0.05

Q30. What kind of Information is carry in MIB==>PHICH?

Ans. Master information block carry PHICH of 3 bits:-
PHICH 1-bit [normal or extended cyclic prefix info]
PHICH 2-bit [resource allocation info 1/6, 1/2, 1, 2] based on these value
identifies the ng groups of DL Resource blocks.
Q20. What is P-compensation in cell selection procedure?
Ans. P-compensation is a maximum UE transmit power level may
use for cell Rach(read system information) minus maximum RF
output power of UE in dBm

Pcompensation Max (PMax – UE Maximum Output Power, 0)

 PMax is the maximum transmit power that the UE can apply to uplink
transmission and it is broadcast in SIB1
 UE Maximum Output Power is the maximum output power that the UE can
physically achieve. It is not configurable on the network sid

ATTACH QUESTION

Q01. Which layer carry Attach Request Message in uplink direction?

Ans. RRC layer piggyback attach request message (a NAS message) in
uplink direction, because NAS layer not present in EnodeB. Once enodeb
received this message it forward this message to MME.
Q02. What are the information elements are presents in attach request
message?
Ans.
Q03. How UE get PDN connectivity request?
Ans. UE get default PDN connectivity information from Access Point Name,
yes APN have default PDN information. For eg internet (internet also a part of
PDN types)

Q04. What is the timer of Attach message? And it duration?

Ans. When UE send attach request it’s start timer T3410 and it’s duration is
15s.
Q05. What is the meaning of EPS Mobility Management (EMM) and what
kind of information it carry?
Ans. EMM is a sublayer of nas layer and provides the mobility management to
user equipment. EMM have 3 procedures:-
(1) EMM common procedure, (2) EMM specific procedure, (3) EMM
connection management procedure

**Note: All EMM procedure are describes in NAS layer interview que ans
page.

Q06. In which case UE carry IMSI or GUTI? Elloborate them?

Ans. GUTI always generate by MME and allocated to ue in Attach Accept
message.
When a user brought a new sim-card from market, at that time ue don’t have
any GUTI or S-TMSI. So we send attach request to mme with IMSI only for
1st time. Once ue received Attach accept and mme allocate GUTI then next
time we send attach request with GUTI and S-TMSI.

Q07. What are the Information Element are present in Authentication

Request Message?
Ans. Authentication Request message is transferred my MME 2 times, 1st time
mme send auth. Request ot HSS side and 2nd time it send to UE side.
Q08. What are the Information Element are present in Security Mode
Command?
Ans.

Q09. Suppose IMSI and GUTI both are not available, then what UE will
do?
Ans. In this case UE use IMEI to send attach request to MME.

Q10. How UE calculate Authentication Token and Random Value?

Ans. When MME send Authentication information request to HSS it send SN
ID (sequence identity). The authn. Token drive from k key present in hss. After
that hss sent back it to mme inside authen. token SN ID also present and
mme stored this information. And do same procedure in UE side also. Once
ue sent back response mme validate them.

Random value also present in HSS and USIM both and applied EPS AKA
Algorithm and drive XRES in hss and RES in UE.

Q11. Why Security Mode Command are using 2 times in Attach Procedure?
ANS :security mode command is used twice first time its send to secure NAS
MESSAGES and second time for rrc messages

Q12. What is the difference between Attach Request, Attach Accept and Attach
Complete? And in which messages these informations is present?

Ans: attach request is initial message for attaching to network it is sent

piggybacked in rrc connection setup complets

Attach accept –piggybacked in rrc connection reconfiguration

Attach complete-ul nas transport

Q13. What is difference between Radio Bearer and EPS Bearer?

Q14. How many Radio Bearers are uses in LTE?

Q15. How many EPS Bearers are uses in LTE?
Q16. Which type of Attach Procedure UE will do to utilize IMS Services?
Q17. What are the information elements present in Initial Context Setup and
which protocol is using?
Q18. Once UE send Attach Request toward EnodeB then how EnodeB identified
the particular MME?
Q19. Attach Failure Causes?
Q20. Detach call flow(Procedure)?
Q21. Who generate IP address for UE? In which message UE get this IP
address?
Q22. How many maximum IP addresses a UE can have in lte?
Q23. How MME select S-Gw and P-Gw in LTE?
Q24. How MME get the PDN address of a specific UE in attach procedure?
Q25. What are the Information Element present in Create Session Request?