Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

4 a 10
c average speed = = 13.2 cm s −1
0.76
800 d The trolley’s speed may have been changing as it moved.
Displacement / s

600 2 a

200
400

Displacement / km
150
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 50
Time / t

0
b greatest speed = gradient of steepest part of graph = 16.0 m s −1 0 1 2 3 4
Time / h

Exercise 1.4 Adding vectors b 1.43 h after the express train sets off

1 a distance 3 a 3.0 h
b speed b 70 km
c scalars: mass, density, energy; vectors: force, acceleration, c 23.3 km h−1
weight d 50 km h−1

2 a six squares e 0.5 h

b three squares f 25 km

c 6.7 cm (by Pythagoras) at 26.6° to horizontal 4 a A scalar quantity has magnitude only; a vector quantity has
d 18 cm (approximately) both magnitude and direction.
b displacement: the distance travelled in a particular direction
2 3 a 20 + 12 = 32 km
c 120 km; 72 km
b
d
12 km
45°

72 km

displacement
20 km θ
120 km
10 km e 140 km at θ = 31° N of E

c 29.7 km (approximately)
Chapter 2:
4 a 950 – 100 = 850 km h −1
Accelerated motion
b 950 + 100 = 1050 km h−1
c i resultant
100 km h−1 Exercise 2.1 Velocity–time graphs
950 km h−1 1 a v = 0 when t = 0
ii by Pythagoras, speed = 950 + 100 = 912 500; speed =
2 2 2 b after 40 s; graph becomes horizontal (gradient = 0)
955 km h−1 c time = 20 s
d increase in velocity = 15 m s −1
Exam-style questions 15
e acceleration = = 0.75 m s −2
distance 20
1 a speed = 9
time f acceleration = = 0.45 m s −2
20
b The leading edge of the card breaks the beam, starting the
timer. Then, after the trailing edge leaves the gate, the beam is g area ABX = ½ × 20 × 15 = 150 m; distance travelled in first 20 s
restored, stopping the timer. h total distance = 150 + ½ × 9 × 20 + 15 × 20 + 24 × 20 = 1020 m
 Answers

2 a b ‘uniform acceleration’ = constant acceleration (in both

30 magnitude and direction)
25
2 a a=
(v u)
Velocity / m s−1

20 t
b v = u + at
15
c displacement s
10 ( y y) ( )
3 a average velocity = =
2 2
5
b displacement = average velocity × time
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
s=
(u + v ) × t
Time / s 2

b between 20 s and 60 s; change in velocity = 14 m s ; −1 c acceleration a

14
acceleration = = 0.35 m s −2 4 a The object accelerates from u to v in time t.
40
c distance travelled = 10 × 20 + 17 × 40 + 26 × 20 + 28 × 40 = 2520 m b area of rectangle = ut
c height of the triangle = v – u = at
3 a
d area of triangle = ½ × t × at = ½ a t2
22 1
e s = ut + at 2
2
f final velocity v
(v u )
v / m s−1

5 a t= a

shaded area = displacement (v + u ) (v u)

8 b s= ×
2 a
c 2as = (v – u) × (v + u) = v2 – u2
d v2 = u2 + 2as 3
0
0 10 e time t
t/s
( )
b acceleration = = −15/10 = −1.5 m s −2 Exercise 2.3 Using the equations of motion
10
c gradient is negative (sloping downwards) 1 a equation 1:
d See graph. v = u + at = 12 + 0.75 × 20 = 27 m s −1

average velocity = (
e displacement = 145 m 12 + 27)
b = 19.5 m s−1
2
4 c distance = 19.5 × 20 = 390 m
v0 d s = 12 × 20 + 0.5 × 0.75 × 202 = 240 + 150 = 390 m
Velocity / m s−1

10 2 equation 3:

s = ut + 1 at 2
v0–10 2
2000 = u × 50 – 0.5 × 0.2 × 502
( + )
u= = 45 ms −1
50

0 3 using equation 3, displacement in first 10 s = 0.5 × 0.8 × 102 = 40 m

0 50
Time / s velocity after 10 s = 0.8 × 10 = 8 m s −1

change in velocity = 0.2 × 50 = 10 m s −1; area under graph = ½ × using equation 3 again, displacement in next 10 s = 8.0 × 10 +
10 × 50 + (v0 – 10) × 50 = 2000; v0 = 45 m s −1 0.5 × 0.4 × 102 = 80 + 20 = 100 m
4 a equation 4:
Exercise 2.2 Deriving the equations of motion v2 = u2 + 2as
1 a s = displacement 412 = 282 + 2 × a × 100
u = initial velocity ( − )
a= = 4.5 m s−2
v = final velocity 200
a = acceleration
t = time
 Cambridge International AS and A level Physics

b equation 2: b 0 = 402 + 2a × 2200; a = −0.36 m s −2

s=
(u + v ) × t c t = 40 / 0.36 = 111 s
2 d, e

100 =
( 41+ 28) × t
2
100
t= = 2.9 s
34.5

v
Exercise 2.4 Motion under gravity area = distance travelled

1 negative
2 a
Quantity Displacement Velocity Acceleration 0
0 t
stone
moving + + −
straight line shows uniform acceleration
upwards
2 a initial velocity = 0
stone at use s = ut + ½ at2
highest + 0 −
2h
position g=
t2
stone falling b The electromagnetic force may not drop to zero immediately.
+ − −
downwards This increases the measured time and decreases the
calculated value of g, a systematic error.
b Graph B is correct; gradient is constant and negative.
Measurements of h are made with a ruler to ± 1 mm and so
3 a velocity at highest point = 0 this will provide a random error.
0 = 6.52 – 2 × 9.81 × s c horizontal component of velocity = 12.0 cos45° = 8.5 m s −1
s = 2.2 m 14.7
time taken = = 1.7 s
4 8.5
b final velocity = −6.5 m s −1
d vertical component of velocity = 12.0 sin 45° = 8.5 m s −1
t=
(v u) = 13.0 = 1.33 s 8.5
a 9.81 acceleration = × = 9.8 m s −2
1.73
c s = −55 m
v2 = 6.52 + 2 × 9.81 × 55.0 = 1121
Chapter 3:
v = −33.5 m s −1
(v u) ( + ) Dynamics – explaining motion
d t= = = 4.08 s
a 9.81
Exercise 3.1 Identifying forces
4 a vertical component of initial velocity = 24 sin 45° = 17.0 m s −1
b vertical displacement = 0 1 a contact force
c 0 = 17.0 × t – 0.5 × 9.81 × t 2

17.0
t= = 3.47 s
(0.5 × 9.81)
push of man
d horizontal acceleration = 0
e horizontal component of initial velocity 24 cos 45° = 17.0 m s −1
f distance travelled horizontally = 17.0 × 3.47 = 59.0 m
weight
5 vertical component of initial velocity = 24 sin 50° = 18.4 m s −1
0 = 18.4 × t – 0.5 × 9.81 × t2 b contact force
18.4
t= = 3.753 s
(0.5 × 9.81)
horizontal component of initial velocity 24 cos 50° = 15.4 m s −1
distance travelled horizontally = 15.4 × 3.75 = 57.8 m drag push of man

Exam-style questions
1 a acceleration: rate of change of velocity weight
or acceleration = change in velocity / time taken