6 Arts and Graphics

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Arts & Graphics
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[For 1st Year Diploma Students of Interior Designing]
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Institute of Design &
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Technology
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Mr. Ashok. Goyal
Founder and Director
Institute of Design & Technology
Surat
Board of Studies and Content preparation Team
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Mr. Ashok Goyal Mr. Anupam Goyal
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Founder And Director Director
Institute of Design & Technology Institute of Design &Technology
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Surat Surat
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Mrs Ankita Goyal
Lecturer at IDT
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MBA in Human Resource and Information Tech from Institute of
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Management Education, Ghaziabad
Advanced Diploma in Interior Designing, IIFT
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Diploma Course in Vastu Shashtra and Numerology

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Mrs Shabnam Dagur

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Lecturer at IDT
3 years Diploma in Interior Designing from UID (United Istitute of Designing)
of
Azad Nagar Kanpur.

Persuing B.Arch through AMIE.
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Arts & Graphics

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Content Writing Content Editing

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Mrs Ankita Goyal Mrs Ankita Goyal

This Book comprises a collection of learning material for students of
Institute of Design and Technology, Surat. The centre is well known for
its multifaceted fields in Education and technology. This Book is printed
and Published on behalf of Institute of Design and Technology for
Interior Designing, Surat.
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Index
Unit Name of Unit Page No.
Unit 1 Elements of Designing 01
Unit 2 Learning Colour 14
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Elements of Designing Unit 1
UNIT 1
ELEMENTS OF DESIGNING
INTRODUCTION
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The elements of Design are visual elements and basic structures used
to create any work of art. They are also used to create the principles of
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design. Because they are the language of the visual arts, any good or
bad, has at least one element if not all of them, at the same time.
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Whether a designer is working with existing furnishings and fabrics or
starting from scratch with existing furnishings empty room they should
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always use the elements and principles of design as a guide in choosing
everything. The elements are the tools or raw materials, much like paints
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are the basics to a painter.
A simple house can look attractive by decorating its interior tastefully. So

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it is the art of adjusting the space and equipment to meet the

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fundamental and cultural needs of the inmates and thus create a

beautiful and pleasant atmosphere. Good decoration reflects the
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personality of the people who live in it.

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For creating anything beautiful some basic elements are necessary.

They are the tools in conveying fundamental ideas in painting or in
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sculpture or in creating objects which material needs of mankind:

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architecture, home furnishing, handicrafts and in commercial related

arts.
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1 Institute of Design & Technology

Arts and Graphics Unit 1
Every visual design can be broken down into six basic components
known as the elements of design. These are:
1. Line
2. Shape
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3. Colour
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4. Texture
5. Pattern
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1. Line:
Line contributes greatly towards the overall mood created in any
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arrangement-either to create harmony or contrast.
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They have been associated with the position of the human body.
Horizontal lines suggest repose, steadiness, and tranquillity. They
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are found in tables, low-backed chairs and bookshelves that balance
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the severity of the vertical lines. Vertical lines suggest life, activity
and dignity, as when a person is standing and ready it act. They
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create an illusion of height, as in draperies and doorways. A diagonal

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line suggests movement and force, as when a person bends forward

to run. They give a feeling of sophistication and refinement to a
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room, as in stair cases and in some fabrics. A curved line seems

gracious and flexible, as when a person takes position in relaxation
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and play. they are found in tied-back curtains and in the legs and
corners of furniture`s. Hence line is a unifying factor in home
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decoration.
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Line is the one of the most fundamental elements of design because

it can enclose space and convey from through outline and contour.
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Without line, which in theory has only one dimension and technically
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consists of a series of points, we cannot perceive from or shape.

There are basically two types of lines; straight and curved. Straight
lines can be horizontal, vertical or diagonal.
Horizontal line Horizontal line [ parallel to horizon ] tend to

suggest repose and tranquillity, and also make a
room appear wider. Horizontal lines tend to
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create a restful, informal feeling. They work well
in casual rooms or as relief to the strong verticals
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of formal rooms.
Diagonal line Diagonal lines suggest motion and energy,
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activity, dynamism and restlessness. Diagonal
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lines also have a tendency to lead the eye
upward. Diagonal lines attract attention and lead
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the eye. They can be disturbing unless supported
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by verticals or opposing diagonals.
Vertical Lines Strong vertical lines can have an uplifting quality
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and tend to suggest strength, aspiration and

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dignity. They also express masculinity and

formality. Vertical lines can have a tendency to
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lead the eye upward to create an illusion of

increased height.. vertical lines add height and
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dignity, creating a more formal atmosphere.

Vertical lines also balance the horizontal lines
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found in most furniture.

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Curved lines Curved lines add a softening effect and keep the
room from becoming too stiff. Use curved lines
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with some restraint to keep the room from

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becoming too soft and overly feminine.

Purpose of line
The line can be used to create a shape, a pattern or movement or to

divide space. To be beautiful and functional a line must appear to
have some purpose
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a) To create a shape: Line is an essential element in the formation
of any visual construction. Without lines, we would not be able to
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define shape, the characteristics by which we generally recognize
things. Lines describe the edges of shape and separate it from
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the space around it.
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b) To create a pattern: Lines can also be used to create texture
and patterns on the surfaces of forms. lines and forms have
traditionally been used to provide vertical support, span and
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express movement across space and define the edges of spatial
volumes. This structural role of linear elements can be seen at
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the scale of both architecture and interior space and furnishings.

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c) To divide space and create movement: Lines may be used to

divide spaces. Division of space into more than two parts might
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involve repetition of spaces, variation of spaces, or a combination

of repetition with variety. Division of space may be done both
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horizontally and vertically. Diagonal lines create a dynamic effect

in composition. Pleasing proportion or divisions of space usually
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have some quality of strangeness or are unusual.

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d) To create optical illusions: One may purposefully use lines in a

variety of ways to make things appear different from what they
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seem. Horizontal lines may be used to add apparent width to a

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shape, and vertical lines tend to carry the eye up and down and
add to the height.
2. Form:
Form is sometimes referred to as area, mass or shape. It is closely
related to lines, as with its combination create certain effects in the
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overall design of a room. For example, a long rectangular table of
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sofa, help in creating a line of unity in a room. But too many varieties
in form create in interior decoration. Without the beauty of form,
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excellent colour, texture and decoration are of no use.
Form may be viewed as an enclose of volume surrounded by limiting
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factors. Shape is the primary means by which we distinguish one
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form from another. It may refer to the contour of a line, the outline of
a plane, or the boundary of a mass. In each case, shape is defined
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by the specific configuration of the lines or planes which separate a
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form the background or surrounding space.
Form is an important element of home planning and decoration.
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Without beauty of form, application of excellent colour, texture and

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decoration are of no use. Just imagine a beautiful tea pot which is

rich in colour and subtle in effect but when used, the liquid spills on
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its sides. Thus, its functional in competences mars its beauty. A large
number of such ill formed trying and sauce pans which trip when
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placed on stove because of the use of materials which make heavy

handles and lighter base, through object are that it.
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Should suit its function.

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Should be strongly influenced by the material with which it is

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made.
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There are three broad categories of shapes and formes:

1. Natural Natural shapes represent the image and

Shapes forms of our natural world. These shapes
may be abstracted, usually through a
process of simplification, and still retain the
essential characteristics of their natural
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sources.
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2. Abstract This type of shape and form is derived form
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Shapes objects in nature or form other thing that
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are familiar to us; however, they have been
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distorted, exaggerated, and recognized,
and at times beyond recognition.
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3. Non- Non objective shapes make no obvious
objective reference to a specific object or to a
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particular subject matter. In this grouping,
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geometric forms and biographic shapes are
found.
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Geometric shapes:
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Geometric shapes dominate the built environment of both

architecture and interior designing. There are two separate and
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distinct types of geometric shapes:

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Rectilinear - Square or rectangle

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Curvilinear - Circle, sphere, cone, cylinder

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Rectilinear Shapes: The most common rectilinear shape is the

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polygon. As the name suggests a polygon is a shape having

more then one side. In feat it can be anything ranging from 3 to

256 sides. Of the polygonal shapes an interior designer is most
likely to encounter the following in his/her line of work.
Triangle A triangle is a polygon with three sides. These

can be further divided into acute, obtuse or
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right angle triangles contribute unity and
balance. The triangle represents stability.
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Triangular shapes and patterns are often used
in structural systems since their configuration
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cannot be altered without bending or breaking
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one of their sides. Small repeated triangles
and diamond shapes in textiles, tiles, wall
paper etc. add briskness to interiors. A room
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with nothing but square and rectangular
furniture can be varied and brought into
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balance with triangular tables or a pattern that

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incorporates triangles in its design.

Rectangle A rectangle is a four sided polygon in which all
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angles are 90 degrees and all sides are

parallel and also the opposite sides are equal.
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While the clarity and stability of rectangular

shapes can lead to visual monotony, variety
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can be introduced by varying their size,

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proportion, colour, texture, placement or

orientation. Rectangular shapes are clearly the
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norm in architectural designing. The

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rectangular forms have more widespread

acceptance as they are easily measured and

handled, fit together, have a study, secure
relationship of exactly 90o which gives a sense
of definiteness and certainty and establish
unity and rhythm when repeated.
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Square A square is also a four sided polygon in which
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all sides are equal and parallel and all angles
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are 90 degrees. The square form represents
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the pure and the rational. The equality of its
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four sides and its four right angles contribute to
its regularity and visual clarity. A square shape
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has no preferred or dominant direction.
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Some other commonly used polygons by interior designers are
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listed below:
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Parallelogram In this polygon the opposite sides are equal

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and parallel but the angles are not 90 degrees.

Pentagon This is five sided polygon.
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Hexagon This polygon has six sides.

Octagon This is a eight sided polygon
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Curvilinear Shapes:
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The curvilinear shapes are useful to change a room’s pace and

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offset the right angles of square and rectangular furniture, the

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circle is a compact, introverted shape which has as its natural

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focus on its counterpoint. It represents unity, continuity and

economy of form. They are man’s and nature’s most
conservative and economical forms as they enclose the greatest

area and volume with least surfacing. A circular shape is
normally stable and self-cantering in its environment. When
associated with other lines and shapes, however, a circle can
appear to have an apparent motion. Round mirrors, pictures,
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tables, rugs can be introduced to supply diversity, as can some
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curved back chairs. The most common curvilinear shapes are as
under:
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Circle A circle has no corners and it contains 360
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degrees.
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Ellipse Ellipse is similar to the circle in the sense that
it has no corners; it has two axis - a short and
a long one.
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Arc An arc is part of a circle.
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Three dimensional shapes:

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Three dimensional are those shapes in which all the three

dimensions are visible. In really all shapes/objects are three
dimensional. Following are some of the common 3-D shapes:
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Cube A cube has six sides, and all sides are equal.
All singles in a cube are right angles.
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Cuboids This is also a six sided figure; opposite sides

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are equal, and all angles are right angles.

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Cone This 3-D object has a curvilinear base, while

its top tapers to a point.
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Cylinder A cylinder is a 3-D object whose top and

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bottom sides are circular.

3. Colour:
Colour is the most important art element, as it produces favourable
psychological and aesthetic effects. They transform darkness into
light, dullness into brightness, gloominess into cheerfulness and
drabness into beauty. They are used to create illusion of peace,
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luxury, warmth or coolness.
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The interior decorator should understand the theory of colored light
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as well as the theory of colored pigments. Light is a flexible
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decorative medium with enormous potentialities. Similarly colored
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pigments are of significance as they are widely used and appreciated
by the people of all walks of life.
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Colours also create emotional effects. White is a symbol of
innocence, purity and peace, whereas black is used for mourning,
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evil etc. red colour may represent love or martyrdom, and blue,
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sincerity or hop[e. colour, because of its emotional effect on us, is
largely responsible for the atmosphere of a room. A colour scheme of
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room may be soothing or irritating, cheering or depressing, charming

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or boring, welcoming or repelling. Different colours excite different

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colour emotions, though it may differ in its degree on different

people. For example, some persons are more sensitive and more
stimulated to the colour effects, and some, at lesser levels.
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There are some natural colours like white, black, and grey. Such
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colours are more valuable in interior decoration as background

colours. Some earthy colours such as umbers, Siannas, and ocher,
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and almost all of reds, yellows and greens, suggest natural earthy
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characters. The so-called acid colours such as magenta, blue-green,

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cyan blue etc. give an idea of artificiality. These ideas should be

considered by the interior decorator in the use of colours.
Colour is such an important element that volumes and volumes of its

nature and qualities can be written. Because of this unique quality in
colours, it is discussed in detail in two separate chapters later in this
book. This will help an interior decorator to utilize the colours
successfully.
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4. Texture:
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Texture is the surface characteristics of objects. It refers to the
roughness, smoothness, shine or dullness, softness or stiffness, its
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weight and fall, so on. Texture gives character and beauty to object.
Rough texture absorbs more light and smooth surface reflects light.
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So in small dark rooms smoother textured material should be used to
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reflect more light, whereas large rooms with more light can show
rough textures gracefully. Texture in homes refers to wall finish, ruge,
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wood, work, oil paintings or woods used for furniture’s.
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The term texture generally refers to the tactile quality of the surface
of any object, although originally it applied only to textiles. Texture is
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that specific quality of a surface which results from its three

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dimensioned structured. Texture is most often used to describe the

relative smoothness or roughness of a surface. It can also be used to
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describe the characteristics surface qualities of familiar materials,

such as the roughness of stone, the smoothness of cream, the grain
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of wood, and the weave of a fabric.

There are two basic type of texture.
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Tactile texture that is real and can be felt by touch, and

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Visual texture that is perceived and can only be seen by the eye.
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All tactile textures provide visual texture as well. Visual texture, on

the hand, may be real or illusory. Texture is the sensory impression
that is understood by sight as well as by touch.
5. Pattern:
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Pattern refers to any sort of extrinsic surface enrichment. It is a two
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dimensional or three dimensional ornaments arranged in a motif
form. Because patterns can be created by textures and forms, the
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entire arrangement of the room creates a pattern. Pattern is found in
the shape of individual items of furniture and in their groupings, in
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wall paintings, parquet floor, architectural detail and light and shadow
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in the room. Pattern has movement and should be arranged so that it
will flow with the rhythm of the room or the object it adoms.
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Pattern creates an illusion of depth and adds character and life to a
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room. A pattern is an overall design. A ‘motif’ is an individual unit of
pattern. Fabric design is often created when motifs are repeated in a
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manner to create an overall pattern. These may be considered

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formal showing a regular or methodical repetition of the motif, or

informal having irregular placement of motifs.
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Surface patterns add to liveliness and interest in a room. A dull and

boring room may be brightened up by the use of pattern in a
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desirable amount. Pattern should not complete with the major focal
point in the room, and too much pattern will make a room seem busy.
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Too much of a pattern if used on floor, curtains and sofa too might
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give a restless and too intense an effect and lack restfulness.

Pattern can also be used to create illusion of spaciousness. If a small
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patterned carpet issued rather than a strong, bold design, then a

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feeling of spaciousness is created. Books, pictures, flowers and

paints, all produce pattern in a room. It is here to note that, a large

room can accommodate more pattern than a small one. When
arranging pattern in an interior, an arrangement needs to be arrived
at. In different objects which may be used in a room, the types of
pattern should comply, whereas size may be varied. Let us visualize
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a room to understand the impact created by pattern. If a bold pattern
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of an expensive rug is to be emphasizes then inconspicuous strips
and textured patterns are desirable companies. Large patterned
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draperies should not have motifs of the same size in a room.
Pattern is a sort of additional surface enrichment. It contributes
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liveliness and interest to a room. Patterns are produced by different
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designs. Generally, there are three types of motifs or unity of design.
They are;
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a) Naturalistic motif: such as flowers, fruits, animals or scenes.
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b) Geometrical motif: they are based on forms of circle, rectangle
and triangle etc. it also includes strips, dots, checks and plaids.
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c) Stylized motif: they do not look like pictures of natural objects as

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in out sized patterns, flowers and forms in colours, which are not
natural, but intend to create certain effects. Ferns and levees are
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the most commonly used pattern models of this variety,

suggested for fabrics as well as for decorative articles.
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Unit 2
LEARNING COLOUR
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COLOUR AND LIGHT
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 Colour is light, and white light is spectrum of seven colour-
 Violet,Indigo,Blue,Green,Yellow, Orange, Red(VIBGYOR)
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SEPCTRUM-COLURS OF RAINBOW
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Learning Colour Unit 2
A object absorb certain wavelength and

reflect others back to the viewer. We perceive
these reflected wavelength as colour.
A red chair appears “RED” because it reflects

only the red wave length while absorbing all
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other colour of the spectrum.
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COLOUR WHEEL
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When the rainbow is placed around a circle we get the COLOUR
WHEEL. The entire colour in the colour wheel is referred as pure hues.
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The term colour, hue and chroma can be used interchangeably and
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mean the same thing.
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COLOUR= HUE=CHROMA
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PRIMARY COLOURS
Primary colours are the colours which cannot be made by mixing any
two hue. They cannot be broken down into the colours future.
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SECONDARY COLOURS
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 SECONDARY COLOURS are these colour which are made by

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mixing of two primary colours

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 ORANGE (RED + YELLOW)

 PURPLE (RED + BLUE)

 GREEN( YELLOW +BLUE)
 The exact hue of the secondary colour depends on the hue and the
proportion in which we mix them.
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TERTIARY COLOURS
Colours which are achieved by mixing one primary and one secondary
of
colours are know as tertiary colours.

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SHADES
When we add black to any pure hue it is called shades of the particular
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hue.
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TINTS
When we add white any pure hue it is called tint of that particular hue.
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TONES
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When we add grey to any pure hue it is called shades of that particular
hue.
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Tones: when Grey is added to any colour, we get Tones of that

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colour.
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SHADES, TINTS AND TONES
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WARM COLOUR
The red-orange-yellow family are known as warm colour because they

have a psychologically warming effect and create a mood that is
energetic, lively, vital and cheerful.
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COOL COLOURS
Blue, green, violet is called cool, colour because of they appear to retire
in the background and are psychologically cooling. They give a calm and
soothing mood to any space.
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BROWNS
Browns are made by mixing complimentary colours.
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GREYS
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Grey is mage by mixing Black and White in varying proportions.

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Browns and Greys are called neutral colours.

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Brown is a warm neutral colour – best paired with warm colours.

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Grey is a Cool neutral colour – best paired with cool colours.

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MONOCHROMATICS COMBINATIONS
The range of colours obtained by mixing white or black or both to the

same hue or family of hues.
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APPLICATION
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POLYCHROMATIC COMBINATION
Combinations formed by two colours not belonging to the same

family, please note that complimentary combinations are also
polychromatic combinations.
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APPLICATION
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COLOUR TRIANGLE
Combinations can be made on the understanding of how pure colours,

tints, shades, and tones go with each other.
A combination triangle helps in making good combinations that are
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pleasing to the eye.
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COLOUR TRIANGLE
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Pure colours, tints and white generally go well.

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APPLICATION
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COLOUR TRIANGLE
Shades, tones with white generally harmonize

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COLOUR AND LIGHT
We usually deal with 4 types of light in home décor.
Warm white light (Yellow lights & halogen bulb)
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Neutral white light (Daylight)
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Cool white light (Tube light or white light)
Feature light (Accent Lighting)
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 As a general rule, warm colour looks good with warm light and cool
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colour looks good with cool light.
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 Daylight is considered to be flexible.
 Feature lighting is used to enhance the décor elements in the room
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like niche. A attractive floor lamp or chandelier also gives good
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feature lighting to a room.
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COLOUR AND SIZE

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COLOUR AND SHAPE
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COLOUR AND FEATURE
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y

Board of Studies and Content preparation Team

Diploma Course in Vastu Shashtra and Numerology

Mrs Shabnam Dagur

Azad Nagar Kanpur.

Arts & Graphics

Content Writing Content Editing

Mrs Ankita Goyal Mrs Ankita Goyal

A simple house can look attractive by decorating its interior tastefully. So

it is the art of adjusting the space and equipment to meet the

fundamental and cultural needs of the inmates and thus create a

personality of the people who live in it.

For creating anything beautiful some basic elements are necessary.

sculpture or in creating objects which material needs of mankind:

architecture, home furnishing, handicrafts and in commercial related

1 Institute of Design & Technology

create an illusion of height, as in draperies and doorways. A diagonal

line suggests movement and force, as when a person bends forward

room, as in stair cases and in some fabrics. A curved line seems

Line is the one of the most fundamental elements of design because

consists of a series of points, we cannot perceive from or shape.

2 Institute of Design & Technology

Horizontal line Horizontal line [ parallel to horizon ] tend to

and tend to suggest strength, aspiration and

dignity. They also express masculinity and

lead the eye upward to create an illusion of

dignity, creating a more formal atmosphere.

found in most furniture.

with some restraint to keep the room from

becoming too soft and overly feminine.

3 Institute of Design & Technology

The line can be used to create a shape, a pattern or movement or to

the scale of both architecture and interior space and furnishings.

c) To divide space and create movement: Lines may be used to

involve repetition of spaces, variation of spaces, or a combination

horizontally and vertically. Diagonal lines create a dynamic effect

have some quality of strangeness or are unusual.

d) To create optical illusions: One may purposefully use lines in a

seem. Horizontal lines may be used to add apparent width to a

4 Institute of Design & Technology

Without beauty of form, application of excellent colour, texture and

decoration are of no use. Just imagine a beautiful tea pot which is

placed on stove because of the use of materials which make heavy

Should suit its function.

Should be strongly influenced by the material with which it is

There are three broad categories of shapes and formes:

5 Institute of Design & Technology

1. Natural Natural shapes represent the image and

Geometric shapes dominate the built environment of both

distinct types of geometric shapes:

Rectilinear - Square or rectangle

Curvilinear - Circle, sphere, cone, cylinder

Rectilinear Shapes: The most common rectilinear shape is the

polygon. As the name suggests a polygon is a shape having

6 Institute of Design & Technology

more then one side. In feat it can be anything ranging from 3 to

Triangle A triangle is a polygon with three sides. These

balance with triangular tables or a pattern that

incorporates triangles in its design.

angles are 90 degrees and all sides are

While the clarity and stability of rectangular

can be introduced by varying their size,

proportion, colour, texture, placement or

norm in architectural designing. The