Lecture 2:

The Disaster Management

Cycle
IRFAN AHMAD RANA
A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S O R
The Disaster Management Cycle:
Operationalizing Disaster Science
 The Disaster
Management Cycle
▪Preparedness
▪Prevention and Mitigation
▪Response and Relief
▪Recovery and Rehabilitation/Reconstruction

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 3
URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020
[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 4
 Crisis Management
Risk Management

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 5
 1. Preparedness
▪Preparedness is usually regarded as comprising measures which
enable governments, organizations, communities and individuals to
respond rapidly and effectively to disaster situations.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 6
 1. Preparedness
▪Preparedness action is aimed to build the capacities
▪ Prepare to efficiently manage all types of emergencies
▪Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risks
▪The related term “readiness” describes the ability to quickly and
appropriately respond when required.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 7
 Preparedness includes…
▪Prediction and Warning System
▪Emergency preparedness (for monitoring, alert and evacuation, “readiness” of
search and rescue teams, and distribution of disaster supplies and equipment)
▪Activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies,
evacuation and public information
▪Education, training and public awareness

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 8
 Alerts

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 9
URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020
[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 10
 Prediction

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 11
 Resource Planning and Emergency
Protocols

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 12
 Drills and Trainings

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 13
 Awareness and Education

1 dollar spent in disaster preparedness not only

saves lives, but can also save 4 USD and 7 USD in
humanitarian aid and reconstruction costs
respectively (UNESCAP, 2011).
URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020
[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 14
 2. Prevention and Mitigation
URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020
[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 15
 2. Prevention and Mitigation
▪The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and
related disasters.
▪Mitigation of hazard impacts reduces the possibility of disaster and
reduces the need for assistance.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 16
 Prevention
▪Prevention expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid
potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance.
▪Hazard assessment
▪Vulnerability analysis
▪Risk assessment
▪Vulnerability reduction / mitigation strategies (structural and non-
structural)

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 17
Hazard
Assessment

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 18
URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020 Source: Rana et al. (2020). Impact of Droughts: Empirical Evidences from Thar Region, 19
Pakistan.
[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, In Drought Risk Management in South and South-East Asia. Sage Publications
NUST, Islamabad]
 Vulnerability
Assessment

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 20
 Risk
Assessment

Source: Rana and Routray. "Integrated methodology for flood risk assessment and
application in urban communities of Pakistan." Natural Hazards 91.1 (2018): 239-266.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 21
 It Includes…
▪Examples include dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks,
▪ Land-use regulations that do not permit any settlement in high risk zones,
▪Very often the complete avoidance of losses is not feasible and the task
transforms to that of mitigation.
▪Partly for this reason, the terms prevention and mitigation are sometimes used
interchangeably in casual use.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 22
 Prevention & Mitigation
▪Prevention: Action within this segment is designed to impede the
occurrence of a disaster event and/or prevent such an occurrence
▪Mitigation: Measures put in place to minimize the results from a
disaster

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 23
 Mitigation
▪The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related
disasters.
▪It should be noted that in climate change “mitigation” is defined differently,
being the term used for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that are the
source of climate change.
▪Seismic engineering designs that ensure the survival and function of a critical
building in any likely earthquake.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 24
 PREVENTION

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 25
 MITIGATION

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 26
URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020
[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 27
 Structural vs Non-Structural Mitigation
▪Structural: Any physical construction or application of engineering techniques
to achieve hazard resistance and resilience in structures or systems. E.g.: dams,
flood levees, ocean wave barriers, earthquake-resistant construction [UNISDR,
2009].

▪Non-Structural: Any measure not involving physical construction that uses

knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce risks and impacts, in particular
through policies and laws, public awareness raising, training and education. E.g.:
building codes, land use planning laws and their enforcement, research and
assessment, public awareness. [UNISDR, 2009].

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 28
 Structural Mitigation

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 29
 Non-Structural

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 30
 3. Response

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 31
 3. Response and Relief
▪Response measures are usually those which are taken
immediately prior to and following disaster impact.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 32
 Response
▪The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or
immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce impacts,
ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the
people affected.
▪Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and
short-term needs and is sometimes called “disaster relief”.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 33
 It Includes…
▪Implementation of plans
▪Activation of the counter-disaster system
▪Search and Rescue
▪Provision of emergency food, shelter, medical assistance etc.
▪Survey and assessment (Damage and Loss)
▪Evacuation measures

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 34
URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020
[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 35
 4. Recovery and Reconstruction
▪The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities,
livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities,
including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 36
 Recovery
▪The recovery task of rehabilitation and reconstruction begins soon after the
emergency phase has ended
▪ Pre-existing strategies and policies that facilitate clear institutional
responsibilities for recovery action and enable public participation.
▪Recovery programmes, coupled with the heightened public awareness and
engagement after a disaster, provides a valuable opportunity to develop and
implement disaster risk reduction measures and to apply the “build back better”
principle.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 37
 It Includes…
▪Rebuilding of houses and buildings.
▪Financing for rebuilding.
▪Repair of roads, bridges, water system, etc.
▪Psychological counselling.
▪Long-term assistance to rebuild the community is critical to
survival.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 38
URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020
[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 39
 Response and Recovery
▪The division between this response stage and the subsequent
recovery stage is not clear-cut.
▪Some response actions, such as the supply of temporary housing
and water supplies, may extend well into the recovery stage.

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 40
 Assignment 1:
What went wrong

URP-807 Disaster Management, Fall Semester 2020

[Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rana, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, NUST, Islamabad] 41
42