STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S

3RD EDITION 2014

LARRY M. CASTAÑEDA
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES SERVICEABILITY, MOVEMENT & TOLERANCE

II-3 SERVICEABILITY, MOVEMENT & TOLERANCE

3.1 Deflection
Deflection limits
Parts Component Description Limit Reference
Steel Beams Carrying brittle finish L/360 BS 5950-1
Table 8
Other beams L/200
Cantilevers L/180
Columns Horizontal sway H/300
Crane girders Vertical deflection Span/600
Horizontal deflection Span/500
Aluminium Mullions & transoms Single glazed L/175 BS 8118-1
under lateral loads Table 3.4
Double glazed L/250
Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish L/360
Cantilevers carrying floors L/180
CWCT In-plane Under dead and live load L/500 or 3mm 2.3.2.2
Framing members H 3000 [use EN13830] H/200 or 15mm 3.5.2.2
generally
3000 < H < 7500 H/300 + 5
7500 < H [use BS8118] H/250
Localised deflections: Single glazed L/125 3.5.2.4
Four-side supported
Double glazed L/175 or 15mm 3.5.2.5
2
Localised deflections: Single glazed (L) /180 000 3.5.2.4
Two-side supported 2
Double glazed (L) /540 000 or 20mm 3.5.2.5
Surfaces & framing Plasterboard or similar brittle materials L/360 or 10mm 3.5.2.7
members
Natural stone units L/360 or 3mm
†
Rainscreen panels Aluminium, glass or steel L/90 3.5.2.9
†
Stone or similar brittle material L/360
Residual deformation After one hour recovery 5%Def. or 1mm 3.5.2.11
Support displacement Diff. peak positive and peak negative 2mm 3.5.2.12
Patent Vertical and sloped Single glazed and coupled glazing S2/180 000 or 50mm BS 5516-1 & 2
Glazing glazing bars:
Insulating glass units S2/540 000 or 20mm Cl. 6.6.3 & Cl.
(Two-edge systems)
7.6.1.2
Vertical and sloped Single glazed and coupled glazing: S/125 Cl. 6.6.3 & Cl.
glazing bars: S 3000mm 7.6.1.3
(Four-edge systems)
Single glazed and coupled glazing: S/250 + 12mm or
S > 3000mm 40mm
Insulating glass units S/175 or 20mm
Point-supported Between support points, L L/200 or 20mm Cl. 7.6.1.4

In-plane deflection Not to reduce edge clearance between L/400 or 3mm Cl. 6.6.3 & Cl.
the member and the edge of the glazing 7.6.2
or any part immediately below it by
more than 25%
Grating Industrial type walkway Difference in level between loaded and L/200 or 10mm BS 4592-0:’06
neighbouring unloaded floor shall not Cl. 5.2.2
exceed 4mm.
Note: †Greater deflection may be allowable, according to Cl. 3.5.2.9.
BRITISH STANDARDS 27
SERVICEABILITY, MOVEMENT & TOLERANCE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES

Deflection limits
Parts Component Description Limit Reference
Glass Patent sloped glazing Centre of pane deflection L/65 BS 5516-2
Cl. 7.4.1
Deflection of edges acc. to supports
Free-standing Any part of barrier 25mm BS 6180
balustrade Cl. 6.4.1
Under imposed load h/65 or 25mm
Balustrade Infill panel L/80 or 25mm

3.2 Common structural movements

Building envelopes have to accommodate movement of their components and of the supporting structure,
and to make this possible building structures have to be sufficiently stiff.

Source: Pell Frischmann

Structural movements CWCT TN 56:2007

Movement Description Type Common values Clause
Floor Vertical movement due to Concrete structure L BS 8110-2 3.2.1.2
deflection structure self weight, dead load δv ≤ or 20mm
500
and live load.
Note: Differential floor live load Steel structure L BS 5950-1 Table 8
deflection is usually less.
δv ≤
360
Column Shrinkage or elastic shortening Cladding installed almost H BS 8110-2 8.2
shortening of concrete columns. immediately after pouring of δc ≤
2000
Note: Usually occurring first 6 concrete.
months after pouring of concrete
Cladding installed before H CWCT TN 56
shrinkage is complete δc ≤
6000
Sway Lateral movement due to wind Concrete structure H BS 8110-2 3.2.2.2
load and earthquake δh ≤
500
Note: Short term stochastic
reversible movements occurring Steel structure H BS 5950-1 Table 8
δh ≤
after cladding is installed 300
Settlement Heave caused by foundation Differential settlement L CWCT TN 56
movement between adjacent columns δs ≤
500

28 BRITISH STANDARDS
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES ALUMINIUM DESIGN

II-5 ALUMINIUM DESIGN

5.1 Properties of aluminium structures
Mechanical properties of materials BS 8118-1:1991 Table 2.5
Form Density, Unit weight, ρ Young’s Modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s Thermal
γ [kg/m³] modulus, E G = E/[2(1+ν)] ratio, ν coefficient, α
2 2
[kN/m³] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [-] [/˚C]
-6
All 26.6 2 710 70 000 26 600 0.30 23·10

Properties of aluminium BS 8118-1:1991 Table 4.1

Form Grade Chemical Temper Thickness Yielding Local stress, Shear stress, HAZ-factor,
symbol stress, po pa pv kz
2 2 2
[mm] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ]
Sheet 1200 AL99,0 H14 0.2 – 12.5 90 95 55 0.13
3103 AlMn1 H14 0.2 – 12.5 110 120 65 0.18
H18 0.2 – 3.0 150 150 90
5251 AlMg2 H22 H24 0.2 – 6 125 175 155 200 75 105 0.35 0.24
Extrusion 6063 AlMg0,7Si T6 25 160 175 95 0.50
6082 AlSi1MgMn T6 15 255 275 155 0.50
A B
7020 AlZn4,5Mg1 T6 40 280 310 170 0.60 /0.8
A
Note: Tensile stress acting transversely to the axis of weld
B
Longitudinal stress, transverse compression or shear
Properties of aluminium fasteners BS 8118-1:1991 Table 6.1 & BS EN 1999-1-1:2007 Table 3.4
Form Grade Chemical Tempering Diameter, 0.2% Proof Tensile Limiting Reference
symbol d strength, f0.2 strength, fu stress, pf
2 2 2
[mm] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ]

Rivets 5056A AlMg5 O,F H22 25 - 255 280 145 BS 8118

5019 AlMg5 H111 20 110 250 EN 1999-1-1

H14,H34 18 210 300 EN 1999-1-1

5754 AlMg3 H111 20 80 180 EN 1999-1-1

H14/H34 18 180 240 EN 1999-1-1

6082 AlSi1MgMn T4 20 110 205 EN 1999-1-1

T6 20 240 300 EN 1999-1-1

Bolts 5056A AlMg5 H24 12 240 310 175 BS 8118

5754 AlMg3 - 10 20 230 180 270 250 (AL1) EN 1999-1-1

5019 AlMg5 - 14 36 205 205 310 280 (AL2) EN 1999-1-1

6082 AlSi1MgMn - 6 36 250 260 320 310 (AL3) EN 1999-1-1

BRITISH STANDARDS 43
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES GLASS DESIGN

II-6 GLASS DESIGN

6.1 Properties of glass
Mechanical properties of glass IStructE:1999 Table 2.2
Form Density, Unit weight, Young’s Modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s Thermal
γ ρ modulus, E G ratio, ν coefficient, α
2 2
[kN/m³] [kg/m³] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [-] [/˚C]
† -6
All 24.5 2 500 70 000 30 000 0.22 8·10
†
Note: BS 6262, 5.5.5.
Toughened glass maximum ratio 7:1 acc. to BS 952-1:1995 cl. 4.1.1.
6.2 Structural sealant glazing (SSG)
BS 6262-6:2005 cl.4.2.2: The glazing should be designed in such a way that the sealant is only subjected to
short duration tensile forces, e.g. wind suction or live loads. Dead loads or sustained loads should be
supported by other means, e.g. setting blocks to carry the glass weight.
The design of the glazing should eliminate shear stresses on the structural sealant.
6.3 Overhead glazing
CIRIA C632:2005 ‘Guidance for glazing at height’ cl. 2.4.1 states “sloping glazing…apply to glass at any
angle to the vertical”.
BS 5516-1 cl. 3.19 ‘sloping patent glazing having a slope of 75° or less from horizontal’.
CWCT Standard for Slope Glazing Systems:1999 covers slope glazing whether used overhead as part of
a roof or as a sloped façade. It includes all uses of glazing from horizontal to 15° from vertical.
CWCT TU 10:2003 covers performance of glass in slope glazing systems that are between vertical and 15°
of vertical.
CWCT TN 68:2010 states ‘These definitions of vertical and sloping glazing differ from those used in BS 6262
and BS 5516 where vertical glazing is considered to include glazing up to 15º from true vertical. The
distinction between vertical and sloping glazing in this Technical Note relates to the risk of glass falling from
its frame after fracture. It is considered that gravity is likely to cause broken glass to fall at slopes within 15º
of vertical.
6.4 Safety glass
Maximum area of Safety glass under imposed load BS 6180:1999 Table 2

BRITISH STANDARDS 49
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES GLASS DESIGN
6.5.3 Free-standing balustrades or juliet balconies
Deflection of free-standing glass balustrade is limited to L/65 or 25 mm, whichever is smaller in acc. to BS
6180:2011 cl. 6.4.1. Glass stress is limited to the requirements of DIN.
Maximum height of barrier [m] (Max. wind load [kN/m²]) BS 6180:2011
Barrier load ( 10 min. duration load)
Glass Temper
0.36 kN/m 0.74 kN/m 1.5 kN/m 3.0 kN/m
10 mm FT + frit 0.86 (1.1) 0.60 (2.7) 0.33 (9.1) -
FT " 0.60 (3.3) 0.42 (9.4) -
12 mm FT + frit 1.13 (0.8) 0.79 (2.3) 0.47 (6.5)
FT " 0.79 (2.5) 0.55 (7.4)
15 mm / 16mm FT + frit 1.44 (0.8) 1.10 (1.8) 0.74 (4.1) 0.37 (16.4)
FT " " 0.77 (5.3) 0.54 (12.8)
19 mm / 20 mm FT + frit 1.78 (0.8) 1.57 (1.2) 1.10 (2.9) 0.60 (10)
FT " " 1.10 (4.9) 0.78 (9.8)
Laminated glass with PVB interlayer (G = 0.5 N/mm² @ 30°C)*
12.76 mm (PVB) AN 0.50 (1.4) 0.50
6/0.76/6 HS 1.00 (0.9) 0.93 0.58 (3.4) 0.45 0.30 (10) 0.22
FT 1.08 (0.8) 1.08 " 0.77 0.33 (12) 0.38 0.21 (30)
17.52 mm (PVB) AN 0.95 (0.8) 0.95 0.33 (4.4) 0.33
8/1.52/8 HS 1.41 (0.8) 1.41 0.91 (2.1) 0.80 0.52 (6.2) 0.39 0.22 (28) -
FT " " " 1.18 " 0.68 0.44 (11) 0.34
21.52 mm (PVB) AN 1.19 (0.8) 1.19 0.58 (2.5) 0.58 0.23 (13) 0.23
10/1.52/10 HS 1.74 (0.8) 1.74 1.41 (1.4) 1.26 0.80 (4.5) 0.62 0.38 (15) 0.31
FT " " 1.50 (1.2) 1.50 " 0.80 0.48 (17) 0.48
25.52 mm (PVB) AN 1.44 (0.8) 1.44 0.97 (1.5) 0.97 0.35 (8.6) 0.35
12/1.52/12 HS 1.99 (0.8) 1.99 1.82 (1.0) 1.81 1.15 (3.4) 0.89 0.60 (10) 0.44
FT " " " 1.82 " 1.15 0.68 (11) 0.68
31.52 mm (PVB) AN 1.82 (0.8) 1.82 1.78 (0.8) 1.78 0.59 (5.1) 0.59 0.26 (23) 0.26
15/1.52/15 HS 2.36 (0.8) 2.36 2.31 (0.8) 2.31 1.72 (2.3) 1.40 1.11 (5.4) 0.70
FT " " " " " 1.72 1.26 (5.0) 1.19
Laminated glass with SGP interlayer (G = 65.0 N/mm² @ 30°C)*
17.52 mm (SGP) AN 1.12 (0.8) 1.06 0.68 (2.1) 0.51 0.32 (9.6) 0.25
8/1.52/8 HS 1.67 (0.8) 1.41 1.39 (1.4) 0.80 0.97 (3.2) 0.39 0.50 (12)
FT " 1.67 " 1.38 0.97 (4.1) 0.68 0.68 (10) 0.34
21.52 mm (SGP) AN 1.38 (0.8) 1.38 1.03 (1.4) 0.81 0.50 (6.0) 0.39 0.23 (26)
10/1.52/10 HS 1.95 (0.8) 1.95 1.80 (1.1) 1.26 1.33 (2.6) 0.62 0.76 (7.9) 0.31
FT " " " 1.80 1.33 (3.0) 1.06 0.93 (8.7) 0.53
22.28 mm (SGP) AN 1.43 (0.8) 1.43 1.10 (1.3) 0.81 0.53 (5.7) 0.39 0.24 (25)
10/2.28/10 HS 2.00 (0.8) 1.95 1.86 (0.8) 1.26 1.39 (2.5) 0.62 0.81 (7.4) 0.31
FT " 2.00 " 1.86 1.39 (2.9) 1.06 0.98 (8.2) 0.53
25.52 mm (SGP) AN 1.64 (0.8) 1.64 1.46 (1.0) 1.16 0.71 (4.2) 0.57 0.34 (17) 0.28
12/1.52/12 HS 2.21 (0.8) 2.21 2.13 (0.8) 1.81 1.68 (2.3) 0.89 1.07 (5.6) 0.44
FT " " " 2.13 1.68 (2.4) 1.53 1.21 (6.6) 0.76
26.28 mm (SGP) AN 1.69 (0.8) 1.69 1.54 (0.8) 1.16 0.75 (4.0) 0.57 0.35 (17) 0.28
12/2.28/12 HS 2.26 (0.8) 2.26 2.20 (0.9) 1.81 1.73 (2.2) 0.89 1.14 (5.2) 0.44
FT " " " 2.26 1.73 (2.3) 1.53 1.26 (6.4) 0.76
31.52 mm (SGP) AN 2.03 (0.8) 2.03 2.03 (0.8) 1.82 1.09 (2.7) 0.89 0.53 (11) 0.44
15/1.52/15 HS 2.59 (0.8) 2.59 2.59 (0.8) 2.59 2.08 (1.9) 1.40 1.64 (3.6) 0.70
FT " " " " " 2.08 1.65 (4.8) 1.20
Note: * According to DIBt Zulassungnummer: Z-70.3-170, valid until 7 November 2016. Glass body temperature is
max. 30°C since high temperature does not occur at the same time with maximum barrier or wind load.
X Redundancy requirement BS 6180 cl. 8.1.2: In the event of a single ply of the laminate failing, the
remaining element(s) of a toughened laminated design must be capable of withstanding the design loads (i.e.,
design barrier load or interim wind load of 0.80 kN/m²). Deflection is controlled by the full thickness.

BRITISH STANDARDS 51