STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S

3RD EDITION 2014

LARRY M. CASTAÑEDA
DEFLECTION & STRUCTURAL MOVEMENTS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES

I-2 DEFLECTION & STRUCTURAL MOVEMENTS

2.1 Deflection limits
EN 1990:2002 cl. 3.4, states that serviceability requirements are agreed for each individual project.
2.1.1 Primary Structure

Steel and Concrete design EN 1993:2005 & EN 1992:2004

Component Deflection Description EN UK NA
Steel Vertical Carrying brittle finish - L/360
EN 1993-1-1 deflection
Other beams - L/200
Cantilevers - L/180
Horizontal Tops of columns in single-storey buildings except portal
- H/300
deflection frames
In each storey of a building with more than one storey - Hi/300
Concrete Vertical Beam, slab or cantilever under quasi-permanent loads span/250 -
EN 1992-1-1 deflection
Deflection after construction to prevent damage to adjacent
span/500 -
parts of the structure under quasi-permanent loads

Timber design EN 1995-1-1:2004

EN 1995-1-1 Table 7.2 UK NA:2008 Table NA.5
Instantaneous, winst Net final, w net,fin Final, wfin Net final, w net,fin
= winst + wcreep - wcamber = winst + wcreep = winst + wcreep - wcamber
No plaster* With plaster*
Simple beam L/300 to L/500 L/250 to L/350 L/150 to L/300 L/150 L/250
Cantilever L/150 to L/250 L/125 to L/175 L/75 to L/150 L/75 L/125
Note: * Roof or floor members with or without a plastered or plasterboard ceiling.
2.1.2 Facade
Curtain wall EN 13830:2003
Component Limit Clause
Frontal deflection under wind load L/200 or 15mm 4.1; EN 13116:’01, 4.3.1
Horizontal framing under vertical loads L/500 or 3mm 4.2

26 PART 1 EUROCODE
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES GLASS DESIGN

I-8 GLASS DESIGN

8.1 Properties
8.1.1 Glass
Mechanical properties of glass EN 572-1:2004
Form Density, Unit weight, Young’s Modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s Thermal
γ ρ modulus, E G ratio, ν coefficient, α
2 2
[kN/m³] [kg/m³] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [-] [/˚C]
-6
All 24.5 2 500 70 000 29 166 0.20 9·10

8.1.2 Interlayer
Laminated glass interlayer
Shear Modulus [N/mm²]
Interlayer Thickness [mm] Load Duration
Temp.
3s 1m 10 m 1 hr 24 h 1 mo 10 yr
PVB xx.1 xx.2 xx.3 xx.4 30°C 0.97 0.75 0.5 0.44 0.28 0.07 0.05
Polyvinyl
[mils] 15 30 45 60
Butyral
[mm] 0.38 0.76 1.14 1.52 50°C 0.44 0.29 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
30°C 141 110 65* 59.9 49.7 11.6 5.31
SG [mils] 35 60 90 120 50°C 26.4 11.3 4.0* 4.0 2.82 2.18 2.0
Sentryglas [mm] 0.89 1.52 2.28 3.05
60°C 8.18 3.64 2.0* 1.7 1.29 1.08 0.97
80°C 1.32 0.83 0.4 0.32 0.25 0.21 0.18
Note: *According to DIBt Zulassungnummer: Z-70.3-170, valid until 7 November 2016.
8.2 Glass sizes
Split sizes are delivered in size ranges 3210mm*×1000mm to 2550mm.
Jumbo sizes are delivered in sizes 3210mm*×4500mm, 5100mm or 6000mm
*The usual width is 3 210 mm. Exceptional production requirements can cause this to be reduced but the
nominal width is never below 3 150 mm
Tolerance on nominal thickness EN 572-2:2004 Table 1
Nominal thickness Tolerances Nominal thickness Tolerances
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ± 0.2 mm 15 ± 0.5 mm
6, 10, 12 ± 0.3 mm 19, 25 ± 1,0 mm

8.3 Glass holes

EN 12150-1:2000 Design rules for loaded holes:
The distance, a, of the edge of a hole to the glass edge should be not less than 2d.
The distance, b, between the edges of two holes should be not less than 2d.
The distance, c, of the edge of a hole to the cor-ner of the glass should be not less than 6d.

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GLASS DESIGN STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES

8.8.3 Balustrades - Free-standing balustrades or juliet balconies

Deflection of free-standing glass balustrade is limited to L/100 or 15 mm, whichever is smaller in relation to
TRLV:2006. Glass design tensile stress resistances in accordance with DIN 18008.
Barrier loads are combined with half wind loads in accordance with TRAV:2003 cl. 4.2.
Maximum cantilever height of barrier [m] TRAV:2003
Barrier load ( 10 min. duration load)
Glass Barrier[kN/m] 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0
Wind [kN/m²] 0.8 1.4 2.0 0.8 1.4 2.0 0.8 1.4 2.0 0.8 1.4 2.0
Laminated glass with PVB interlayer (G = 0.5 N/mm² @ 30°C)*
12.76 mm HS 0.70 0.65 0.59 0.57 0.52 0.48
6/0.76/6 FT 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.63 0.63 0.63
17.52 mm AN 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.20
8/1.52/8 HS 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.81 0.81 0.79
FT " " " " " 0.80
21.52 mm AN 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.75 - - -
10/1.52/10 HS 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.04 1.03 1.03 0.72 0.67 0.64
FT " " " " " " 0.77 0.76 0.76
25.52 mm AN 0.66 0.59 0.54 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.24 0.24 0.23 - - -
12/1.52/12 HS 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.27 1.26 1.25 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.66 0.63 0.60
FT " " " " " " " " " 0.79 0.79 0.78
31.52 mm AN 1.08 0.92 0.82 0.86 0.76 0.69 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.25 0.25 0.24
15/1.52/15 HS 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.01 1.01 1.00
FT " " " " " " " " " “ “ “
Laminated glass with Sentryglas interlayer (G = 65.0 N/mm² @ 30°C)*
17.52 mm AN 0.55 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.23 0.22 0.22 - - -
8/1.52/8 HS 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.11 1.10 1.09 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.54 0.52 0.51
FT " " “ " " 1.10 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.77 0.77 0.76
21.52 mm AN 0.79 0.72 0.67 0.67 0.62 0.58 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.23 0.22 0.22
10/1.52/10 HS 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.08 1.07 1.01 0.80 0.77 0.75
FT " " " " " " “ 1.08 1.08 0.94 0.94 0.94
22.28 mm AN 0.84 0.76 0.70 0.71 0.65 0.61 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.24 0.23 0.23
10/2.28/10 HS 1.51 1.50 1.49 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.12 1.11 1.07 0.85 0.82 0.80
FT " " ” " " " “ “ 1.11 0.97 0.97 0.97
25.52 mm AN 1.06 0.95 0.87 0.91 0.83 0.77 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.33 0.33 0.32
12/1.52/12 HS 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.11 1.06 1.02
FT " " " " " " " " “ 1.12 1.12 1.12
26.28 mm) AN 1.11 0.99 0.90 0.95 0.87 0.80 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.34 0.34 0.33
12/2.28/12 HS 1.78 1.77 1.75 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.15 1.12 1.07
FT " " " " " " " " “ “ 1.15 1.15
31.52 mm AN 1.50 1.30 1.18 1.30 1.16 1.07 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.51 0.50 0.49
15/1.52/15 HS 2.14 2.12 2.10 1.99 1.93 1.93 1.59 1.58 1.58 1.39 1.39 1.38
FT " " " " " " " " “ “ “ “
31.52 mm AN 1.55 1.35 1.22 1.35 1.20 1.11 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.53 0.52 0.51
15/2.28/15 HS 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.03 2.02 2.00 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.41 1.41 1.41
FT " " " " " " " " “ “ “ “
Note: * According to DIBt Zulassungnummer: Z-70.3-170, valid until 7 November 2016. Temperature is limited to
30°C since high temperature does not occur at the same time with maximum barrier or wind load.
72 PART 1 EUROCODE
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES GLASS DESIGN

8.9 Glass fins

8.9.1 Glass fin design
Structural Glass Fins – Dr. -Ing. Tobias Holberndt Fraunhofer-Informationszentrum Raum und Bau IRB:2006
Action Values Notes Clause
Data H Glass fin unsupported span [mm]
d Glass fin depth [mm]
t = tef,w Glass fin effective thickness [mm]
E, G Modulii of elasticity and rigidity of glass [N/mm²]
fg,k Glass fin characteristic resistance [N/mm²]

Criteria My,d Design bending moment [kN·m] (5.2)

M y ,d (5.1)
≤ 1.0
M b ,Rd Criteria

Buckling Wel , y = t ⋅ d 2 6 Elastic section modulus of glass fin [mm³]

reduction
factor M el , y = Wel , y ⋅ f g ,k Bending moment resistance [kN·m] (5.4)
4
I z = d ⋅ t 3 12 Moment of inertia about strong axis [mm ] (5.6)
3 5
dt t t 4
IT = 1 − 0.63 + 0.052 5 Torsional inertia [mm ] (3.5)
3 d d

(
χ = E ⋅ d 3 t 3 192 H 2 G ⋅ I T ) (4.2)

Reduction Wind pressure (-h/2) <<- more critical! Uniformly loaded beam:
factor k = 3.59 − 4.35 χ 0.37 Euler constant [-] (4.3)
Wind suction (+h/2)
k = 3.56 + 18.5 χ 0.58

k Critical buckling moment [kN·m] (4.1)

M cr = E ⋅ I z G ⋅ IT
H
λ LT = M el , y M cr Slenderness [-] (3.1)

for λ LT < 1.1 :

5 Moment reduction factor due to buckling [-] (5.5)
κ LT = 1 (
1 + λ LT − 0.12 ) + 0.05λ LT

for λ LT ≥ 1.1 :
2
κ LT = 0.87 λ LT (5.5)

Buckling M el , y Buckling moment design resistance [kN·m] (5.1)

moment M b ,R d = κ LT ⋅
1.5

PART 1 EUROCODE 73
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES CURTAIN WALL TESTING

I-10 CURTAIN WALL TESTING

10.1 Testing overview
10.1.1 Curtain walling product standard [EN 13830]
Curtain wall tests BBSEN 13830:2003 Cl. 5.2.3
No Test Test/calculation method Requirement/classification
2
1 Resistance to wind load Pressure [kN/m ] [EN 12179] - [EN 13116]
2
2 Dead load Unit weight [kN/m ][EN 1991-1-1] -
3 Resistance against Internal, [EN 12600] cl.5 I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 [EN 14019]
impact drop height [mm] (N/A) (200) (300) (450) (700) (950)
4 External, E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
drop height [mm] (N/A) (200) (300) (450) (700) (950)
5 Air permeability Test pressure [Pa] [EN 12153] A1 A2 A3 A4 AE [EN 12152]
(150) (300) (450) (600) (>600)
6 Watertightness Test pressure [Pa] [EN 12155] R4 R5 R6 R7 RE [EN 12154]
(150) (300) (450) (600) (>600)
7 Airborne sound insulationRw [dB] [EN ISO 140-3] - [EN ISO 717-1]
2
8 Thermal transmittance UCW [W/m K] [EN 13947] -
9 Fire resistance E [min] [EN 13501-2] E15 E30 E60 E90
10 Integrity and insulation EI [min] EI15 EI30 EI60 EI90
11 Equipotentiality [EN 13830] A -
12 Resistance to horizontal Force at height [EN 1991-1-1] -
loads [kN @ m]

10.1.2 Windows and doors performance tests

Door and window tests EN 14351-1:2005
Test/calculation method Requirement/classification
Test
Window External pedestrian door Window External pedestrian door
Resistance to wind load EN 12211 EN 12210
Reaction to fire EN 13501-1 - EN 13501-1 -
External fire performance EN 1187 - EN 13501-5 -
Watertightness EN 1027 EN 12208
Impact resistance EN 13049 EN 13049
Resistance to static torsion EN 14609 EN 948 -
Acoustic performance EN ISO 140-3; EN ISO 717-1 -
Thermal transmittance EN ISO 10077-1; EN ISO 12567 -
Air permeability EN 1026 EN 12207
Operating forces EN 12046-1 EN 12046-2 EN 13115 EN 12217
Mechanical strength EN 947; EN 948;
EN 14608 EN 13115 EN 1192
EN 949; EN 950
Bullet resistance EN 1523 EN 1522
Explosion resistance EN 13124-1; EN 13124-2 EN 13123-1; EN 13123-2
Resistance to repeated
EN 1191 EN 12400
opening and closing
Burglar resistance EN 1628; EN 1629; EN 1630 EN 1627

PART 1 EUROCODE 77