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D 589 - 97 R02 Rdu4oq - PDF
D 589 - 97 R02 Rdu4oq - PDF
D 589 - 97 R02 Rdu4oq - PDF
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D 589 – 97 (2002)
5.2 The determination of opacity is of vital importance to function Eay (given in Table 1) which has an effective
both the manufacturer and the consumer. When white pigment wavelength of 572 nm and closely approximates the response
is added to a sheet, it scatters more light, and thus increases of the human eye.
opacity; however, it is also possible to increase opacity of a 6.2.5 Integrating Cavity, with inside surfaces coated with
sheet by adding dark pigment or dye which absorbs light. This barium sulfate or halon. Total area of non-white surfaces
being so, it is of value to the manufacturer, in meeting an (including all openings) shall not exceed 6 % of the total white
opacity specification, to be able to predict whether a sheet area. The specimen opening shall be round with a diameter of
which does not have desired opacity can be brought up to 14.8 6 0.25 mm (0.584 6 0.010 in.). The illuminated area
specification by raising or, alternatively, lowering the reflec- shall be circular with a diameter of 9.53 6 0.38 mm (0.375 6
tivity within permissible limits. To the consumer, opacity 0.015 in.) and centered in the specimen opening. A light trap
measurements are used to evaluate some of the characteristics should be fitted inside the integrating cavity to limit stray light
of appearance. The user is interested in the comparison of to no more than 0.5 %.
samples under identical conditions. When comparisons are
made, one sample with another, very small differences can be 7. Sampling and Test Specimens
identified visually. For this reason, small measured differences 7.1 The material shall be sampled in accordance with
between similar samples represent actual differences in appear- Practice D 585.
ance. 7.2 When sampling for other than acceptance purposes,
Practice E 122 may be used as an alternative.
6. Apparatus 7.3 At least five representative specimens shall be selected
6.1 Opacity Meter, equipped with an accurate linear or a for each test unit. They shall be free of watermarks or
corrected photometric system. The reflectance involved in the blemishes and of sufficient size to fit the specimen holder, and
determination of contrast ratio should be for either normal completely cover the standard backings. The test areas shall
illumination and diffuse viewing, or the equivalent converse, not be touched with the fingers, and these areas shall be kept
that is, diffuse illumination and normal viewing. perfectly clean and free of folds and wrinkles.
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D 589 – 97 (2002)
10.1.1 Check the calibration using an opal glass or paper Absorption power: kW 5 ~asW! 2 sW (5)
standard which is as close in value as possible to the specimen
to be measured. If agreement is not within 60.3 recalibrate as Absorption coefficient: k 2 1000 kW/W (6)
instructed in Annex A.
10.1.2 With the specimen backed by the standard white Scattering power and absorption power are unitless values.
backing, set the instrument to read 100.0. Scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient have inverse
10.1.3 Replace the white backing with the black body, and basis weight units: m 2/kg.
read the meter to obtain the contrast ratio. Record the indi- 10.3.6 If the scattering power (sW) and reflectivity (R`) are
vidual results to three significant figures. Measure a minimum known for a paper specimen of given basis weight, the opacity
of five specimens. of the same specimen at a different basis weight (known as
NOTE 2—Usually neither the side nor direction of the grain of the paper Normalized TAPPI Opacity, Cn) may be calculated as follows
makes any significant difference. If either effect exceeds 0.2, place the (2):
specimen with the selected side toward the instrument and in the selected ~a 2 1!@0.89 2 R` 2 a@0.89 2 ~1/R`!##
orientation, and state the conditions used in the report. Cn 5 (7)
@~a/R`! 2 R`#@~0.89/R`! 2 aR`@0.89 2 ~1/R`!# 2 1#
10.2 Opacity (Paper Backing):
where:
10.2.1 Check the calibration using an opal glass or paper sW n = normalized scattering power,
standard which is as close in value as possible to the specimen BSWd = desired basis weight, and
to be measured. If agreement is not within 60.3, recalibrate as BSWk = known basis weight: sWn = sW (BSWd/BSWk)
instructed in Annex A1. where R` is expressed as a decimal.
10.2.2 Place the specimen over the opening backed by a pile
of the same paper. The thickness of the pile should be such that a 5 e sWn @~1/R `! 2 R`# (8)
doubling the thickness has no detectable effect on the reading.
Set the instrument to read 100.0. 10.3.7 For further information concerning the calculation
10.2.3 Place the specimen over the opening backed by the and use of scattering and absorption coefficients see TAPPI
black body. The meter reading gives opacity with a paper Technical Information Sheet 0804-03.
backing (100 R0/R`). Record up to three significant figures.
10.3 Scattering Power (sW)—The ability to predict the 11. Calculation
effect upon opacity due to a change of basis weight or 11.1 Average the opacity values determined for each of the
reflectance of a sheet has been found particularly useful to five or more representative specimens tested from each test
paper, pigment, and dyestuff manufacturers. The determination unit.
of scattering power is the first essential step in making these 11.2 Calculate the averages for opacity (89 % reflectance
predictions. Determine scattering power as follows: backing) and opacity (paper backing) separately.
10.3.1 Obtain a white reflectance standard with known
absolute reflectance at 572 nm. 12. Report
10.3.2 Carefully place the reference white surface over the 12.1 Report the mean value and range for either or both
specimen opening of the instrument. Adjust the instrument to opacity values specified in this test method, as agreed upon
read the absolute reflectance value for the reference material (at between the buyer and the seller.
572 nm).
10.3.3 With the instrument adjusted to read correctly on the 13. Precision and Bias
absolute scale, place a single sheet of the specimen over the 13.1 The precision of this test method for test results
specimen opening backed by the black body and read R 0. consisting of averages for five specimens is:
10.3.4 Leave the single specimen sheet (used in 10.3.3) in 13.1.1 Repeatability:
place over the specimen opening and back with a pile of the 13.1.1.1 89 % Backing—0.62 %.
same paper. The thickness of the pile should be such that 13.1.1.2 Paper Backing— 0.64 %.
doubling the thickness has no detectable effect on the reading. 13.1.2 Reproducibility:
Read R`. 13.1.2.1 89 % Backing—1.22 %
10.3.5 Using R0, R`, and W (basis weight) in g/m2 calculate 13.1.2.2 Paper Backing— 0.77 %.
scattering and absorption powers and coefficients as follows: 13.2 The above precision data are in conformance with
a 5 0.5 @~1/R `! 1 R`# (1)
TAPPI T 1206, and were obtained in the TAPPI Collaborative
Reference Program for paper having opacities in the range
from 88 to 96 %. The data have been derived from Reports 12
b 5 0.5 @~1/R`! 2 R`!# (2)
through 22 for 89 % backing (22 papers and an average of 57
laboratories) and Reports 19 through 22 for paper backing (8
X 5 @1 2 aR0# / @bR0# (3) papers and an average of 13 laboratories).
13.3 The user of these precision data is advised that it is
Scattering power sW = (0.5/ b) 1n [(X + 1)/(X − 1)] based on actual mill testing or laboratory testing, or both. There
Scattering coefficient: s 5 1000 sW/W (4) is no knowledge of the exact degree to which personnel skills
or equipment were optimized during its generation. The
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D 589 – 97 (2002)
precision quoted provides an estimate of typical variation in 14. Keywords
test results which may be encountered when the test method is
14.1 absorption coefficient; absorption power; contrast ra-
routinely used by two or more parties.
tio; opacity (89 % reflectance backing); opacity meter; opacity
13.4 Bias—This test method has no bias, as the values for
(paper backing); paper; printing opacity; scattering power
opacity are defined in terms of the specific procedures de-
scribed.
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1.1 Calibration of the Opacity Meter Ref (3) (under the conditions of actual test with a test specimen or
A1.1.1 Optical Adjustment—Arrange the instrument to per- standard in place) may be carried out by means of opal glass or
mit the beam of light exiting the specimen aperture to paper standards evaluated for opacity.
illuminate a wall perpendicularly 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 4 ft) away A1.2.2 Adjustment by Means of Opal Glass or Paper
from the instrument. The filament image observed should be in Standards:
a good state of focus and centered in the beam. If not, A1.2.2.1 Clean the opal glass standard by washing it with a
reposition the lamp or optics in accordance with the manufac- mild soap solution, rinsing it with water, and drying it with a
turer’s instructions. lent-free non-abrasive towel.
A1.1.1.1 When a sheet of paper is laid over the specimen
aperture to inspect the distribution of light in the aperture, the A1.2.2.2 Read the opacity of the calibrated area of the opal
circular light spot should be (a) centered in the aperture, (b) glass or paper standard. If this opacity reading conforms to the
nearly fill the aperture but should not be in contact with the value of opacity certified for the standard within 0.3 %, the
edge of the aperture (there should be a clearance of about 2.5 white backing may be regarded as correctly adjusted.
mm between the edge and the boundary of the light spot), and A1.2.2.3 If the reading departs from the certified value of
( c) the boundary of the light spot should be as sharp and as free opacity by more than 0.3 %, adjust the distance between the
of color as possible. After the optics have been adjusted, white surface and the standard. Too high an opacity reading
usually it is necessary to adjust the lamp only for subsequent means that the distance must be decreased; too low a reading
checks of the optical system. The alignment and state of focus means that it must be increased.
of the lamp should be checked before each standardization of A1.2.2.4 Check the adjustment by means of standards of
the instrument. The lenses should be cleaned to minimize the different opacities. Adjust the white backing so that the
light scattered into the integrating cube. Cleanliness of the opacimeter will read within 0.3 % of the assigned standard
optical system may be tested by comparing the zero reading
values throughout the range interest.
obtained with the lamp on and the black body placed over the
specimen aperture to the reading with the lamp off. There NOTE A1.1—If it is impossible to set the instrument at 100.0 for the
should be very little difference. normal range of white papers, when backed by the white body, the
A1.1.2 Photometric Linearity—The instrument shall incor- integrating cavity should be recoated, or the photocell and/or the lamp
porate a photometric measurement system which measures should be replaced. If, because of low reflectance of the paper, the
reflectance in direct proportion to the light energy incident adjustment to 100.0 with the specimen backed with the white body is
upon the sample within 0.2 % of full scale throughout the impossible, set the instrument at 90.0, 80.0, or other value; the contrast
ratio is then obtained from the ratio of the readings with the black and
entire range of measurement. Photometric linearity errors are
white bodies, respectively, backing the specimen.
normally associated with the photocell or electronics, or both.
A means of measuring photometric linearity is described in A1.2.2.5 The zero of the instrument should be checked and
Technical Information Sheet 0804-06 (old number 018-5). readjusted if necessary. With the apparatus turned on and the
specimen aperture covered with the black body, the reading
A1.2 Adjustment of the White Backing
should not exceed 0.3 divisions with 100 divisions equal to full
A1.2.1 The adjustment of the white backing to conform to scale.
the requirement that it have an absolute reflectance of 0.89
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D 589 – 97 (2002)
REFERENCES
(1) Report No. 22, Part II, to the American Paper Association, “Instru- Paper.” Tappi Vol 58, No. 152, p.10: 1975.
mentation Studies XL VIII, Part II, Calibration of the Bausch and (3) Hofert, H. J., and Loof, H., Z. für Instrumentenkunde Vol 72, No. 72
Lomb Opacimeter,” Paper Trade Journal, Vol 119, No. 17, p. 27 1944. 1964.
(2) Robinson, James V., “A Summary of Reflectance Equations for
Application of the Kubelka-Munk Theory to Optical Properties of
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