Mechanics of Material Lab

Experiment No.6

BENDING MOMENT IN BEAMS

LAB REPORT

Submitted to: SIR AHMAD HAFEEZ

Dated: 20/04/2018

Batch: 15

Section: A

Group no.: A(II) 2

Submitted by:

Name of students Registration No.

M HAMZA SHAHZAD 160101046
M BASIM 160101072
M HUSSAIN 160101075
SAAD AZFAR 160101059
ABDULLAH FATIK 160101070
MUHAMMAD TALHA 160101044
ASIM MEHMOOD 160101109
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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
2. OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 2
3. THEORY ............................................................................................................................ 2
4. APPARATUS ..................................................................................................................... 3
5. EXPERIMENTATION ...................................................................................................... 4
5.1. PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................. 4
5.2. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS ............................................................. 4
6. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 7
7. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 8
8. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................ 8
9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 8
1. INTRODUCTION
The bending moment at any point along the beam is equal to the area under
the shear force diagram up to that point. A length of material supported
horizontally at the points in such a way that it will carry vertical loads is called
a beam. The loading perpendicular to the beam’s longitudinal axis causes
bending. In the simplest example the loads and supporting reactions act in a
vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis, and the beam has a rectangular
cross section.
The loads and supports reactions are the external forces acting on the beam
and they must be in equilibrium. But in order to study the strength of the beam
it is necessary to know how these external forces affect it. The beam is cut
into two parts by vertical cross section and is then held together with spring
balance. To maintain equilibrium, it is evident that certain forces must be
introduced at the cut, and when the cut is not there these same forces exist
internally in the material of the beam. The spring balance must produce a
system of forces equivalent to those which would normally exist internally in
the beam at that section if it had not been cut.

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
2. OBJECTIVE
To calculate bending moment in beam.

3. THEORY
Bending of beams is a frequently encountered loading situation in practice. A
slender member subject to traverse loads is termed as a beam under bending.
At any cross-section, the traverse loads generate shear and bending moment to
maintain equilibrium. One of the common principles used to determine the
loading capacity of a structure is the first yield criterion which assumes that the
maximum load is reached when the stress in the extreme fabric reaches yield
stress. However, the design based on this rule is not economical for a beam
carrying static load, and a substantial reserve of the strength is disregarded. In
order to make use of the material strength fully, we must explore possibilities
of loading the beam into the plastic region.
Pure bending refers to flexure of a beam under a constant bending moment.
Therefore, pure bending occurs only in regions of a beam where the shear force
is zero. In the simplified engineering theory of bending, we make the following
assumptions:
1. The beams are assumed to internally statically indeterminate.
2. The strains caused by the deformations have a relationship with stresses.
3. When Mp is reached, a plastic hinge is formed.
The shape factor gives a very good estimate as to how much the yield moment
My, could be exceeded before the ultimate plastic capacity is reached

Figure 1: A Simple Beam Problem

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
4. APPARATUS DESCRIPTION

Figure 2: Bending Moment and Shear Force Machine

A rigid, aluminum beam is cut into two unequal lengths, creating a ‘cut’
section. Each beam is then simply supported on vertical supports. Each support
can be moved along the beam section length creating varied support positions.
At the ‘cut’ section, a deep groove ball bearing in one beam runs within a block
in the other beam. This allows for both vertical movement (shear) and rotation
(bending) to occur.
Special load hangers are provided that fit over the beams. The load hangers can
be positioned accurately along the beams length by using the graduated scales
attached to the side of the beams.
The smooth design of the beam sections allows a wide variety of unrestricted
load positions to be used along the beam lengths.

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
5. EXPERIMENTATION

5.1. PROCEDURE

1. Loading right on the cut section is possible for moment measurement.

2. Each group has three different load combinations. For each, Measure the value of
moment at cut section, and calculate them by theoretical statics methods as well.
3. For the first load combination only, draw the moment diagram along the beam
length.
4. Each group has a constant load (W), by which: Move the load across the beam
length at various specified positions and measure the value moment at cut section
corresponding to each position.
5. - Divide the measured values by W to get the Moment at cut section due to unit load
in different positions. Plot the moment influence line for the cut section.
6. Using the constructed influence lines, calculate the moment at cut section for each
load combination.
7. Compare the Moment values you got from three different approaches which are
measurement, theory, and influence line.

5.2. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Moment arm = r =150 mm

Table 1

No. of Load at Balance Shear Bending Moment

observations position force Force M= r×F
indicated N N Nm
W1 W2 W3
N N N Experimental Theoretical
1 0 0 0 16 0 0 0
2 0 5 0 22 6 0.9 1
3 10 5 10 32 16 2.4 2.67

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
CALCULATIONS:

• For W1 = W3 = 0, W2= 5 N

Figure 3: Free Body Diagram for case 1

ΣFx = 0:
HA = 0
ΣMA = 0:
The sum of the moments about a point A is zero:
- P1*0.3 + RB*0.9 = 0 ……….. (1)

ΣMB = 0:
The sum of the moments about a point B is zero:
- RA*0.9 + P1*0.6 = 0……………. (2)

Simultaneously solve equations 1 ,2

HA = 0 (N)

Calculate reaction of roller support about point B:

RB = ( P1*0.3) / 0.9 = ( 5*0.3) / 0.9 = 1.67 (N)

Calculate reaction of pin support about point A:

RA = ( P1*0.6) / 0.9 = ( 5*0.6) / 0.9= 3.33 (N)

Determine the equations for the shear force (V):

V(x1) = + RA
V1(0) = + 3.33 = 3.33 (N)
V1(0.30) = + 3.33 = 3.33 (N)

Determine the equations for the bending moment (M):

M(x1) = + RA*(x1)
M1(0) = + 3.33*(0) = 0 (N*m)
M1(0.30) = + 3.33*(0.30) = 1 (N*m)

% Error = |theoretical – experimental / theoretical| ×100

= |1 – 0.9 / 1| × 100
= 10 %

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
• For W1 = W3 = 10, W2= 5 N

Figure 4: Free Body Diagram for case 2

ΣFx = 0:
HA = 0

ΣMA = 0:
The sum of the moments about a point A is zero:
- P1*0.1 - P2*0.3 - P3*0.6 + RB*0.9 = 0 ………………….(1)

ΣMB = 0:
The sum of the moments about a point B is zero:
- RA*0.9 + P1*0.8 + P2*0.6 + P3*0.3 = 0 ………………….(2)

Simultaneously solve the equations 1,2:

HA = 0 (N)

Calculate reaction of roller support about point B:

RB = ( P1*0.1 + P2*0.3 + P3*0.6) / 0.9 = ( 10*0.1 + 5*0.3 + 10*0.6) / 0.9 =
9.44 (N)

Calculate reaction of pin support about point A:

RA = ( P1*0.8 + P2*0.6 + P3*0.3) / 0.9 = ( 10*0.8 + 5*0.6 + 10*0.3) / 0.9 =
15.56 (N)

For 0 ≤ x1 < 0.1

Determine the equations for the shear force (V):
Q(V1) = + RA
Q1(0) = + 15.56 = 15.56 (N)
Q1(0.10) = + 15.56 = 15.56 (N)

Determine the equations for the bending moment (M):

M(x1) = + RA*(x1)
M1(0) = + 15.56*(0) = 0 (N*m)
M1(0.10) = + 15.56*(0.10) = 1.56 (N*m)

For 0.1 ≤ x2 < 0.3

Determine the equations for the shear force (V):
V(x2) = + RA - P1
V2(0.10) = + 15.56 - 10 = 5.56 (N)

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
 Determine the equations for the bending moment (M):
M(x2) = + RA*(x2) - P1*(x2 - 0.1)
M2(0.10) = + 15.56*(0.10) - 10*(0.10 - 0.1) = 1.56 (N*m)
M2(0.30) = + 15.56*(0.30) - 10*(0.30 - 0.1) = 2.67 (N*m)

% Error = |theoretical – experimental / theoretical| ×100

= |2.67 – 2.4 / 2.67| × 100
= 10.11 %

6. RESULTS

Case 1:

Figure 5: Bending Moment Diagram for case 1

Case 2:

Figure 6: Bending Moment Diagram for case 2

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
7. DISCUSSION

A bending moment exists in a structural element when a moment is applied to

the element so that the element bends. Moments and torques are measured as a
force multiplied by a distance so they have as unit newton-meters (N·m). There
is some error that may cause the difference in reading between the experimental
value and the calculated value for bending moment. The load is disturbed while
applying force. Therefore, the force will become not accurate. Besides, the
mass of the hanger also increases the force of the load. The mass of the hanger
is not calculated. The beam is not stable when measuring the shear force. The
beam is shaking during the experiment. The reading of shear force
dynamometer is keep on changing. Accurate reading is hardly taken. Screwing
or unscrewing the beam have affect the balance level.

8. CONCLUSIONS

From the experiment it is verified that bending moment is directly proportional to the
applied load. Through the experiment we proved that there is very less deviation from
the theoretical calculated results and the linear relationship between applied load and
bending moment was proved. Also, we came to know that bending moment causes the
top surface to compress and the bottom surface to elongate according to the direction
of applied bending moment.

9. REFERENCES

• https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/469114
• https://www.scribd.com/document/264627946/Discussion-Bending-
Moment
• https://www.green-mechanic.com/2017/01/bending-moment-in-beam-
lab-report-pdf.html

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DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS