Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ecology Presentation 3
Ecology Presentation 3
Ecology Presentation 3
CHAPTER
The Terrestrial
Environment
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
10% reflected by
top of canopy 20% reflected by
top of canopy
100%
100%
5%
79%
36%
7%
2% 34%
(a) 2% (b)
5%
Height (m)
Height (m)
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
Total leaf area = 315 m2
4 4
2 2
0 0
25 50 75 100 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00
(b) Leaf area (m2) (c) Leaf area index
10 m
total leaf area Leaf area index
= (LAI)
projected ground area
(d)
1.0
24 – 26 m
0.8 (Top of canopy)
Available light (ALi)
0.6 22 – 24 m
0.4
20 – 22 m Ground level
0.2 18 – 20 m
12 – 14 m
0 1 2 3 4
Leaf area index (LAIi)
Sunlight Sunlight
Shade Shade
30 Jan Jul
Feb Aug
25 Mar Sep
Apr Oct
Height above ground (m)
May Nov
20 Jun Dec
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Proportion of available light (PAR) at top of canopy
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Section 4.3 Soil Is the Foundation upon
which All Terrestrial Life Depends
§ Soil is the basis of terrestrial ecosystems
§ What is soil composed of?
§ Why is it so important for terrestrial life?
90 10
80 20
70 30
Clay
Pe
60 40
y
rc
cla
en
t
en
50 50
t
Silty
sil
rc
t
Sandy clay
Pe
40 clay 60
Silty clay
Clay loam
30 Sandy loam 70
clay loam
20 Loam 80
Sandy loam Silt loam
10 90
Loamy Silt
Sand sand 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percent sand
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
You are a soil scientist working with the home owner
who is establishing a new flower garden. A soil
analysis shows that the soil in the garden is 30% sand,
30% silt, and 40% clay. The soil scientist recommends
plants that grow best in:
A. clay
B. clay loam
C. sandy clay
D. silty clay
E. Both A and B would be appropriate
recommendations.
90 10
80 20
70 30
Clay
Pe
60 40
y
rc
cla
en
t
en
50 50
t
Silty
sil
rc
t
Sandy clay
Pe
40 clay 60
Silty clay
Clay loam
30 Sandy loam 70
clay loam
20 Loam 80
Sandy loam Silt loam
10 90
Loamy Silt
Sand sand 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percent sand
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
You are a soil scientist working with the home owner
who is establishing a new flower garden. A soil
analysis shows that the soil in the garden is 30% sand,
30% silt, and 40% clay. The soil scientist recommends
plants that grow best in:
A. clay
B. clay loam
C. sandy clay
D. silty clay
E. Both A and B would be appropriate
recommendations.
Subsoil: accumulation of
mineral particles, such as clay
and salts leached from topsoil;
distinguished based on color,
structure, and kind of material
accumulated from leaching
C
Unconsolidated material
derived from the original
parent material from which the
soil developed
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Section 4.8 Moisture-Holding Capacity Is an
Essential Feature of Soils
§ How do soils gain and lose moisture?
§ Why is the available water capacity of the soil an
important value?
§ What effect does topography have on water
availability in the soil?
50
Field capacity
45
40
Water content (g/cm3)
35 Wilting point
Available
30
water
25 capacity
20
15
10
5
Sand Loam Clay
Soil texture
Coarse Fine
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Section 4.8 Moisture-Holding Capacity Is an
Essential Feature of Soils
§ Topography affects water movement on and in the
soil
§ drains downhill
§ Ridgetops and high slopes – drier
§ Moisture increases as you move from the ridgetop
down the slope to valleys and streams
50
Field capacity
45
40
Water content (g/cm3)
35 Wilting point
Available
30
water
25 capacity
20
15
10
5
Sand Loam Clay
Soil texture
Coarse Fine
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Using the information in this figure, the available water
capacity is
Air space
Water available
to plant
Root hair
Soil particle
surrounded
by film of water
− K+
Soil particle
− Ca2+
−
− − −
− −
−
Mg2+
Air space K+ Ca2+
K+ H+
Water available
to plant H2O + CO2 H2CO HCO3 H+
−
3
Root hair
Soil particle
surrounded Root hair
by film of water
Cell wall
(a) Water film around soil particles (b) Cation exchange in soil
Wash.
Montana North
Dakota
Oregon
South
Idaho
Wyoming Dakota
Nevada Nebraska
Utah Colorado
Calif. Kansas
Texas
0 400 miles
(a)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Ecological Issues & Applications: Soil Erosion
Is a Threat to Agricultural Sustainability
§ It is estimated that by 1935, wind erosion had
damaged 162 million acres
§ What were the effects of these storms?
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b) (c)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.