CHAPTER I measure this is Bloom’s Taxonomy
THE PROBLEM AND ITS
BACKGROUND
Introduction
1. Introduction must focus on the
subject being discussed.
2. Present topics from general to
particular or from specific to general.
Cite first the universal scenario
regarding the proposed study.
3. Make use of pertinent literatures i.e.
laws, policies, rules, and regulations
as bases in conducting the study.
4. Discuss the timeliness of the study
and rationalize the purpose of the
study
5. Introduction should lead to the
specific problem that the researchers
want to answer.
6. It should be not more than three
pages.
7. Citations may be included to enrich
discussion.
Background of the study
1. Personal experience, readings or
general perspective should be
included in the background.
2. Include the research locale, the
respondents and especially the
objectives of the study.
Conceptual Framework
1. It must include the theory, concept or
model which can be used as a
foundation of the study. Variables
used in the study must be reflected in
the conceptual framework. (e.g. if
researchers aimed to determine the
effectiveness of a teaching strategy
in terms of knowledge, skills and
attitude, the theory or model that can
of Learning.)
2. Discuss the theory or the source of
concept where the concept of the
study is anchored
3. Provide discussions on the
contribution of the theory to the field
of specialization being undertaken.
Discuss also the use relative to the
proposed study. Focus on the
discussion of the theory itself.
4. After presenting the conceptual
framework and explaining how these
concepts were used in the study,
research paradigm should follow.
5. Research paradigm is illustrated by
using geometrical figures uniformly
presented containing profile and
variables. Styling of the boxes and
arrows should be made plain and
simple. Avoid using two/three-
dimensional presentations. The label
of paradigm should be found below
the actual figure. It should be single
space.
6. Explain the contents of the research
paradigm, specifying the sources of
the profile and variables. (e.g.
gender, status etc. should be
explained why are those concepts are
utilized in the study and should be
supported with existing literature.
Present literature in a brief and
concise manner.)
7. After the diagram, a portion will be
allotted for its discussion. Discuss
the concept of the study based on the
statement of the problem, the
variables of the study, extent of the
study; purpose of the study
particularly the relationships of the
variables.

Guiding Framework (for qualitative
paper)
1. The substance of discussion is
similar with the conceptual
framework except that no variables
were needed to explain the study.
2. The theoretical foundation of the
study should be explained in terms of
how it was employed in the study.
3. The guiding framework could be
illustrated by using figures and
symbols.
4. The guiding framework will
eventually evolve into a conceptual
framework as the experiences are
being discovered and digested. The
conceptual framework will be
presented as part of the synthesis.
Statement of the problem/purpose
1. Statement of the problem should be
reflective of the title.
2. Statement of the problem should
reflect the research objective, the
research locale and the respondents.
3. The general problem formulated
should be in statement form while
the specific problems in the question
form.
4. The statement of the purpose for
qualitative research must be able to
cover the general perspective and
aim of the paper but should not
include the themes of the study being
discovered.
5. Statement of the purpose should
include the grand tour question of the
study. See example below.
Example:
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the
perceived effectiveness of return
demonstration as a teaching strategy in
Related Learning Experience (RLE) of BSN
II students of Manila Doctors College.
Specifically, the following research
queries were answered:
1. What is the profile of the
respondents in terms of:
1.1. Gender,
1.2. Student Status,
1.3. RLE Grade?
2. What is the perceived effectiveness
of return demonstration as a teaching
strategy in RLE classes in terms of:
2.1. Cognitive,
2.2. Psychomotor,
2.3. Affective domains?
3. Is there a significant difference in the
perceived effectiveness of return
demonstration as a teaching strategy
in RLE classes when they are
grouped according to their profile?
Statement of Purpose (qualitative
research)
The study described the lived
experiences of a mother with an autism-
diagnosed child.
Specifically the following are the grand tour
questions that were used to guide the
researchers in their search for significant
themes of the experience.
1. What are the lived experiences of a
mother before the child was
diagnosed with autism?
2. What are her experiences on taking
care of an autism-diagnosed child?
3. What are her visions for her autism-
diagnosed child?
Hypothesis
1. The hypothesis should begin with an
introductory sentence.
 2. The hypothesis should be formulated
in declarative form and must use the
present form of the verb.
3. It should be in congruence with the
specific problem testing the
difference and relationships of the
variables.
4. State the null hypothesis only. See
example below.
Hypothesis
Based from the problem of the study,
the research hypothesis was formulated and
tested at the level of significance of 0.05:
There is no significant difference
difference in the perceived effectiveness of
return demonstration as a teaching strategy
in RLE when they are grouped according to
their gender, student status and RLE grade.
Significance of the study:
1. Be specific with the recipients of the
study and the benefits that they will
derived based from the objectives of
the study. Preferably the study
should have a contribution to the
profession and to Manila Doctors
College.
2. Identify the beneficiaries of the study
and arrange them from the most
benefited to the least.
3. State how the groups will be
benefited by the outcomes of the
study and in what way they will be
benefited
4. Mention predominantly the specific
benefits the beneficiaries will be able
to get from the study.
5. Discuss the extent of the benefits
they will be receiving
6. Limit discussions to two pages
7. Maintain the use of future tenses.
8. Use the acronym SMART in the
formulation of the significance of the
study. It should be Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Realistic
and Time-bound.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
1. Scope and delimitation of the study
is actually the reflection of the
method and procedure in Chapter 3.
2. It must have the research objectives
as its introductory statement with the
research locale and the respondents.
3. It must be composed of two
paragraphs. Discuss in the first
paragraph the scope of the study.
The scope of the study should
include the variables of the study,
indicators or measures, population
and respondents of the study,
processes to be considered in
gathering the data of the study,
venue, period wherein the study will
take place. Discuss the second
paragraph the limitation of the study
4. Provide justifications on the choice
of the scope. Discuss the variables
and indicators that will not be
considered in the conduct of the
study and justify its limitation
Definition of Terms
1. Present this with an introductory
statement.
2. Present alphabetically. It can be
presented thematically but still
should be in alphabetical order
3. Avoid the use of the expression “as
used in the study” when defining the
terms.
4. All terms used in the research
paradigm should be defined.
5. Highlight the term to be defined.
Don’t underline or italicize the term.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Review of Related Literature
1. Present it with an introductory
statement describing the chapter and
its contents. State directly state the
concepts in the study presented in the
related literature.
2. The review of related literature
contains the following components
and should be presented not
thematically (with subheadings) but
according to the following flow:
a. Local Literature
b. Foreign Literature
c. Local Studies
d. Foreign Studies
e. Relevance to the Present
Study(ies)
3. For qualitative research, the review
of related literature and studies
should be presented thematically.
4. Literature and Studies should be
presented coherently and logical.
Development of paragraph should be
observed. The development of the
idea shall lead to the birth of the next
paragraph. Use proper transitional
devices to achieve coherence in the
presentation of the discussion.
5. Arrange resources from general to
particular according to the topics
been presented.
6. Highlight significant points in
establishing arguments.
7. Use the findings of related studies to
strengthen the arguments and so with
the literatures that are found to have
bearing with the present study being
conducted. Related means that
studies previously conducted have
bearing with the present study in
terms of concept, subjects,
methodology, instrumentation, etc.
8. Make sure that the literature and
studies being presented are updated
(from year 2000 onwards). However,
theories and conceptual models
formulated way back 2000 can still
be utilized in the study.
9. A minimum of five (5) related
studies and literature for both local
and foreign should be included in
Chapter 2 but it can exceed the
minimum requirement to facilitate
thorough discussion of the topics.,
10. The relevance to the present study
should include the gist and summary
of the entire Chapter 2. It will
compile all similar researchers and
literature, present inconsistencies and
limitations of the literature reviewed
and relate to the variables/concepts
included in the study. It must end
with the research objective with the
variables considered in the study.
Remember: The most important part
of Chapter 2 is the relevance to the
present study.
11. The following are the examples on
how to cite parenthetically:
 Statement (Reynoso, 2004)
 According to Reynoso,
(2004)
 Coming from the same
source based on the latter
(pp.10-11)
  Coming from the same 1. It should include comprehensive
source but not the latter description of the co-researcher in
source (Reynoso,2004,p.107) terms of their qualifications for being
the chosen subject of the study.
2. The co-researcher’s profile should
justify the fact that they represent the
population being studied.
3. It can also include the demographic
profile of the co-reseachers.

Sample and Sampling Technique /

Theoretical Sampling (for qualitative
paper)
1. Include in the sample and sampling
technique the research locale, the
population where the sample
(respondents) has been derived and
their characteristics, and the manner
Chapter III
that they are chosen.
METHOD AND PROCEDURE
2. Discuss the respondents of the study
with emphasis on the manner of
1. Present it with an introductory
selecting the respondents i.e.
statement summarizing the content
parametric or non-parametric.
of the entire chapter.
3. Use respondents of the study; in case
2. The following are the components of
of pure qualitative method citing the
Chapter 3.
key informants or key interviewees
will be used
Research Design/Method
4. Specify the actual the number of
1. The research design should be
population (if data is available) and
directly stated by the researchers and
samples being considered in the
should not be book-based. The
study. It is better if the researchers
researcher must completely relate the
were able to present how were the
design and method to the variables of
samples were derived from the
the study. Discussion of the
population and what sampling
procedure based from books is
technique was used.
highly discouraged.
5. If purposive sampling was used,
2. Discuss the design and method of the
make sure that the inclusion criteria
study i.e. experimental, case study,
are stated in paragraph form.
descriptive, descriptive-evaluative,
6. For qualitative paper, the selection
action research, developmental,
of the co-researchers depends on the
ethnography, etc.
adequacy and appropriateness. It is
3. Justify the use of the design and
adequate if it is sufficient and able to
methodology that will be used
support the quality of data that the
4. Limit the discussion to one page.
researchers want to yield. It is
appropriate when it can identify the
The Co-researcher’s Profile (for
best result and the co-researchers can
qualitative paper)
 supply the best information
according to the conceptual
requirements.
Research Instrument
1. The research instrument should be
presented with its basis. It should
explain how the researchers created
the instrument. Include in the
discussion if the questionnaire is
adopted or self-made. It should
highlight the source.
2. After explaining the basis of the
instrument and how it can answer the
research problem, the researchers
must explain the parts of the
instrument and how the statements in
the questionnaire are are able to
correspond with the variables
included in the study.
3. The mechanics of answering the
question should also be presented
with the above stated contents.
4. Discuss the process on how the
validation of the instrument was
conducted
5. Mention the author if the instrument
was adopted from another research
6. Discuss the dry-run process if there
is any
7. Mention the suggestions of experts if
the instrument was subjected to
validation and relate items that were
suggested
8. Aside from the above stated
components, the researcher must be
able to allot another subheading for
the validity test and reliability test of
research instrument. It should be
labeled as Validation of the
Instrument and Test for Reliability
of the Instrument.
9. Validation of the itnstrument
requires the researcher to include the
type of validation and the validators
who reviewed the instrument. It is
not necessary to name the validators,
however, the researcher should state
their credibility of validating the
instrument.
10. Test for reliability must include the
type of reliability test done and how
such results were obtained. Majority
of nursing researchers uses
Cronbach-alpha as their reliability
test. In this light, the researchers
must present the actual results of the
test stating how the instrument
qualified as a reliable research tool.
11. For qualitative paper, since there is
variety of research tools, it should be
comprehensively discussed and
actual results should be part of the
exhibits in the list of appendices.
Data gathering procedure
1. Present data gathering procedure
from the day the pilot test was
administered down to the actual
tabulation and interpretation of data.
Discuss the process on how the
research was undertaken.
2. Start the discussion from asking
permission to conduct the study from
the venue to data processing,
analysis, and interpretations.
3. The researchers may include the
submission of consent and
communication letters to different
institutions as the research locale.
4. Data gathering procedure is more
appreciated if it is presented with a
flow chart.
5. For qualitative paper, data gathering
procedure section will be divided
into preparatory, implementation and
reporting phase.
a. Preparatory phase – must
cover the period when
research topic was conceived,
the selection of the
respondents, the contents of
 the “informed consent” as 3.50
applied in the research and 1.51 Not
their approval, the stages of 2 – Disagree Satisfie
gaining entry to the research 2.50 d
setting and hindrances that Not
the co-researchers and 1.00
Strongly Highly
researchers faced during this 1 –
Disagree Satisfie
phase. 1.50
d
b. Implementation phase – must
contain the data-gathering 5. Discuss the statistical treatments that
process including the data will be used in the conduct of the
collection method and tools, study
difficulties encountered 6. Justify the use and purpose of each
during the phase and issues tool (e.g. weighted mean, frequency,
or concerns raised by the co- ranking, etc.)
researchers and researchers. 7. The statistical treatment will be
c. Reporting phase – must have ended with the decision criteria for
the transcription and the level of significance set by the
translation procedures, the researchers.
validation of the data that has
been gathered and the manner Data Analysis (for qualitative paper)
of reporting. 1. This section must explain the process
of transcribing, translating,
Statistical Treatment of Data bracketing, intuiting, creating
1. Present this part with an introductory themes, symbolizing (eidetic symbol
statement. and insights) and synthesizing.
2. Statistical tools should be presented
logically with the formula and based
on the statement of the problem.
3. The researchers must be able to
explain how they used the statistical
tool in the study.
4. The Likert Scale should be presented
with the weighted mean and should
follow the prescribed format. See
example below.

Poi Adjecti
Poi nt Interpret val
nt Ran ation Descrip
ge tion
3.50 Highly
Strongly
4 – Satisfie
Agree
4.00 d
2.51 Satisfie
3 Agree
– d